Spatial hazard analysis and prediction on rainfall—induced landslide using GIS

The application of landslide hazard model cou-pled with GIS provides an effective means to spatial hazard analysis and prediction on rainfall-induced landslides.A modified SINMAP model is established based upon the sys-tematic investigation on previous GIS-hased landslide analy-sis models.By integrating the landslide deterministic model with the hydrological distribution model based on DEM,this model deeply studied the effect of underground water dis-tribution due to reinfall on the slope stability and landslide occurrence,including the effect of dynamic water pressure resulting from the dowm slope seepage process as well as that of static water pressure.Its applicability has been testified on the Xiaojiang watershed,the rainfall-induced landslides widespread area in Southeast China.Detailed discussion WAS carried out on the spatial distribution characteristics of landslide hazard and its extending trend,as well as the quantitative relationship between landslide hazard with pre-cipitation,slope angle and specific catchment area in the Xiaojiang watershed.And the precipitation threshold for landslide occurrence was estimated.These analytical results are proved useful for geohazard control and engineering decision-making in the Xiaojiang watershed.     

GIS-Based Mapping and Zonation of Landslide Hazards in Xiaojiang Valley of Southwestern China

Through the field survey, previous researches and interpretation of aerial photos, a landslide information database of Xiaojiang Valley, Yurman Province was set up based on the remote sensing (RS) and geographic information system (GIS) technologies. In the paper, a quantitative model for the landslide hazard assessment and zoning was presented,in which the potential energy could be obtained on basis of thorough analysis of the potential sliding volume, distance and direction of the landslide body. Taking landslide potential energy as the index of the hazard severity zonation, the study area was divided into severe, heavy, medium and light hazard zones.     

Temporal and Spatial Conversion Analysis of Soil Erosion in the Three Gorges Region Based on RS and GIS Technique——A Case Study in Kaixian County

In this paper, Kaixian County, situated in the hinterland of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region, was selected for the case study. Factors of soil erosion were obtained based on the technique of remote sensing （RS） and geographic information system （GIS）. Combining with field survey, soil erosion data in the years of 1988, 2000 and 2004 which covered the period from the beginning of the Three Gorges Reservoir Project to nowadays were investigated through the judgment model established on soil erosion intensity. With the function of spatial analysis in the geographic information system, the analysis and appraisal of dynamic soil erosion changes were carried out, and the spatial characteristics of the vicious change were highlighted, and the main causes of the vicious change of soil erosion were explored.     

Using Fuzzy Relations and GIS Method to Evaluate Debris Flow Hazard

The study area, located in the southeast of Tibet along the Sichuan-Tibet highway, is a part of Palongzangbu River basin where mountain hazards take place frequently. On the ground of field surveying, historical data and previous research, a total of 31 debris flow gullies are identified in the study area and 5 factors are chosen as main parameters for evaluating the hazard of debris flows in this study. Spatial analyst functions of geographic information system （GIS） are utilized to produce debris flow inventory and parameter maps. All data are built into a spatial database for evaluating debris flow hazard. Integrated with GIS techniques,the fuzzy relation method is used to calculate the strength of relationship between debris flow inventory and parameters of the database. With this methodology,a hazard map of debris flows is produced. According to this map,6.6% of the study area is classified as very high hazard, 7.3% as high hazard,8.4% as moderate hazard,32. 1% as low hazard and 45.6% as very low hazard or non-hazard areas. After validating the results, this methodology is ultimately confirmed to be available.     

A Voronoi-based spatial algebra for spatial relations

Spatial relation between spatial objects is a very important topic for spatial reasoning, query and analysis in geographical information systems (GIS). The most popular models in current use have fundamental deficiencies in theory. In this paper, a generic algebra for spatial relations is presented, in which (i) appropriate operators from set operators (i.e. union, intersection, difference, difference by, symmetric difference, etc.) are utilized to distinguish the spatial relations between neighboring spatial objects; (ii) three types of values are used for the computational results of set operations-content, dimension and number of connected components; and (iii) a spatial object is treated as a whole but the Voronoi region of an object is employed to enhance its interaction with its neighbours. This algebra overcomes the shortcomings of the existing models and it can effectively describe the relations of spatial objects.     

