淬火温度对X80管线钢组织和力学性能的影响

研究了X80钢在不同淬火温度后的组织和力学性能的变化.结果表明,淬火温度为1000℃时,X80钢的奥氏体晶粒严重粗化,导致粗板条贝氏体铁素体的产生,致使X80钢的强度升高、韧性和硬度严重降低;当淬火温度为930℃,并辅以适当的回火处理,可以使X80钢获得以细小针状铁素体为主的组织,从而获得良好的硬度、强度、塑性和韧性的配合.     

回火方式和时间对高速钢的组织与性能的影响

采用透射电镜、X—射线等手段研究了不同回火方式和时间下 W6Mo5Cr4V2高速纲力学性能与组织的变化。发现淬火该钢经560和630℃多次回火后马氏体内孪晶清晰完整,板条马氏体中仍然存在着以魏氏组织形态分布的 M_3C 型碳化物。证实380℃×(0.5～5)h+560℃×1h×2次的低高温配合回火工艺与560℃×1h×3次的普通回火相比,可使高速钢的硬度、红硬性及冲击韧性提高.采用560℃×(1～3)h×3次的回火工艺时,随每次回火时间延长,高速钢的强度、冲击韧性和断裂韧性提高,红硬性变化不大,但硬度则稍稍下降(约1HRC).     

回火温度对淬火后30MnB5热成形钢组织与性能影响

将30MnB5热成形钢进行淬火和回火处理,利用扫描电镜、透射电镜、能谱仪和拉伸性能检测等方法研究了不同回火温度后的显微组织和力学性能变化.经200℃保温2 min回火后热成形钢的综合力学性能最佳,抗拉强度为1774 MPa,总伸长率为8%,强塑积达14 GPa·%以上,该性能满足热成形后作为汽车结构件的使用要求;并且随着回火温度的升高,力学性能呈非单调性变化.200℃低温回火后,主要为板条马氏体和ε碳化物,位错密度略有降低,析出的ε碳化物粒子呈针状分布在马氏体板条内,长度方向大小为100 nm左右,并与位错发生钉扎作用.随着回火温度的升高,板条马氏体发生回复和再结晶,板条边界逐渐模糊,并向等轴状铁素体转变,位错密度显著降低,ε碳化物逐渐向低能态的近球形渗碳体转变并粗化至200 nm左右,对位错的钉扎作用也随之减弱.     

回火温度对1500MPa级直接淬火钢组织与性能的影响

设计了一种新型1500MPa级Si-Mn-Cr-Ni-Mo多组元系低合金、超高强度工程结构钢,研究了回火温度对直接淬火钢组织与力学性能的影响.结果表明,抗拉强度随回火温度的升高而不断降低,屈服强度随回火温度升高先升高后下降,延伸率和冲击功均随回火温度升高呈现先升高、后降低、再升高的变化趋势.分析认为,回火过程组织演变的物理机制一方面包括板条马氏体和位错亚结构的回复、再结晶软化过程,另一方面包括残余奥氏体的分解与马氏体中过饱和碳的脱溶及析出第2相的强化机制综合作用.250℃回火后,板条马氏体内析出ε碳化物;400℃回火后ε碳化物明显粗化,产生回火脆性;600℃回火后部分析出相在奥氏体中形核,在马氏体基体内长大和粗化,最终形态为近似球形,另一部分析出相在马氏体内形核、生长,呈现椭球形或矩形.     

SPV490钢板直接淬火回火工艺的研究

针对SPV490钢控轧后的直接淬火回火工艺进行研究.结果表明,采用再结晶区控轧后结合直接淬火回火工艺时,实验钢的强度大幅度提高,但韧性下降;采用在奥氏体再结晶区变形44%,然后在未再结晶区变形的两阶段控轧工艺后结合直接淬火回火工艺时,由于在细化晶粒的基础上增加晶粒内部变形带数量及位错密度,从而获得细小、均匀的组织,实验钢的综合力学性能良好.     

