抗细胞凋亡蛋白DAD研究进展

结合国内外的研究,从抗细胞凋亡基因DAD(defender against cell death)的发现、核苷酸序列同源性、表达特性和蛋白结构与功能等方面,对近年来DAD蛋白的研究进展进行了综述.DAD作为寡聚糖转移酶(oligosaccharyltransferase,OST)的亚基组分,参与了内质网(endoplasmic reticulum,ER)中蛋白质的N-糖基化修饰,抑制程序性细胞死亡,与动植物的生长发育及多种生理与病理过程密切相关.     

植物细胞质化石研究进展

 近年来古植物学研究表明,植物细胞质确实可以保存为化石。随着相关研究技术的进步,研究发现植物化石中具有和现代植物相似的超微结构。特殊情况下,植物细胞质化石研究能够帮助解决现代生物学中某些难以解决的问题。高温和野火在植物细胞质化石的形成过程中起到了重要作用,而一个过去被古生物学家视而不见的自然现象--雷电可能对某些超微结构的固定起到了关键作用。植物细胞质化石研究把古植物学推向一个新的研究层面和方向,促进了与其他学科之间的融合,也把一些新的研究手段引入到了古生物学中。本文回顾植物细胞质化石的研究历程,总结研究成果和经验,并对未来发展趋势进行了展望。     

细胞外ATP调节了NaCl胁迫诱导的烟草悬浮细胞的死亡和呼吸的抑制

本文以烟草悬浮细胞BY-2为材料,探讨了胞外ATP对NaCl诱导的细胞死亡和呼吸抑制的调节作用。实验表明,随着NaCl浓度的逐渐上升(50、100、200、400 mmol/L),细胞的死亡水平逐渐上升,而胞外ATP含量和细胞呼吸速率则随NaCl浓度的上升而逐渐下降。本文在200 mmol/L NaCl处理下的细胞中探索了胞外ATP对NaCl诱导的细胞死亡和呼吸抑制的调节作用。结果发现,较之200 mmol/L NaCl胁迫下的细胞,对NaCl胁迫的细胞加入外源ATP(20 μmol/L )其使得细胞死亡水平显著性降低,也使得胞外ATP含量和细胞呼吸速率均有所回升。上述实验观察表明,NaCl胁迫诱导的植物细胞的死亡和呼吸抑制可能和细胞外ATP水平的变化有关,而胞外ATP对NaCl诱导的细胞死亡具有一定的调节作用。     

棉铃虫单粒包埋型核型多角体病毒诱发草地贪夜蛾细胞株Sf的程序性死亡

棉铃虫单粒包埋型核型多角体病毒（ＨａＳＮＰＶ）能够诱发草地贪夜蛾Ｓｆ细胞株发生早期死亡现象．依据死亡过程的细胞形态变化，ＤＮＡ降解的梯状电泳特征以及对不同抑制剂敏感性的差异，可以初步断定该死亡现象为程序性死亡．早期死亡伴随着病毒ＤＮＡ复制与子代病毒生成的中止．同时发现野生型ＡＣＭＮＰＶ的共感染能够有效地抑制早期死亡的发生，并对抑制作用的可能性机制进行了探讨．     

Temporal and spatial changes in Ca2+ distribution during the programmed cell death of tracheary elements

The changes in Ca²⁺ distribution in the tracheary elements (TEs) of the pepper leaves were studied using the cytochemical method of potassium antimonate. At the early stage of TEs formation, the vacuole and the nucleus held large volume, and antimonate Ca²⁺ deposits were observed mainly in the intercellular space and the cell wall. As the thickening of secondary wall occurred, the vacuole, nucleus and other organelles began to rupture, concomitant with the increase of calcium deposits in the cytosol, showing the influx of Ca²⁺ into the cell. With the further rupture of cytoplasm and other organelles, the number of calcium deposits at the non-thickening cell wall increased, but declined at the thickening bands of the secondary wall. When the cytoplasmic contents disappeared completely, the level of Ca²⁺ decreased at the non-thickening wall, but by contrast, increased at the thickening bands of the secondary wall. These observations indicated that the dynamic changes in Ca²⁺ distribution spatially and temporarily might have a close correlation with its distinct roles played during the formation of the secondary walls.     

