论实践的本质特征

人类实践和动物活动是物质世界中两种不同层次的物质运动形式。通过对二者的要素结构、作用机制、环境关系、活动结果、表现形式、代际特征等六个方面的比较 ,从不同的角度揭示了人类实践优于动物生物性活动的本质特征 ,诠释了人之所以为人的根据所在。     

Oral and Written Reflection in Practice Management: An Action Research Approach

Reflection in Practice Management (PM) favoured the integrated approach where learners had to critically reflect on the study material, assessments and tasks throughout the year and to integrate their experiences in a meaningful manner that would demonstrate their development and learning over the year. Reflection in the form of portfolios focused on personal development and individual learning rather than on achieving a general set of course outcomes. But assessment of these portfolios revealed no real evidence of reflection or critical thinking. This study suggested that learners be assessed orally so that their reflections could come alive and so that the educator could learn from the assessment to restructure or re-curriculate where necessary. This study found that although the orals were not a preferred form of assessment, they contributed successfully to informing the written critical and reflective thinking in the portfolios. Using an action research approach, enabled us to not only address a fundamental problem that the educators and learners were battling with—how to encourage and indeed teach learners to think critically and to reflect, but it also showed the educators how to solve problems or seek solutions to didactic problems in their own classrooms. The recommendations in this paper may therefore inform courses other than PM that use reflective practice, critical thinking or portfolio assessments.     

Insights into Operationalizing Communities of Practice from SSM-Based Inquiry Processes

Two systemic inquiries, based on soft systems methodology (SSM), into the potential for using community of practice (CoP) theory by an Australian-government created research and development corporation to change its knowledge management (KM) strategy, are reported. Key staff were engaged in the inquiry into how to build a third-order KM strategy based on CoPs; an exploration of key published work on CoPs yielded four SSM activity models—‘being a community practice system’; ‘doing the work of imagination sub-system’; ‘doing the work of alignment sub-system’ and ‘doing the work of engagement sub-system’. These models can be used as heuristics to aid the purposeful design of CoPs in other settings. SSM, enacted as a systemic inquiry, can be understood as a form of systemic action research, which was well equipped to deal with CoP theory and, when enacted participatively, can generate important systemic insights. The inquiry began the process of fostering an appreciation of third order KM but, on the evidence available, did not lead to on-going commitment to a CoPs-based KM strategy. Future research should acknowledge how the framing of research situations influences the research process, the importance of the design of practice change settings and the limited evidence for purposeful interventions leading to successful CoPs.     

Conflict Pattern Analysis: Preparing the Ground for Participation in Policy Implementation

The participation of non-state actors in implementation processes is often understood as a means to increase compliance efficiency. But the implementation of spatial policies frequently focuses on pre-established goals, processes and instruments and thus renders difficult open discourse and shared decision-making. This paper introduces conflict pattern analysis (CPA) as a tool that supports the analysis of the actual actor constellation in order to define efficient approaches that avoid common problems of participatory processes. CPA is a semi-formalised method that helps to identify key-actors, their relations and interaction amongst each other as well as their core beliefs, interests and resources. It aggregates this information to interaction patterns that can be compared, classified and linked to different participatory methods on a theoretically informed basis. Particularly on the local and regional level, this could be the first step for successful (participatory) implementation strategies.     

复杂网络中社团发现的快速划分算法

复杂网络中的社团发现是具有重要理论意义和应用价值的研究领域。针对已有谱平分法和分裂法时间复杂度较高、不适用于社团结构未知的大规模网络等问题,本文提出以扩散距离为谱平分依据,以模块度函数为衡量社团结构划分效果的快速划分算法,并进一步说明了扩散距离的收敛性。实验结果表明,与已有的社团发现算法相比,基于扩散距离的快速划分算法能够得到满意度高的社团结构,时间复杂度较低,对稀疏网络和非稀疏网络都能高效求解,从而体现出算法具有较高的鲁棒性。     

Systemic Indicators for Rural Communities in Developing Economies: Bringing the Shared Vision into Being

Community indicators have been a frequent focus of the scholarly literature. There has been little exploration, however, in relation to rural communities, especially in developing countries. This reflects the special challenges associated with the complexity of rural systems, and the difficulties involved in developing appropriate and systemic indicators for rural communities. Identifying indicators that help the community to monitor progress towards sustainable outcomes requires a framework that is both practical and holistic. This paper introduces a participatory systemic framework for identifying community indicators, which respects the principles of complexity and honours the sense of ownership present in the communities. This framework is an iterative, sharing, co-learning engagement process that extends from creating a shared vision and extracting its core messages, to identifying indicators of progress and determining what actions to try. Importantly, this framework enables us to rank the indicators identified by communities with reference to ‘leverage points’, the best places to intervene in the social-environmental system for transformational change. This framework provides a potential pathway for sustainable rural development and perhaps also for organisations and urban communities.     