回火工艺参数对DP600热轧双相钢组织和性能的影响

采用低温回火实验模拟热轧双相钢实际生产过程中卷取后的冷却过程, 分析回火温度与保温时间对 0.09C-0.1Si-1.3Mn-0.5Cr-0.05P热轧双相钢组织及力学性能的影响.结果表明,回火过程中主要是碳原子通过扩散影响铁素体与马氏体中的微结构,从而对其组织和力学性能产生影响;200 ℃回火后双相钢基本保持原有的组织与性能,230℃以上随回火温度升高和保温时间延长,马氏体分解逐渐明显,铁素体中碳原子钉扎可动位错造成屈服现象的发生;在230~250℃温度范围回火时,保温时间的延长较温升对回火程度的影响更加明显.     

磁场淬火处理对硬质合金组织和性能的影响

采用X线衍射(XRD)、扫描电镜(SEM)、金相(OM)、横向断裂强度、维氏硬度以及矫顽磁力测试等分析手段,研究YG6(WC-6%Co)及YN6(WC-6%Ni)合金在磁场淬火处理后的性能变化规律。研究的条件为:样品在(1 100±5)℃下保温20~25 min,在脉冲磁场强度2 T下淬火15 min后再(500±5)℃回火3 h;此外对YG6合金进行常规淬火比较。研究结果表明:磁场淬火可使YG6合金维氏硬度提高3%、横向断裂强度提高18%、冲击韧性提高24%、矫顽磁力提高25%;而YN6合金横向断裂强度提高5.9%,冲击韧性提高6.9%,维氏硬度和矫顽磁力无明显变化。磁场淬火使钴基硬质合金的黏结相中α-Co含量提高,W和C在黏结相中的固溶度增加,WC晶粒棱角趋于圆滑;同时,磁场引起钴基硬质合金中WC晶粒出现锯齿状形貌并偏转为有序方向排列,是合金性能改善的主要原因。     

回火对Q460E低合金结构钢组织与性能的影响

研究了回火温度对正火Q460E低合金结构钢的力学性能与组织影响.结果表明,在200℃到500℃范围内回火,力学性能相对较为稳定且具有较高的强韧性,而且屈强比也比较低,回火温度升高到600℃,力学性能虽相对较低,但钢的强韧性要比GB/T1591-1994(国标)规定的要高.分析认为:600℃回火强韧性降低幅度相对大的原因主要是粒状贝氏体的分解,碳化物的析出长大球化且分布在条状铁素体边沿,犹如上贝氏体,以及碳化物在原奥氏体晶界分布.200℃回火能够获得较高的强度和突出的韧性.回火过程就是粒状贝氏体分解变化,碳化物析出长大球化过程.     

Fe-Mn-1.6 Ni-C水电用钢板轧后 直接淬火和回火工艺

通过Fe-Mn-1.6Ni-C钢板控制轧制、轧后直接淬火和560~710℃回火调质处理实验,研究了轧后直接淬火态和回火态的组织与性能变化.结果表明,轧后直接淬火得到组织细小的板条马氏体,固溶强化作用提高了其抗拉强度.经过回火热处理后,碳化物的析出及其对位错的钉扎作用,降低了钢的抗拉强度,提高了钢的屈服强度.随着回火温度的升高,碳化物聚集长大,铁素体发生回复与再结晶,造成强度下降以及冲击韧性提高.当回火温度高于A_○c1时,粗大的碳化物极易引起裂纹形核,破坏钢的冲击韧性.Fe-Mn-1.6Ni-C钢最优的回火温度为680℃,屈服强度为963MPa,抗拉强度为988MPa,延伸率为20.0%,-60℃冲击功为142J.     

浅谈淬火碳钢在回火时的转变

淬火是金属材料加工处理过程中非常重要的一项工艺，在现代机械制造工业得到广泛的应用，本文简要阐述了淬火碳钢在不同温度条件下回火时各项组织的转变。     

两阶段控制冷却工艺对含钼X80抗大变形管线钢组织与性能的影响

采用TMCP热轧及轧后两阶段控制冷却技术,在试验室制备了含Mo成分的X80级抗大变形管线钢,并利用扫描电镜和透射电镜等分析方法研究了不同冷却条件对组织与性能的影响.结果表明,采用两阶段控制冷却工艺的含Mo成分X80抗大变形管线钢为铁素体-贝氏体双相组织;随加速冷却中开冷温度降低,组织中铁素体含量增加,试样强度降低,屈强比降低,均匀伸长率提高;随加速冷却中终冷温度降低,贝氏体中M/A含量减少,尺寸更细小,分布更分散,试样强度变化不大但均匀伸长率显著提升.分析表明,当铁素体含量一定时,均匀伸长率与贝氏体中M/A密切相关,细小且均匀分布的M/A可提高加工硬化速率,推迟颈缩发生,使均匀伸长率升高.当加速冷却中开冷温度为690℃、终冷温度为450℃时,组织中铁素体的体积分数约为23%、晶粒尺寸约为5μm,M/A岛尺寸约为1μm,组织均匀性良好,试样得到最优的强度塑性匹配.     

