莱茵衣藻IFT139蛋白抗原的原核表达、纯化及多克隆抗体的制备

IFT139是莱茵衣藻(Chlamydomonas reinhardtii)纤毛内运输蛋白IFT复合物A中的一个重要组分.其编码基因的突变、缺失或沉默将会影响纤毛正常的组装和解聚,进而导致纤毛病的产生.为深入研究IFT139的作用机制,本实验首先PCR获得ift139 5′端458 bp的EST片断,成功构建了p MAL-c2-ift139与p ET-28a(+)-ift139重组质粒.然后将重组质粒转入大肠杆菌(E.coli)BL21(DE3),通过IPTG诱导表达,分别得到相对分子质量为6.0×104和2.5×104的重组MBP/HIS-IFT139融合蛋白.进一步将亲和纯化的MBP-IFT139融合蛋白(纯度95%,以上),免疫新西兰大白兔获得抗血清,间接ELISA法测得血清效价为1﹕256,000.最后将抗血清依次经Protein A和硝酸纤维素膜纯化后,用Western blot检测抗体特异性,结果显示所制备抗体能够正确特异性识别莱茵衣藻中的IFT139,从而为IFT139作用机制的阐明和纤毛相关疾病的研究奠定了重要基础.     

莱茵衣藻外源基因整合特征分析及蛋白表达

将衣藻表达载体pSP108转化莱茵衣藻细胞壁缺陷型藻株CC-400,通过接头PCR获得并分析阳性转化子中ble基因的侧翼序列发现:外源基因的插入位点呈现随机性,并且有些转化子中衣藻基因组和质粒序列发生断裂和重排.通过间接ELISA分析外源蛋白表达量,并结合外源基因整合状态时发现:在ble基因启动子核心区域缺失的阳性转化子中,ble可以利用自身基因启动子进行蛋白表达,但表达量相比使用质粒载体PSP108上RBCS2启动子的表达量要低;在部分启动子完整的阳性转化子中蛋白表达量低下,可能与衣藻基因组大片段的缺失相关.     

Tn5转座子插入p95基因不影响AcMNPV的复制

从Tn5转座子介导的AcMNPV随机插入突变体库中,分离到一株复制正常的突变体AcApra41.突变定位发现Tn5转座子插入了病毒p95基因中.为了排除AcApra41中还有其他突变,利用同源重组法构建了p95基因定点插入突变的重组病毒AcGFP-P95in.PCR确认p95基因中插入了Tn5转座子;Western blot也证实AcApra41和AcGFP-P95in感染的细胞中,P95蛋白的分子量都因为插入突变而变小,由野生型的95 ku变为 55 ku.病毒复制动态曲线和荧光显微镜观察证实带有该插入突变的病毒能够在Sf9细胞中正常复制,并表达极晚期基因.这一结果表明完整的P95蛋白对病毒复制是非必须的.     

铜绿假单胞菌鞭毛运动相关基因的研究

建立优化的转化条件,将M u转座复合物电转化到临床分离的一株铜绿假单胞菌(P seud om onasaerug inosa)PA 68中,最高转化效率达3.66×104CFU/μg DNA.通过表型筛选,得到三株鞭毛运动能力缺陷的突变子,Sourn thern杂交证实转座子为单点插入.经基因克隆、核苷酸测序研究,证明转座子分别插入到uvrD、phzF 1、zw f三个基因中,这是首次在国际上将M u转座重组技术应用到鞭毛运动相关基因的研究中.由于人工M u转座技术具有随机单点插入的优点,克服了传统转座子能在染色体上迁移的缺点,为进一步研究P.aerug inosa的鞭毛运动机理及致病性奠定基础.     