Systems Pluralism in Infrastructure Decision-Making for Socially Connected Greenfield Communities

The problem in planning for relevant infrastructure in new communities is that the community doesn’t yet exist and is not engaged in the planning process. As such, planners draw on available housing and demographic information and essentially ‘best guess’ the future community’s infrastructure and social connection needs. This situation spotlights a gap in the planning literature concerning ways to ‘better determine’ a future community’s infrastructures that enable social connection between residents. In seeking to help address that knowledge gap, the purpose of this paper is to theoretically argue for the process of and illustrate the value of, pursuing a hybrid systems thinking approach to the identification and deployment of the physical infrastructures that may help better facilitate the social connectedness of a future community in new greenfield development areas. This approach combines aspects of Soft systems methodology and system dynamics. Such a process informs the development of a decision support model for Planners’ that incorporates multiple user perspectives in these local planning decisions and contributes to the structural advancement of socially connected communities.     

Revitalizing the Public Sphere: The Current System of Discourse and the Need for the Participative Design of Social Action

Public discourse in Western democracies, particularly in the United States, is far from the Habermasian ideal of citizens engaging in a rational discussion of public affairs. Rather than providing an arena for informed deliberation, the growing expertise of the media, lobbyists, and politicians has sub-optimized the current system of discourse to focus on emotional manipulation and the creation of polarized interests, each competing with each other for dominance. Avoiding a potentially disastrous outcome from this unbalancing of public discourse requires a revitalization of the public sphere and a return of the citizen voice in public decision making. To that end, systems thinkers have a tremendous opportunity and can play an important role. This article will explore the current challenges facing public discourse and outline that potential role.     

Participative Methodology for Local Development: The Contribution of Engineers Without Borders from Italy and Colombia: Towards the Improvement of Water Quality in Vulnerable Communities

This paper presents a systemic methodology by which engineering is put to use in vulnerable communities through applied technological research and the main results of its application. The methodology presented corresponds to one implemented and designed by two groups of Engineers without Borders in Europe and Latin America, to integrate technical know-how with local context in communities with water problems in Colombia and the Democratic Republic of Congo. The main results of this methodology are related to the improvement of the living conditions of vulnerable groups thanks to the integration of the communities?? knowledge with engineering know-how, leading to autonomous communities and engineering professors and students learning from real life problems to enrich applied sciences.     

The Practice of Mindfulness for Managers in the Marketplace

This paper explores the practice of mindfulness, both formal and informal, in the context of the systems sciences. The systems sciences have given great importance to scientific research, almost to the exclusion of intuitive/spiritual search. However, with the recent worldwide interest in intuitive/spiritual search in general, and mindfulness and mindfulness meditation in particular, the doors have opened for a more balanced combination of these two enterprises. This balanced approach will not only help us to know how and why things happen the way they do, but will also tell us something about how to manage our own selves, particularly in difficult times. Mindfulness, which is the opposite of mindlessness, is our capacity for awareness and for self-knowing. It can be further refined through the practice of mindfulness meditation. The practice of mindfulness and mindfulness meditation has rapidly spread around the world and in the mainstream of Western culture in the past thirty years, thanks in part to an increasing number of scientific and medical studies, proving its abundant beneficial effects.     

改进微粒群算法及其在生料浆调配多目标优化中的应用

微粒群算法是一种简单易行、收敛快速的演化计算方法，但也存在早熟收敛的缺陷。鉴于惯性权值对控制算法收敛所起的作用，本文提出一种改进的微粒群算法，让惯性权值按类S型曲线形式随迭代次数非线性变化，并根据微粒当前的搜索状态自适应调节该曲线的曲率，有效保证算法收敛速度和全局寻优能力。改进的微粒群算法用于求解氧化铝生料浆调配过程0-1组合优化问题，与传统微粒群算法及遗传算法比较的结果表明，改进的微粒群算法具有较强的全局搜索能力且能有效避免早熟收敛问题。     

Schools as Communities: Purveyors of Democratic Values and the Cornerstones of a Public Philosophy

Establishing interdependency and community among people may be the solution to reestablishing or creating a tighter fabric of support for childrens' development, for building cultural democracy and a democratic state. This paper attempts to create a bridge between education and the construction of sustainable democratic communities in education, as a basis for building a public philosophy. Ultimately, sustainable democratic educational communities may address the concerns of today and tomorrow and build sustainable democratic communities in the larger global society.     