Effect of hot-dip galvanizing processes on the microstructure and mechanical properties of 600-MPa hot-dip galvanized dual-phase steel

A C-Mn dual-phase steel was soaked at 800℃ for 90 s and then either rapidly cooled to 450℃ and held for 30 s (process A) or rapidly cooled to 350℃ and then reheated to 450℃ (process B) to simulate the hot-dip galvanizing process. The influence of the hot-dip galvanizing process on the microstructure and mechanical properties of 600-MPa hot-dip galvanized dual-phase steel (DP600) was investigated using optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and tensile tests. The results showed that, in the case of process A, the microstructure of DP600 was composed of ferrite, martensite, and a small amount of bainite. The granular bainite was formed in the hot-dip galvanizing stage, and martensite islands were formed in the final cooling stage after hot-dip galvanizing. By contrast, in the case of process B, the microstructure of the DP600 was composed of ferrite, martensite, bainite, and cementite. In addition, compared with the yield strength (YS) of the DP600 annealed by process A, that for the DP600 annealed by process B increased by approximately 50 MPa because of the tempering of the martensite formed during rapid cooling. The work-hardening coefficient (n value) of the DP600 steel annealed by process B clearly decreased because the increase of the YS affected the computation result for the n value. However, the ultimate tensile strength (UTS) and elongation (A₈₀) of the DP600 annealed by process B exhibited less variation compared with those of the DP600 annealed by process A. Therefore, DP600 with excellent comprehensive mechanical properties (YS=362 MPa, UTS=638 MPa, A₈₀=24.3%, n=0.17) was obtained via process A.     

Effect of lower bainite/martensite/retained austenite triplex microstructure on the mechanical properties of a low-carbon steel with quenching and partitioning process

We present a study concerning Fe–0.176C–1.31Si–1.58Mn–0.26Al–0.3Cr (wt%) steel subjected to a quenching and partitioning (Q&P) process. The results of scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, and tensile tests demonstrate that the microstructures primarily consist of lath martensite, retained austenite, lower bainite (LB), and a small amount of tempered martensite; moreover, few twin austenite grains were observed. In the microstructure, three types of retained austenite with different sizes and morphologies were observed: blocky retained austenite (~300 nm in width), film-like retained austenite (80–120 nm in width), and ultra- fine film-like retained austenite (30–40 nm in width). Because of the effect of the retained austenite/martensite/LB triplex microstructure, the specimens prepared using different quenching temperatures exhibit high ultimate tensile strength and yield strength. Furthermore, the strength effect of LB can partially counteract the decreasing strength effect of martensite. The formation of LB substantially reduces the amount of retained austenite. Analyses of the retained austenite and the amount of blocky retained austenite indicated that the carbon content is critical to the total elongation of Q&P steel.     

热处理工艺对27SiMn钢力学性能的影响

27SiMn液压支架管经过调质热处理来实现其良好的综合力学性能.采用四因素三水平的热处理正交试验,研究了不同热处理工艺参数(淬火温度、淬火保温时间、回火温度和回火保温时间)对力学性能的影响,并确定了最优热处理工艺制度为930℃,40 min淬火和480℃,50 min回火.经最优热处理工艺处理后,其力学性能为:屈服强度895 MPa,抗拉强度1030MPa,伸长率15%,断面收缩率54%,冲击功53.3 J,满足了GB/T 17396—1998标准中对27SiMn钢的性能要求.     