Spatial analyzing system for urban land use management based on GIS and multi-criteria assessment modeling

Urban land management requires the integration of a wide range of data on ecological process, environmental process and process on urban planning and development. This paper combined land suitability modeling with remote sensing （RS）, landscape ecological analysis and geographic information system （GIS） to develop a spatial analyzing system for urban expansion land management. The spatial analyzing system incorporates the use of a multi-criteria mechanism in GIS for the suitability evaluation of urban expansion land. Grey relational analysis （GRA） was combined with analytic hierarchy process （AHP） to address the uncertainties during the process of evaluation. This approach was applied to explicitly identify constraints and opportunities for future land conservation and development in Changsha City, China. Validation of the methodology showed a high degree of coincidence with the previous independent studies as regards ecological suitability. The methodology can be useful in environmental protection, land management and regional planning.     

Quantitative assessment and analysis on the dynamic change of ecological capital in arid areas

Ecological capital is the summation of the direct value of biological resources and the ecological service function value of ecosystems. Under the support of RS, GPS and GIS, in this paper the RS-based quantitative measurement model of assessing ecological capital is developed based on the traditional ecology theory and the research on the value of ecological capital per unit area by using the ecological parameters including Landsat TM data, CBERS satellite data, meteorological data, MODIS satellite data, land cover data and field-measured data. A case study on the spatiotemporal distribution of ecological capital in Changji Hui Autonomous Prefecture in 1990, 1995 and 2003 is carried out, and the dynamic change of ecological capital in the prefecture is measured and compared with GDP. The maps of the spatial distribution of ecological capital in the study area are charted, and the characteristics of spatial distribution of ecological capital are analyzed. The results show that the values of ecological capital in the prefecture in 1990, 1995 and 2003 were 1.47368×10^11, 1.66160×10^11 and 1.77895×10^11 yuan RMB （hereafter referred to as yuan） respectively, and that in spatial distribution, the ecological capital decreases from the alpine zones to the plains and from the oases to the deserts, which accords with the zonal distribution of vegetation in arid areas. The measured results can more objectively reflect the ecological capital and its spatial distribution in arid areas, provide an ideal foundation for further study in the future, and can also be combined with the study on service functions of ecosystems and the regiona planning as an important basis of regional planning.     

Mining the Change of the Quality of Stored Grain

The quality of grain changes continually during its storage, including the change of its physical characteristics and physiological characteristics. This paper presents an approach to predict the change of the quality of stored grain with data mining technology. Logistic Regression, Decision Tree and Muitilayer Perceptron are applied to predict the change of the grains＇ quality control index and to obtain the grains＇ quality change probability. The grain sampling with higher probability can be processed earlier.     

A multi-objective decision-making method for the treatment scheme of landslide hazard

The treatment engineering of landslide hazard is a complicated system engineering. The selecting treatment scheme is influenced by many factors such as technology, economics, environment, and risk. The decision-making of treatment schemes of landslide hazard is a problem of comprehensive judgment with multi-hierarchy and multi-objective. The traditional analysis hierarchy process needs identity test. The traditional analysis hierarchy process is improved by means of optimal transfer matrix here. An improved hierarchy decision-making model for the treatment of landslide hazard is set up. The judgment matrix obtained by the method can naturally meet the requirement of identity, so the identity test is not necessary. At last, the method is applied to the treatment decision-making of the dangerous rock mass at the Slate Mountain, and its application is discussed in detail.     