水稻条斑病细菌(Xanthomonas oryzae pv.oryzicola)Wzt基因参与LPS O-抗原合成和影响细菌致病性

ABC-转运系统将同质O-抗原多糖链从细胞质内膜转运到细胞周质空间合成脂多糖(LPS).通过功能互补和亚克隆序列分析在X.oryzae pv.oryzicola的基因组文库中发现了一个Wzt基因,该基因编码产物是运输O-抗原的ABC-转运系统的疏水组成部分,为ATP-结合蛋白.为区别基因来源将该基因命名为WztXooc.WztXooc编码一个35.9 ku的蛋白质.通过分析发现,WztXooc与数据库中的其他细菌包括水稻白叶枯病菌的ABC-转运系统的ATP结合蛋白质不同.在WztXooc序列中仅发现ATP-结合蛋白中4个保守基序的3个,没有发现ATP-结合位点Walker A(ATP/GTP binding sitemotif A).通过基因插入突变得到WztXooc基因突变体Mwzt.LPS分析表明:由于该基因突变使O-抗原链不能转运通过细胞质膜,不能形成完整的LPS分子,突变体菌落表面丧失了产生大量胞外多糖的能力;突变细菌不产生鞭毛,丧失了游动性和生物膜形成的能力.重要的是突变体在水稻上的繁殖能力和致病性明显下降,证明WztXooc基因与LPS合成及致病性有关.     

拟南芥雄性不育突变体opw(only pollen wall)候选突变基因的克隆

在T-DNA插入突变体Salk_059463株系的群体中,筛选到两株雄性不育突变体,对TDNA序列上的一对引物进行PCR鉴定,结果表明:其基因组中没有T-DNA插入.遗传分析表明这两株雄性不育突变体由同一单个隐性基因控制,引起不育的主要原因是从花药发育的第8期开始,小孢子细胞质内容物逐渐减少直至消失,到花药发育的第12期,药室内的小孢子只剩下一个花粉壁空壳,故该突变体命名为opw(only pollen wall).利用图位克隆的方法对OPW基因进行了定位,结果表明OPW基因位于第二条染色体上分子标记T28M21和T3G21之间的12 kb区间内,该区间内一共有21个基因注释.通过克隆区间内的基因并测序发现opw-1突变体基因组中At2g40140基因编码序列的外显子在第289和第290个碱基之间插入了一个A碱基,而opw-2突变体基因组中At2g40140基因编码序列的外显子在第412和第413个碱基之间插入了一个T碱基,造成的编码序列移码使第424至第426碱基成为终止密码子,故At2g40140是编码OPW的候选基因.     

一种优良半矮秆水稻品种的分离与分子鉴定

株1S是中国南方稻区杂交水稻育种广泛应用的优良籼型温敏雄性核不育系.为了改良其农艺性状,我们采用体细胞无性系诱变方法筛选半矮秆突变体.本文报道了2个体细胞无性系突变体SV1S和SV14S的表型和初步分子鉴定结果.与亲本株1S相比,突变体的高度降低,基部节间长度缩短,节间壁显著增厚,但是上部的节间变化不明显.更重要的是,我们发现赤霉素生物合成途径中的关键酶基因GA20ox-2出现了约200bp的缺失突变,导致该基因在半矮秆突变体中的转录水平降低.研究结果表明,突变体SV1S和SV14S很可能是由于同一缺失突变导致赤霉素合成受阻,从而部分导致了半矮秆性状的出现.然而,2个突变体苗期的高度相同,以及糊粉层细胞!-淀粉酶活性和赤霉素敏感性降低等性状与以前报道的sd-1突变体有所不同.因此,我们推测在SV突变体中可能还存在第二个突变位点.该结果也进一步证实了体细胞无性系诱变在水稻育种中具有良好的应用前景.     

人SLC25A13基因内含子突变IVS6-11A>G导致转录子剪接异常

目的:通过minigene剪接实验分析SLC25A13基因内含子突变IVS6-11A G是否导致转录子剪接异常,并确定其剪接方式,进而明确其在Citrin缺陷病的致病性.方法:构建携带突变的目的片段外显子捕获载体,转染293T细胞后逆转录PCR扩增转录产物,测序并分析.结果:IVS6-11A G突变导致SLC25A13基因内含子6的3'端10个碱基保留于转录子中,致蛋白翻译提前终止,Citrin蛋白功能丧失.结论:SLC25A13基因IVS6-11A G突变为剪接突变,其剪接方式为可变3'剪接,该突变为Citrin缺陷病致病突变.     