热处理工艺对60CrNiMo钢组织与力学性能的影响

研究采用多步低温等温贝氏体转变工艺处理后60CrNiMo钢组织与力学性能,用金相显微镜、扫描电镜及透射电镜观察60CrNiMo钢相组织,并进行硬度、拉伸和冲击等力学性能测试。结果表明,经淬火+亚温淬火+高温回火处理的60CrNiMo钢可得到细小均匀的二次回火马氏体+铁素体混合组织,其力学性能得到改善;采用三步低温等温贝氏体转变工艺可有效减少材料块状残余奥氏体和细化贝氏体晶粒,从而提高60CrNiMo钢力学性能。     

P对Cu-Co合金组织与性能的影响

采用真空高频感应熔炼技术制备出Cu-0.24Co-0.03P、Cu-0.24Co-0.09P和Cu-0.24Co-0.13P 3种Cu-Co-P合金,并对其进行了固溶、冷变形和时效处理。通过金相显微镜观察研究了Cu-Co-P合金不同工艺条件下的组织变化,利用涡流导电仪、万能试验机和维氏硬度计测量3种合金的导电率、抗拉强度和硬度。结果表明：在500 ℃时效处理1 h条件下,Cu-0.24Co-0.03P合金、Cu-0.24Co-0.09P合金和Cu-0.24Co-0.13P合金的导电率分别为61.0、72.0 、69.0 %IACS,维氏硬度分别为144.0、151.0、150.0,抗拉强度分别为408、444、420 MPa,抗软化温度分别为470,542、505 ℃。Cu-Co-P合金具有典型的韧性断裂特征,当P质量分数为0.09%时,合金的抗拉强度达到444 MPa,伸长率达到18 %,韧窝较多,深度明显,材料的拉伸性能更加优异。     

回火工艺对热轧高强贝氏体钢轨组织和力学性能的影响

本文研究了不同回火工艺条件下热轧态U25CrNi高强贝氏体钢轨的组织与力学性能变化。结果表明,试验钢热轧态和回火组织均由贝氏体、马氏体和残余奥氏体构成。当回火条件为300℃×200min时,试验钢中部分残余奥氏体发生贝氏体相变,钢的各项力学性能变化不大;当回火温度升至400℃时,试验钢中残余奥氏体体积分数较大,碳化物析出量较少,内应力进一步释放,试验钢的延伸率和冲击吸收功达到最大值,同温度下延长回火时间至360min,钢中碳化物颗粒析出增多,延伸率和冲击性能明显降低;当回火温度为500℃时,试验钢中贝氏体铁素体明显粗化,并伴随大量碳化物颗粒析出,残余奥氏体大量分解,出现了回火脆性。综合考虑,U25CrNi热轧高强贝氏体钢轨的最佳回火工艺为400℃×200min。     

Effect of tin addition on the microstructure and properties of ferritic stainless steel

This article reports the effects of Sn on the inclusions as well as the mechanical properties and hot workability of ferritic stainless steel. Precipitation phases and inclusions in Sn-bearing ferritic stainless steel were observed, and the relationship between the workability and the microstructure of the steel was established. Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopic analysis of the steel reveals that an almost pure Sn phase forms and MnS-Sn compound inclusions appear in the steel with a higher Sn content. Little Sn segregation was observed in grain boundaries and in the areas around sulfide inclusions; however, the presence of Sn does not adversely affect the workability of the steel containing 0.4wt% Sn. When the Sn content is 0.1wt%-0.4wt%, Sn improves the tensile strength and the plastic strain ratio and also improves the plasticity with increasing temperature. A mechanism of improving the workability of ferritic stainless steel induced by Sn addition was discussed:the presence of Sn lowers the defect concentration in the ultra-pure ferritic lattice and the good distribution of tin in the lattice overcomes the problem of hot brittleness that occurs in low-carbon steel as a result of Sn segregation.     

退火温度对430不锈钢冷轧板组织和力学性能的影响

针对现场生产的430不锈钢冷轧板,通过高温连续退火实验研究了退火温度对材料显微组织、强度、塑性以及各向异性性能的影响.通过实验得到了合理的两段式加热连续退火工艺:选取中间温度为600℃,加热II段的加热速率为2.3℃·s-1,最高加热温度为840℃.随着退火温度的升高,薄板的屈服强度和硬度呈明显的两阶段降低趋势,延伸率呈"S"型趋势增加,平均塑性应变比基本保持不变(1.25左右),而轧制平面各向异性指数有一定的降低.针对430不锈钢冷轧板分别建立了屈服强度与退火软化率和延伸率之间的定量关系.