Suitability assessment of deep groundwater for drinking, irrigation and industrial purposes in Jiaozuo City, Henan Province, north China

Groundwater has been a major natural resource for human consumption in north China. It is necessary to appreciate the suitability of deep groundwater for drinking, agricultural irrigation, and industrial uses in this region. To this end, a total of 47 groundwater samples were collected from the study area; by comparing the concentrations of different hydrochemical variables with quality standard values, the variable fuzzy set (VFS) was applied to calculate the groundwater quality index (GQI) for various purposes, respectively. Afterward GQI spatial distribution maps were constructed using a geographic information system (GIS) tool to delineate spatial variations of groundwater quality. In this case study, the GQI spatial distribution maps reveal that the areas covered by "Maximum Permissible" groundwater for varying purposes (drinking, irrigation, and industrial) is 1377.2; 2354.7; and 3854.8 km2, respectively. The groundwater in the eastern part of the study area is suitable for drinking, with the southwestern region as the irrigation water source; the entire study area is acceptable for use in industrial, except the western part of Jiaozuo City. Therefore, the GQI spatial distribution maps can provide useful information for non-technical decision makers for better sustainable groundwater resources management.     

GIS支持下的滑坡空间分布危险度区划方法研究

我国是个滑坡灾害多发的国家,滑坡灾害严重地影响我国的广大中、西部山区,给人们的生产生活带来了极大的损失．研究山区滑坡灾害有着重大的意义．文章用GIS的方法对滑坡空间分布危险度区划方法进行探讨,结合实例一嘉陵江重庆北碚段滑坡区划的研究,认为：GIS方法是滑坡研究的有效方法;滑坡研究要从多学科角度进行;各空间专题图层的获取是滑坡空间分布区划的主要工作,结合区域特征,找出区域因子、分析各因子的滑坡的影响、确定层内权重、形成专题图层、最后综合计算各层间权重、生成LHI指数、分级等,是GIS平台下分析滑坡危险性区划的一般步骤．     

2010年海地太子港地震触发滑坡危险性区划和合理性检验

 2010年1月12日海地M_w 7.0级地震触发了数以万计的滑坡。本文应用二元统计分析模型、地理信息系统与遥感技术,开展海地地震区滑坡危险性区划研究,并对结果合理性及模型预测功能进行检验。地震前后多源高分辨率遥感数据目视解译结果表明,海地地震触发了30828处滑坡。选择高程、坡度、坡向、曲率、与水系距离、地震动峰值加速度(PGA)、与恩里基约－芭蕉园断裂距离、沿恩里基约－芭蕉园断裂距离8个地震滑坡影响因子进行海地地震滑坡危险性区划。将这30828处滑坡随机分为训练样本与预测样本两类,分别进行模型的建立与测试,训练样本包括滑坡总数的70%(21579处滑坡,覆盖面积为11.18km²);预测样本包括滑坡总数的30%(9249处滑坡,覆盖面积为4.56km²)。基于滑坡训练样本、8个滑坡影响因子、权重系数模型(二元统计方法模型)和GIS技术,构建了滑坡危险性概率分布图。结果合理性检验表明了模型的正确率为84.966%,预测率为84.547%,两者都表明了实际滑坡位置与滑坡危险性结果图具有良好一致性。按照滑坡危险性索引值的大小,将研究区分为非常高、高、中等、低、非常低5类。本文证明了在地震滑坡危险性区划中,权重系数模型作为一种二元统计方法具有良好的建模与预测能力,可为海地地震灾区恢复重建中滑坡的防灾减灾工作提供参考。     

滑坡编目的空间数据分析及实例应用

结合滑坡环境因素处理的一些重点问题,对滑坡编目典型空间数据集进行了分析.在滑坡编目空间数据集分析基础上,利用GRASS GIS软件对汶川5.12地震映秀极震区地震滑坡作了编目,获得了编目区内的滑坡类型、分布、几何特征信息及滑坡概率密度与滑坡面积之间的关系.该滑坡编目实例表明利用各类空间数据集和3S技术可快速进行区域性滑坡编目.     

GIS-Based Mapping and Zonation of Landslide Hazards in Xiaojiang Valley of Southwestern China

Through the field survey, previous researches and interpretation of aerial photos, a landslide irformation database of Xiaojiang Valley, Yunnan Province was set up based on the remote sensing (RS) and geographic information system (GIS) technologies. In the paper, a quantitative model for the landslide hazard assessment and zoning was presented,in which the potential energy could be obtained on basis of thorough analysis of the potential sliding volume, distance and direction of the landslide body. Taking landslide potential energy as the index of the hazard severity zonation, the study area was divided into severe, heavy, medium and light hazard zones.     