水稻条斑病细菌(Xanthomolias oryzae pv.oryzicola)Wzt基因参与LPS O-抗原合成和影响细菌致病性

ABC-转运系统将同质O-抗原多糖链从细胞质内膜转运到细胞周质空间合成脂多糖(LPS)。通过功能互补和亚克隆序列分析在X. oryzae pv. oryzicola的基因组文库中发现了一个Wzt基因, 该基因编码产物是运输O-抗原的ABC-转运系统的疏水组成部分,为ATP-结合蛋白。为区别基因来源将该基因命名为Wzt_(Xooc). Wzt_(Xooc)编码一个35.9 ku的蛋白质。通过分析发现,Wzt_(Xooc)与数据库中的其他细菌包括水稻白叶枯病菌的ABC-转运系统的ATP结合蛋白质不同。在Wzt_(Xooc)序列中仅发现ATP-结合蛋白中4个保守基序的3个,没有发现ATP-结合位点Walker A(ATP/GTP binding site motif A)。通过基因插入突变得到Wzt_(Xooc)基因突变体Mwzt。LPS分析表明:由于该基因突变使O- 抗原链不能转运通过细胞质膜,不能形成完整的LPS分子,突变体菌落表面丧失了产生大量胞外多糖的能力;突变细菌不产生鞭毛,丧失了游动性和生物膜形成的能力。重要的是突变体在水稻上的繁殖能力和致病性明显下降,证明Wzt_(Xooc)基因与LPS合成及致病性有关。     

拟南芥角果角度相关基因SPA的分子鉴定与功能分析

利用T-DNA插入突变的方法从拟南芥中筛选得到1个角果果柄生长角度变小的突变体,克隆得到该突变基因为SPA基因,并利用PCR和RT-PCR方法验证了T-DNA的插入位点;将SPA基因转入spa突变体后,互补植株角果角度恢复到野生型水平．推测SPA基因可能在调控角果角度方面具有重要功能．关键词 拟南芥;角果角度;SPA基因;TAIL-PCR     

Hedgehog signalling in the mouse requires intraflagellar transport proteins

Intraflagellar transport (IFT) proteins were first identified as essential factors for the growth and maintenance of flagella in the single-celled alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. In a screen for embryonic patterning mutations induced by ethylnitrosourea, here we identify two mouse mutants, wimple (wim) and flexo (fxo), that lack ventral neural cell types and show other phenotypes characteristic of defects in Sonic hedgehog signalling. Both mutations disrupt IFT proteins: the wim mutation is an allele of the previously uncharacterized mouse homologue of IFT172; and fxo is a new hypomorphic allele of polaris, the mouse homologue of IFT88. Genetic analysis shows that Wim, Polaris and the IFT motor protein Kif3a are required for Hedgehog signalling at a step downstream of Patched1 (the Hedgehog receptor) and upstream of direct targets of Hedgehog signalling. Our data show that IFT machinery has an essential and vertebrate-specific role in Hedgehog signal transduction.     

一种基于旋转矩阵分解的视觉伺服控制算法

针对传统视觉伺服控制算法易使目标物品脱离摄像机视野而致伺服失败的缺点,从表征当前摄像机坐标系与期望摄像机坐标系姿态关系的旋转矩阵中分解出了等效转轴和等效转角,利用它们构造了一种可以有效控制摄像机朝向的任务函数矢量,并推导出了表征任务函数矢量变化量与摄像机运动速度间非线性映射关系的雅可比矩阵。然后构造了任务函数,并根据李雅普诺夫第二方法设计了解耦的视觉伺服控制律,最后对所设计的控制律进行了实验验证。实验结果表明,使用旋转矩阵分解方法构造的任务函数矢量来控制摄像机朝向,可使目标物体始终位于摄像机的视野之内,从而有效避免伺服失败。     

Characterization of the flagellar biosynthesis regulatory geneflbD inAzospirillum brasilense

A flagellar gene cluster fragment includingflbD ofAzospirillum brasilense was cloned and sequenced. TheflbD mutant strain was found to be nonmotile—losing both polar and lateral flagella (Fla⁻Laf⁻). Motility and flagella were regained by complementation with plasmid-borne multicopyflbD, but altered with larger swarming circle and fewer lateral flagella on the semisolid plate. This result indicated that FlbD plays an important role in the regulation of both polar and lateral flagellar biosynthesis inA. brasilense.     

