互花米草凋落物分解微生物的群落组成和多样性对模拟增温和增氮的响应

为了探究互花米草凋落物分解微生物群落对全球变暖和氮输入增加的响应特点,采集天津滨海湿地原生态土壤和互花米草叶片凋落物,通过模拟增温和增氮的交互实验,分析不同实验处理条件下互花米草凋落物可培养细菌和真菌的数量、群落组成和多样性的差异及土壤因子对土壤微生物群落的影响.结果显示：(1)增温使互花米草凋落物可培养细菌数量减少,真菌数量增加,细菌和真菌群落的多样性均降低.(2)中等增氮水平提高了细菌和真菌数量及群落多样性.(3)增温响应比结果表明,氮输入增加可影响增温对互花米草凋落物细菌和真菌数量及群落多样性的作用.(4)土壤有效磷含量、亚硝态氮含量和硝态氮含量对细菌群落组成有显著影响,土壤铵态氮含量、亚硝态氮含量、有效磷含量和硝态氮含量对真菌群落组成有显著影响.本研究表明,全球变暖和氮输入增加将对分解滨海湿地植物凋落物的微生物群落产生显著影响,这将改变滨海湿地中微生物驱动的物质循环模式.     

增温和增氮对天津滨海湿地芦苇凋落物分解微生物群落组成和多样性的影响

为了探究全球变暖和氮输入增加对滨海湿地植物凋落物分解微生物群落的影响,在天津滨海湿地采集原状土壤和芦苇叶片凋落物,通过模拟增温和增氮实验,分析不同温度和氮输入水平条件下芦苇凋落物可培养细菌和真菌数量、群落组成和多样性的差异,并分析细菌和真菌群落组成与土壤理化因子间的相关关系.结果表明:增温处理能够使细菌数量下降,对真菌数量无显著影响.氮输入水平增加可使细菌数量下降,使真菌数量呈先上升再下降的趋势.常温处理中,细菌群落多样性随氮输入水平增加而上升,增温处理中,细菌群落多样性随氮输入水平增加而下降;增温和增氮处理均可降低真菌群落的多样性.冗余分析显示,对细菌群落组成起主导作用的土壤因子为土壤总磷含量(解释度16.40%)、亚硝态氮含量(解释度14.10%)和铵态氮含量(解释度12.70%);对真菌群落组成起主导作用的土壤因子为土壤亚硝态氮含量(解释度16.70%)和pH值(解释度12.40%).     

刈割强度对晋北盐渍化草地土壤细菌群落结构的影响

刈割是农牧交错带主要的草地利用方式，为探究刈割对草地土壤细菌群落的影响，本研究通过土壤微生物高通量测序研究不同刈割强度下土壤细菌多样性和群落结构。结果表明，刈割处理增加了细菌群落的丰富度、多样性和优势度。在中度刈割强度下，土壤细菌的Shannon-Wiener多样性指数显著高于其他处理，达到6.505；刈割能使Simpson指数增加13.89%～19.44%，在轻度刈割强度下土壤细菌的Simpson指数最高达到0.004 3。盐渍化草地的土壤细菌优势类群有变形菌门（Proteobacteria）、放线菌门（Actinobacteriota）、酸杆菌门（Acidobacteriota）、厚壁菌门（Firmicutes）。刈割显著降低了变形菌门的相对丰度，并且在中度刈割强度下相对丰度值最低为21.09%；显著增加了放线菌门和厚壁菌门的相对丰度，均在中度刈割强度下丰度最高，分别为25.95%和11.35%。土壤因子（硝态氮、全碳、碳氮比和水分）影响土壤细菌群落组成，刈割可能通过影响土壤全碳驱动土壤细菌中优势类群的改变，进而影响土壤细菌多样性。     

内蒙古通辽市砂质土壤中微生物群落结构及其与环境因子的关系

在内蒙古通辽市采集6个土壤样品,研究该地区砂质土壤中微生物群落结构及其与环境因子的关系。应用Illumina Mi Seq高通量测序技术发现,相对丰度大于1%的细菌门有放线菌门、变形菌门、厚壁菌门、芽单胞菌门、绿弯菌门、酸杆菌门、拟杆菌门,相对丰度大于5%的真菌门有子囊菌门、担子菌门。典范对应分析显示影响细菌群落结构的环境因素主要有硝态氮、溶解性有机碳、铵态氮、总氮和含砂量,影响真菌群落结构的环境因素主要有溶解性有机碳、硝态氮、p H、总氮和含砂量。方差分解分析表明硝态氮、溶解性有机碳和铵态氮分别解释了20.73%、16.51%和15.59%的细菌群落结构的差异;溶解性有机碳、硝态氮和p H分别解释了22.29%、22.05%和17.76%的真菌群落结构的差异。研究为探索砂质土壤中微生物群落结构及其与环境因子的关系提供了理论依据。     