Susceptibility Assessment of Landslides in Alpine-Canyon Region Using Multiple GIS-Based Models

This study explores a comparative study of three susceptibility assessment models based on remote sensing(RS) and geographic information system(GIS). The Lenggu region(China) was selected as a case study. At first, a landslide inventory map was compiled using data from existing geology reports, satellite imagery, and coupling with field observations. Subsequently, three models were built to map the landslide susceptibility using analytical hierarchy process(AHP), fuzzy logic(FL) and certainty factors(CF). The resulting models were validated and compared using areas under the curve(AUC). The AUC plot estimation results indicated that the three models are promising methods for landslide susceptibility mapping. Among the three methods, CF model has highest prediction accuracy than the other two models. Similarly, the outcome of this study reveals that streams, faults, slope and elevation are the main conditioning factors of landslides. Especially, the erosion of streams plays a key role of the landslide occurrence. These landslide susceptibility maps, to some extent, reflect spatial distribution characteristics of landslides in alpine-canyon region of southwest China, and can be used for land planning and hazard risk assessment.     

基于地理信息系统与斜坡单元的峨边县地质灾害易发性评价

斜坡单元依据山脊线和山谷线划分的单元,能够体现研究区的真实地质环境条件,作为评价单元在地质灾害易发性评价中具有重要意义。采用地理信息系统(geographic information system, GIS),运用水文分析工具提取峨边县斜坡单元,选取归一化植被指数、坡度、高程、地形起伏度、地层岩性、距水系的距离、距断层距离、距道路的距离8个因子,使用逻辑回归模型(logistic regression, LR),制得地质灾害易发性概率图,将其划分为非易发区、低易发区、中易发区、高易发区和极高易发区。结果表明：ROC(receiver operating characteristic curve)曲线的线下面积(area under curve, AUC)精度检验值为0.917,极高易发区和高易发区内地质灾害点数占总灾害点数的81.3%,说明对峨边县进行基于斜坡单元使用逻辑回归进行地质灾害的易发性评价具有可行性和较高精度。     

GIS在滑坡灾害预测预报领域的应用

地理信息系统（GIS）是一门交叉新兴研究领域,它不仅可以像传统的数据库管理那样管理数字和文字信息,而且还可以管理空间图形信息;二是它可以使用各种空间分析的方法,对多种不同的信息进行综合分析,寻找空间实体间的相互关系,分析和处理一定区域内分布的现象和过程.本文主要介绍GIS在滑坡预报预警中的应用和发展,作为一种分析处理地学数据的通用技术,结合它的信息管理功能,对滑坡灾害危险性和风险信息进行综合管理,实现滑坡灾害管理决策,达到防灾减灾的目的.     

Effect on Stratum Gradient Frequency Distribution of Landslides in the Three Gorges Area of Northeast Chongqing

0IntroductionThe landslides are serious and widespread in the ThreeGorges Area.Bythe research of occurrencelawof land-slidein the Three Gorges Area,the government can forecastand prevent the disaster.It can also ensure the safety of oper-ation of Three Gorges Reservoir and it is of quite i mportantsignificance to ensure the continuous development of the econ-omyinthe Yangtze River valley[1-3].Manyfactors have played different rolesinthe process ofoccurrence and development of landslides.A…     

基于地形综合指数的土地利用动态变化研究——以山西省运城市为例

以数字高程模型(digital elevation model,DEM)和1980,1996,2005年遥感影像数据为基础,用地理信息系统相关理论和方法,以山西省运城市为例,构建地形综合指数,并在此基础上分析各土地利用类型在各地形级别上的变化情况及速度.结果表明,地形综合指数比传统的单一地形因素方法更能综合地反映地形因素对土地利用变化的影响作用;地形因素对土地利用变化的影响作用明显,在不同地形级别上,土地利用分布、土地利用转移、土地利用变化速度等均表现出不同的时空变化特征.