Energy source of flagellar type III secretion

Bacterial flagella contain a specialized secretion apparatus that functions to deliver the protein subunits that form the filament and other structures to outside the membrane. This apparatus is related to the injectisome used by many gram-negative pathogens and symbionts to transfer effector proteins into host cells; in both systems this export mechanism is termed 'type III' secretion. The flagellar secretion apparatus comprises a membrane-embedded complex of about five proteins, and soluble factors, which include export-dedicated chaperones and an ATPase, FliI, that was thought to provide the energy for export. Here we show that flagellar secretion in Salmonella enterica requires the proton motive force (PMF) and does not require ATP hydrolysis by FliI. The export of several flagellar export substrates was prevented by treatment with the protonophore CCCP, with no accompanying decrease in cellular ATP levels. Weak swarming motility and rare flagella were observed in a mutant deleted for FliI and for the non-flagellar type-III secretion ATPases InvJ and SsaN. These findings show that the flagellar secretion apparatus functions as a proton-driven protein exporter and that ATP hydrolysis is not essential for type III secretion.     

盐生杜氏藻和衣藻双结构域NAD+-GPD基因的生物信息学分析

盐生杜氏藻（Dunaliella salina）是极端耐盐的单细胞真核绿藻,依赖于NAD的3－磷酸甘油脱氢酶（NAD+-GPD）是盐生杜氏藻调渗物质——甘油合成的关键酶.盐生杜氏藻NAD+-GPD基因是第一个被发现含双结构域（SerB和GPD）的GPD基因.而双结构域可能是盐生杜氏藻具有极强耐盐性和快速合成甘油的关键.通过与莱茵衣藻基因组数据库比对,发现莱茵衣藻（Chlamydomonas reinhardtii）中也存在具有SerB和GPD结构域的NAD+-GPD基因序列.在对两个物种NAD+-GPD基因的基因结构、mRNA组成成分、编码蛋白及其理化性质和编码蛋白结构的分析中,发现二者具有较高的相似性.针对目前仅在盐藻和衣藻中发现含SerB和GPD结构域的NAD+-GPD基因这一现象,分别对SerB和GPD结构域同源基因的系统进化进行了分析.     

Structure of the C-terminal domain of FliG, a component of the rotor in the bacterial flagellar motor.

Many motile species of bacteria are propelled by flagella, which are rigid helical filaments turned by rotary motors in the cell membrane. The motors are powered by the transmembrane gradient of protons or sodium ions. Although bacterial flagella contain many proteins, only three-MotA, MotB and FliG-participate closely in torque generation. MotA and MotB are ion-conducting membrane proteins that form the stator of the motor. FliG is a component of the rotor, present in about 25 copies per flagellum. It is composed of an amino-terminal domain that functions in flagellar assembly and a carboxy-terminal domain (FliG-C) that functions specifically in motor rotation. Here we report the crystal structure of FliG-C from the hyperthermophilic eubacterium Thermotoga maritima. Charged residues that are important for function, and which interact with the stator protein MotA, cluster along a prominent ridge on FliG-C. On the basis of the disposition of these residues, we present a hypothesis for the orientation of FliG-C domains in the flagellar motor, and propose a structural model for the part of the rotor that interacts with the stator.     

葡萄糖对莱茵衣藻生长和产氢的影响

通过在莱茵衣藻的培养基中添加葡萄糖,考察了葡萄糖对莱茵衣藻生长及产氢的影响。结果表明,在Tris Acetate Phosphate (TAP)培养基中添加葡萄糖对莱茵衣藻生长有利,最佳葡萄糖浓度为03g/L,藻细胞数和叶绿素浓度分别提高了12.8％和16.4％。在产氢培养基中,添加葡萄糖对莱茵衣藻产氢也有促进作用,氢气产量提高了27％。     

Microtubule-associated protein 1C from brain is a two-headed cytosolic dynein

Dynein, an ATPase, is the force-generating protein in cilia and flagella. It has long been speculated that cytoplasmic microtubules contain a related enzyme involved in cell division or in intracellular organelle transport. A 'cytoplasmic dynein' has been described in sea urchin eggs, but because the egg stockpiles precursors for both cytoplasmic and ciliary microtubules, the role of this enzyme in the cell has remained unresolved. We recently found that the microtubule-associated protein (MAP) 1C (ref. 6) from brain is a microtubule-activated ATPase that produces force in the direction corresponding to retrograde organelle transport in the cell. MAP 1C has several similar properties to ciliary and flagellar dynein. Here we show directly, using scanning transmission electron microscopy, that MAP 1C is structurally equivalent to the ciliary and flagellar enzyme and is the long-sought cytoplasmic analogue of this enzyme.