Programmed cell death in developing human fetal CNS

The spatial and temporal distributions of programmed cell death (PCD) in developing central nervous system (CNS) of human fetuses ranging from 12 to 39 weeks of gestation were investigated using techniques of flow cytometry and terminal transferase-mediated nick end labeling (TUNEL). The results showed that PCD did occur in every representative brain region of all fetuses examined in different stages. It was found that there were two peaks of PCD appearing at the 12th and 39th weeks respectively, which suggested that the first peak of apoptosis may be involved in the selective elimination of neurons overproduced during the early development and the second may play an important role in establishing the correct neuronal circuitry.     

Cloning of murine BRI3 gene and study on its function for inducing cell death

To understand the molecular mechanism of TNFα effects, the cDNA of murine BRI3 gene was cloned from the total RNA of murine brain endothelial cells (bEnd.3)treated with hTNFα by using the suppression subtractive hybridization (SSH) and the RT-PCR method. The fusion expression vector harbouring BRI3 gene and enhanced green fluorescence protein (EGFP) thus obtained were designated as pEGFP/I3. Then pEGFP/I3 was transiently transfected into L929 cells and the fusion protein EGFP/I3 was localized in cytoplasm. It is found that the expression of EGFP/I3 could induce cell death in L929 cells detected by TUNEL method and flow cytometry. And the overexpression of Bci-2 in L929 cells can block cell death induced by EGFP/I3, indicating that murine BRI3 gene might related to the TNFα mediated cytotoxicity.     

细胞质在细胞分化中的作用

研究了受精卵细胞质对分化的影响 ,果蝇性细胞、体细胞分化中极质的作用 ,体细胞分化中决定子的作用 ,异源细胞质的影响 .基因的表达主要在转录水平上发生的 ,调节细胞中转录过程的因素是非组蛋白蛋白质 ,它是在细胞质中合成的 .因此 ,细胞质对细胞分化起重要的作用     

《普宁》的死亡情结初探

在纳博科夫的小说《普宁》中,作者虽然没有给主人公普宁一个死亡的结局,但死亡的阴影在整部小说中却无处不在,贯穿始终。作者通过对主人公无时无刻不感受到的一系列死亡意识的描写,揭示了主人公的悲惨命运,也暗示了普宁是一个在事业、爱情以及人际关系上极为失败的苦恼人。     

Mechanisms of plant somatic embryogenesis

Based on our experimental results and the related research reports, this review addresses some important issues about plant somatic embryogenesis. Once plant somatic cells develop into embryonic cells, the organelles of the cells increase, and their function is active. In the early stage of embryogenic cells, the reaction products of AT-Pase are mainly deposited on the plasma and vacuole's membranes, then the activity of ATPase can be found in the cytoplasm, vacuole and nucleus in the late stage of embryogenic cells. ATPase-catalyzed reaction occurs actively in the thickened wall of embryogenic cells. Endogenous hormone is a critical factor affecting somatic embryogenesis. Superox-ide dismutase (SOD) activity, which is closely related to embryogenic cell differentiation, is much higher in differentiated embryogenic cells than in undifferentiated cells, indicating that embryogenic cells have stronger function of antioxida-tion. In addition, the lower level H2O2 can promote embryogenic cell differentiation. The programmed cell death (PCD) exists in the process of embryogenic cell differentiation and development, and the active oxygen species plays an important role in inducing of plant PCD.     

重金属对植物细胞的毒害作用研究进展

不同浓度的重金属对植物细胞有着不同的影响 ,但重金属不论作用的浓度水平如何 ,对植物细胞都是有害的 ,只不过植物细胞对重金属的反应是一个过程中两种作用的复合效应 本文综述了重金属对植物细胞的毒害作用和毒害机制的研究进展     

俄罗斯的死刑制度

死刑的存废之争在法学界历来是一个经久不衰的话题。俄罗斯的死刑制度经历了“三起三落”,最终在1997年《俄罗斯联邦刑法典》中有限度地保留了死刑,这是对该种刑罚制度作出的更为人道主义的选择。俄罗斯的死刑制度,对我们国家也是一种借鉴。     

汽车发动机排放废气诱导植物细胞微核效应的初步研究

利用汽车发动机排放废气暴露处理蚕豆幼苗，结果诱导出蚕豆叶尖细胞微核效应，且在一定时限内，废气作用时间越长，这种效应越强。证实了汽车发动机废气对植物细胞具有遗传毒性。     