四种蔬菜土壤真菌群落组成与多样性

土壤真菌群落多样性是评价耕作土壤环境质量与健康的重要指标。以山东四种重要的蔬菜作物大葱、姜、草莓、黄瓜种植土壤为研究对象，采用qPCR和基于扩增子测序的高通量测序技术，结合土壤理化性质分析，研究了不同作物土壤真菌的群落组成及其多样性差异。结果表明：大葱土壤中以真菌ITS拷贝数为指标的总真菌丰度最低，且与草莓、黄瓜和姜土壤总真菌丰度具有显著差异(P<0.05);大葱和姜土壤真菌群落香农指数和操作分类单元指数高，多样性较丰富；黄瓜和草莓土壤真菌香农指数和操作分类单元指数低，多样性较差；土壤中子囊菌、担子菌、被孢菌门等相对丰度占比较高，其中在发病土壤中子囊菌门真菌相对丰度更高；土壤真菌类群受环境因子的影响，其中pH和有效磷对真菌群落构成的影响最大。这些结果为厘清不同真菌群落多样性与蔬菜土壤环境质量关系，为蔬菜土壤环境质量改善提供了理论依据。     

水稻土细菌群落对长期施肥和短期氮添加的响应

为更好地了解长期施肥下水稻土的细菌多样性、群落结构和组成,本研究以中性紫色水稻土长期定位试验基地为平台,采用高通量测序技术,研究长期施用化肥和短期氮添加对水稻土细菌群落的影响。实验结果表明：相比于短期氮添加,长期施肥显著提升土壤养分含量,同时使土壤pH值明显下降,并改变了土壤细菌群落特征。试验所用水稻土细菌主要优势菌门为变形菌门（Proteobacteria）、放线菌门（Actinobacteria）、酸杆菌门（Acidobacteria）和绿弯菌门（Chloroflexi）,它们的总占比超过70%。长期施肥显著提高了富营养型细菌变形菌门和拟杆菌门（Bacteroidetes）的相对丰度。相关性分析和冗余分析表明,水稻土细菌多样性、群落结构和组成受到土壤pH和土壤养分水平（如速效磷、速效钾、全氮等）的显著影响。     

呼伦贝尔沙地樟子松根内真菌群落结构与功能群特征

为揭示呼伦贝尔沙地樟子松根内真菌群落结构和功能群特征,以呼伦贝尔沙地樟子松天然林和不同林龄人工林为研究对象,采用野外调查和分子生物学相结合的方法,鉴定并分析沙地樟子松根内真菌群落结构和功能群特征。在呼伦贝尔沙地樟子松根尖样品中共获得520个真菌OTUs,隶属于5门87科197属,其中担子菌门(Basidiomycota)和子囊菌门(Ascomycota)的相对丰度较高,分别为54.98%和39.27%。天然林优势菌属为双子担子菌属(Geminibasidium)、红菇属(Russula)和Phialocephala,人工林优势菌属为乳牛肝菌属(Suillus)、Phialocephala和口蘑属(Tricholoma),其余菌属的相对丰度随林龄的变化波动较大。沙地樟子松人工林根内真菌α多样性指数随林龄增长均呈降低趋势,成熟林根内真菌α多样性指数显著低于沙地樟子松近熟林、中龄林和天然林(P<0.05)。沙地樟子松天然林与人工林根内真菌群落结构变异性较小。其中,天然林与成熟林根内真菌群落结构差异较大,与近熟林根内真菌群落结构最接近。共生营养型真菌比例随林龄增长而逐渐增大,腐生营养型和...     