建设用地评价体系研究--以湖南为例

首先对湖南建设用地现状进行系统的分析，然后提出了评价指标体系和综合评价方法，并利用该指标体系对湖南建设用地进行了评价，以期为湖南土地利用的科学决策提供服务，同时为建设用地的现状评价提供思路。     

企业价值评估的盈利资本化模型

以价值理论为基础，论述企业价值的内涵对企业价值评估理论与方法的影响．从理论上推导出：在企业价值评估中，盈利可以替代现金流量，作为企业价值评估的基本价值因素。并进一步介绍企业价值评估的盈利资本化模型。     

无人机系统健康状态评估方法研究

提出了一种新的无人机系统健康状态评估方法,对某型无人机部分分系统发生故障及采取修复措施后的健康状态分别进行了评估。当关键分系统出现灾难性故障时,引入惩罚函数机制,对无人机的健康指数进行了修正;对传统以概率为主的故障模式、影响及危害分析进行了改进,提出了以故障发生后的严酷度级别进行危害分析的新方法,并应用于分系统健康状态的评估;考虑到专家判断的模糊性,把三角模糊数和层次分析法相结合,用于计算分系统的权值,并在计算过程中提出了首先把三角模糊正互反判断矩阵转换为三角模糊正互补判断矩阵的思路,便于理解与计算。仿真结果表明,本文提出的评价方法可操作性强,便于工程实现,能够直观地给出无人机的健康指数值。     

Facilitation of Collaborative Management: Reflections From Practice

Collaborative management of natural resources requires that multiple stakeholders come together to negotiate agreements. Who is a stakeholder, what is the boundary and the definition of an issue, and who has legitimacy to convene are interrelated, systemic questions. To address this challenge, this paper provides a conceptual framework with nine Contextual Dimensions. A workshop on collaborative and conflict management of the fishery in Chile, designed and facilitated by the authors, serves as a case study where multiple stakeholders came together to vision desirable futures and explored organizational linkages that could accommodate the different agendas. The workshop is analyzed through a conceptual framework and some conclusions are drawn on the value of experiential learning and on the importance of the iterative consultations that must precede such collaborative management events.Member of the International Support Group (www.isglink.org), a community of practice dedicated to facilitating collaborative learning for natural resource management.     

Editorial Introduction: The Practice of Co-operative Inquiry

Systemic Practice and Action Research -     

Systems Practice in China: New Developments and Cross-Cultural Collaborations

This short paper introduces a special issue of Systemic Practice and Action Research on new developments in Chinese systems practice. It focuses on the recent history of systems thinking in China, describing a paradigm shift that is currently taking place from an "objectivist" to a more pluralistic stance. Details are provided of the Hull–Beijing research program, which has contributed to this paradigm shift. In one way or another, all the papers in this special issue can be seen as having a connection with this research program.     

A Review of Diagramming in Systems Practice and How Technologies Have Supported the Teaching and Learning of Diagramming for Systems Thinking in Practice

The educational process arguably involves a mediated discourse between teachers and learners to aid sense or meaning making for both parties. That mediation, particularly in distance teaching models, is often done through the use of educational resources, whereby teachers develop and/or select the educational resources which the learners then study or engage with through purposeful activities. Some issues or topics are so complicated or complex that words or numbers may be insufficient to represent the meanings contained within them and this is particularly relevant to systems studies which examine complex adaptive systems. Equally diagrams can break out of the linear and systematic nature of printed text to show non-linear and systemic features. This latter trait has been enhanced through the emergence in recent years of digital technologies whereby hypertext and other web applications now make it easier to create dynamic and/or interactive diagrams. And yet there has been little recent research into the influence of such technologies on the learning of systems diagramming skills at a distance. These issues are examined through a review of the literature and the reporting of previously unpublished surveys within The Open University on the value of diagrams to systems studies and the role of technology in influencing the study of diagramming in the teaching of systems thinking in practice. This review indicates that diagrams are seen as an important feature of systems studies and that digital technology can be effective in supporting the teaching and learning of systems diagramming skills at a distance. It also notes that new investigations are needed to examine whether more recent developments in digital technologies have made them more effective and/or efficient for teaching and using such skills in practice.     

层次分析法逆序问题及其在土地利用适宜性评价中的应用

针对土地利用评价中常用的层次分析法,对于权重综合评判算子的保序条件和保序性进行了研究,并证明了加权乘积法是符合所有5种保序条件的算子.在此基础上,针对城镇土地防灾适宜性评价各因素的特点,对层次分析法做出发展,提出限定性因素评价模型,发展形成限定性层次分析法,并将之应用到泉州市场地防灾适宜性评价中.