硒化麒麟菜多糖对宫颈癌细胞株生长和淍亡的影响

目的：探讨硒化麒麟菜多糖在体外对宫颈癌Hela细胞株生长和凋亡的作用及机制。方法：以宫颈癌Hela细胞株为研究对象，用MTT法检测硒化麒麟菜多糖对肿瘤细胞增殖的影响，流式细胞仪检测细胞周期、细胞调亡以及凋亡基因Fas的表达情况，以顺铂为对照组，比较硒化麒麟菜多糖与顺铂的疗效。结果：硒化麒麟菜多糖可阻滞宫颈癌Hela细胞的生长使之停留在S和G2-M期，从而抑制了肿瘤细胞的增殖，同时通过促进Fas表达，诱导Hela细胞凋亡。结论：硒化麒麟菜多糖通过阻滞肿瘤细胞的生长及诱导细胞凋亡等机制，对宫颈癌细胞的增殖有一定的抑制作用。     

“以道观死”与“向死而在”——庄子与海德格尔的死亡观比较分析

死亡作为人生的终结，一直以其不在场的在场性作为“生”的意义被敞开着。无论是在庄子还是在海德格尔那里，死亡都具有着重要的位置。在他们的哲学体系建构中，死亡具有相似的一面即存在者在世沉沦中对于死亡的逃避，但是更多的是不同的一面即庄子的死亡是“以道观死”面向“道”，海德格尔的死亡是“向死而在”面向“生”。     

论庄子死亡观的美学价值

庄子的死亡观集中体现在生命相对论,自然本体论和精神超越论三个层面.其美学思想是在人向自然生成的动态过程中,以"道"和"德"两个美学范畴为基础,借助精神外在和内在无限超越的双向统一,建构超越时空有限性的美学死亡观,使死亡的忧惧感化为精神的至乐感,回归"道"体的本原状态.     

植物细胞质雄性不育分子机理研究

本文综述了植物细胞质雄性不育分子机理的研究进展。主要介绍了植物线粒体DNA、线粒体RNA和线粒体蛋白质与细胞质雄性不育的关系,同时对植物叶绿体及核质互作与细胞质雄性不育的关系进行了综述,并对今后的研究前景进行了展望。     

Programmed cell death involved in the schizolysigenous formation of the secretory cavity in <Emphasis Type=Italic>Citrus sinensis</Emphasis> L. (Osbeck)

The developmental types of secretory cavities in Citrus remain unclear and whether or not programmed cell death is involved in the developmental process of secretory cavities remains an enigma. Regarding cavity formation in Citrus sinensis fruits, this work uncovered novel evidence to delineate secretory cavity formation in schizolysigeny, supporting the possibility of utilizing secretory cavities as a new cell biology model for investigating the molecular mechanism of plant programmed cell death.     

Programmed cell death during terminal bud senescence in a sympodial branching tree, Eucommia ulmoides

Eucommia ulmoides Oliv. is a typical sympodial branching tree. The apical bud of the branch ages and dies every year, replaced by the nearby axillary bud in the second year. Structural assays and a series of biochemical analyses were performed to analyze the senescence mechanism in the apical bud. It was revealed that most cells of the apical bud underwent the programmed cell death (PCD) during the senescence: the chromosomes were congregated and the nuclear contents were condensed, as shown by 4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) fluorescence. DNA fragmentation was detected during senescence using the terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT)-mediated dUTP nick end in situ labeling (TUNEL) method, coincident with the appearance of a DNA ladder. Moreover, a 20 kD DNase related to fragmentation was found. PCD was initiated first in the young leaves, leaf primordia and peripheral zone cells, then in the central mother cells and initial layer cells in the apical meristem. The terminal buds remain in vegetative growth during senescence, in contrast to buds of many annual plants.     

Constitutive activation of AtMEK5, a MAPK kinase, induces salicylic acidindependent cell death in Arabidopsis thaliana

In most circumstances, plants are able to defendthemselves against pathogen attack. The mechanisms ofplants resisting the invasion of pathogens often includeinduction of hypersensitive response (HR) cell death, theactivation of defense genes and the production of antim-icrobial phytoalexins[1—3]. Plant defense responses are ini-tiated either by the interaction between a plant resistance(R) gene and a pathogen avirulence (avr) gene or by thebinding of a non-race-specific elicitor to its recep…