不同分解程度木麻黄凋落物的养分特征及微生物功能多样性分析

【目的】通过了解木麻黄凋落物分解过程中的养分变化以及微生物碳源的利用特征,明确凋落物微生物多样性与养分之间的关系。【方法】在海南省海口市桂林洋海滨选取10~15年生木麻黄林,按照“S”形五点取样法,分别采集0~5 cm、≥5~10 cm、≥10~15 cm 等3种不同分解程度的凋落物样品,测定其理化性质,并利用Biolog微孔板法测定凋落物外生菌和内生菌的群落功能多样性,对其进行主成分PCA分析和冗余RDA分析。【结果】①凋落物的分解程度越高,其有机碳、全氮、全磷含量越低。②不同分解程度木麻黄凋落物中外生菌和内生菌功能多样性差异显著,外生菌平均颜色变化率(AWCD)随分解程度增加而增大,而内生菌AWCD则降低。③凋落物分解程度越高,外生菌的Shannon、Simpson指数明显升高,McIntosh指数无显著差异;内生菌的Shannon、Simpson指数也随之增加,而McIntosh指数则明显降低。④外生菌和内生菌对6大类碳源利用强度存在差异,优势碳源分别为糖类和多聚物,分解后期胺类和酚类的利用率均有提高。⑤主成分PCA分析表明,不同分解程度的凋落物外生菌和内生菌对31种碳源的利用均有显著差异;RDA分析表明,碳、氮含量与凋落物外生菌微生物功能多样性指数呈最大相关。【结论】木麻黄凋落物分解程度越大,外生菌碳代谢强度和多样性越高,而内生菌碳代谢强度越低,其多样性越高;凋落物的氮、碳含量是影响凋落物微生物功能多样性的主要因素。因此,外生菌和内生菌在木麻黄凋落物的分解中发挥着不同的作用。     

甘肃岷县当归连作种植区土壤细菌群落结构分析

为揭示当归连作土壤细菌群落结构及其功能特征,文中以甘肃岷县闾井镇当归种植区不同连作年限的根际土壤为研究对象,以周边休耕多年的土壤为对照.分析细菌群落结构,土壤理化性质与细菌群落结构的关系,并预测当归土壤细菌群落的基因功能特征.结果表明,当归连作根际土壤细菌群落的多样性指数均高于休耕地土壤,随连作年限的增加根际土壤的细菌群落多样性指数呈先降低后增加的趋势.放线菌门(Actinobacteria)、变形菌门(Proteobacteria)、绿弯菌门(Chloroflexi)、厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)、酸杆菌门(Acidobacteria)是当归根际土壤和休耕地土壤细菌群落的主要优势菌门.当归根际土壤放线菌门的相对丰度低于休耕地土壤,酸杆菌门的相对丰度高于休耕地土壤.随连作年限的增加,当归根际土壤放线菌门的相对丰度下降,酸杆菌门的相对丰度增加.冗余分析(CRDA)表明,土壤p H、电导率、全氮含量是影响当归土壤细菌优势菌门的主要因素.土壤p H、速效磷和全氮含量是影响当归土壤细菌优势菌属的主要因素;PICRUSt2功能预测显示,共获得6个一级功能层、47个二级功能层和384个三级功能...     

含铀凋落物腐解前后微生物群落结构特征及多样性分析

采集含铀凋落物腐解前后土壤样本,通过Illumina Miseq高通量测序技术研究腐解前后土壤微生物的多样性及群落结构,解析含铀凋落物腐解前后土壤微生物群落结构特征及其变化规律,为发掘潜在含铀生物质降解菌种提供理论基础。通过高通量测序,分别获得158 781条细菌和242 198条真菌的有效序列,菌群Alpha分析显示,腐解后细菌的多样性和丰富度增加,真菌的多样性和丰富度减少。通过微生物群落结构解析,发现腐解前后门水平上始终存在的优势菌群,细菌中为绿弯菌门(Chloroflexi)、放线菌门(Actinobacteria)、酸杆菌门(Acidobacteria)和变形菌门(Proteobacteria);真菌中为子囊菌门(Ascomycota)、担子菌门(Basidiomycota)、unclassified_Fungi和被孢囊门(Mortierellomycota)。结果表明,含铀凋落物腐解后,凋落物内的铀被释放到土壤中,改变了土壤微生物群落结构。腐解后土壤中可识别的优势菌群功能主要集中在对纤维素、半纤维素、木质素的降解和铀的浸出。热酸菌属(Acidothermus)和软盘菌属(Mollisia)可能是降解凋落物和浸出铀较好的微生物组合。     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

Design and analysis of generic LBS application developing platform

Location based services is promising due to its novel working style and contents.A software platform is proposed to provide application programs of typical location based services and support new applications developing efficiently. The analysis shows that this scheme is easy implemented, low cost and adapt to all kinds of mobile nework system.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-     

Density Functional Theory for the Response of Periodic Systems to Electric Fields Based on the Vector Potential Approach

正The electronic and nuclear(structural/vibrational)response of 1D-3D nanoscale systems to electric fields gives rise to a host of optical,mechanical,spectral,etc.properties that are of high theoretical and applied interest.Due to the computational difficulty of treating such large systems it is convenient to model them as infinite and periodic(at least,in first approximation).The fundamental theoretical/computational problem in doing so is that