Carbon turnover times shape topsoil carbon difference between Tibetan Plateau and Arctic tundra

The Tibetan Plateau(TP)and Arctic permafrost constitute two large reservoirs of organic carbon,but pro-cesses which control carbon accumulation within the surfa...     

Unprecedented Arctic ozone loss in 2011

Chemical ozone destruction occurs over both polar regions in local winter-spring. In the Antarctic, essentially complete removal of lower-stratospheric ozone currently results in an ozone hole every year, whereas in the Arctic, ozone loss is highly variable and has until now been much more limited. Here we demonstrate that chemical ozone destruction over the Arctic in early 2011 was--for the first time in the observational record--comparable to that in the Antarctic ozone hole. Unusually long-lasting cold conditions in the Arctic lower stratosphere led to persistent enhancement in ozone-destroying forms of chlorine and to unprecedented ozone loss, which exceeded 80 per cent over 18-20 kilometres altitude. Our results show that Arctic ozone holes are possible even with temperatures much milder than those in the Antarctic. We cannot at present predict when such severe Arctic ozone depletion may be matched or exceeded.     

俄罗斯北极海域碳循环圈

本书所论述的俄罗斯北极海域碳循环圈课题是在遵循众多国际双边和多边协议（俄-法、俄-德等）条件下，在俄罗斯国家科学工程“全球自然环境气候变化”和俄联邦工程“世界海洋”指导下进行研究并完成的。该课题同时也是继前苏联对俄罗斯北极海域（ASR）生态系统和碳流通量的生物和地质化学研究后的一次系统化的多学科交叉研究。本书从生物、地质、化学等诸多方面综合论述了ASR的碳循环圈，同时认定了生物圈中的碳化合物是构成和影响北极碳圈的主要因素。     

Sharply increased mass loss from glaciers and ice caps in the Canadian Arctic Archipelago

Mountain glaciers and ice caps are contributing significantly to present rates of sea level rise and will continue to do so over the next century and beyond. The Canadian Arctic Archipelago, located off the northwestern shore of Greenland, contains one-third of the global volume of land ice outside the ice sheets, but its contribution to sea-level change remains largely unknown. Here we show that the Canadian Arctic Archipelago has recently lost 61?±?7?gigatonnes per year (Gt?yr(-1)) of ice, contributing 0.17?±?0.02 mm?yr(-1) to sea-level rise. Our estimates are of regional mass changes for the ice caps and glaciers of the Canadian Arctic Archipelago referring to the years 2004 to 2009 and are based on three independent approaches: surface mass-budget modelling plus an estimate of ice discharge (SMB+D), repeat satellite laser altimetry (ICESat) and repeat satellite gravimetry (GRACE). All three approaches show consistent and large mass-loss estimates. Between the periods 2004-2006 and 2007-2009, the rate of mass loss sharply increased from 31?±?8?Gt?yr(-1) to 92?±?12?Gt?yr(-1) in direct response to warmer summer temperatures, to which rates of ice loss are highly sensitive (64?±?14?Gt?yr(-1) per 1?K increase). The duration of the study is too short to establish a long-term trend, but for 2007-2009, the increase in the rate of mass loss makes the Canadian Arctic Archipelago the single largest contributor to eustatic sea-level rise outside Greenland and Antarctica.     

天然矿研制耐硫CO变换催化剂

利用自制活性矿物载体［１］，采用共浸渍法，研制出用天然矿直接作载体的耐硫ＣＯ低变催化剂。经多次原粒度规模测试，样品性能达到国内同类产品水平。并对其进行性能评价和表征。     

Increased Arctic cloud longwave emissivity associated with pollution from mid-latitudes

There is consensus among climate models that Arctic climate is particularly sensitive to anthropogenic greenhouse gases and that, over the next century, Arctic surface temperatures are projected to rise at a rate about twice the global mean. The response of Arctic surface temperatures to greenhouse gas thermal emission is modified by Northern Hemisphere synoptic meteorology and local radiative processes. Aerosols may play a contributing factor through changes to cloud radiative properties. Here we evaluate a previously suggested contribution of anthropogenic aerosols to cloud emission and surface temperatures in the Arctic. Using four years of ground-based aerosol and radiation measurements obtained near Barrow, Alaska, we show that, where thin water clouds and pollution are coincident, there is an increase in cloud longwave emissivity resulting from elevated haze levels. This results in an estimated surface warming under cloudy skies of between 3.3 and 5.2 W m(-2) or 1 and 1.6 degrees C. Arctic climate is closely tied to cloud longwave emission, but feedback mechanisms in the system are complex and the actual climate response to the described sensitivity remains to be evaluated.     

以炭黑为碳源电弧放电法制备碳纳米管

以色素炭黑为碳源,Fe及其氧化物分别为催化剂,经由电弧放电法制备碳纳米管。考察了催化剂种类及含量对碳纳米管生成的影响,实验结果采用SEM、TEM、TG等对产物进行表征。结果表明,以炭黑为碳源电弧放电法制备碳纳米管是可行的,且与以往的以石墨为碳源相比,该反应在常压下就可以得到较好的效果;经过表征,发现产物中碳纳米管的产量较高,但是在碳纳米管的管壁上发现较多的小颗粒。同时对炭黑为碳源生长碳纳米管的机理进行了初步探讨。     

Carbon loss by deciduous trees in a CO2-rich ancient polar environment

Fossils demonstrate that deciduous forests covered the polar regions for much of the past 250 million years when the climate was warm and atmospheric CO2 high. But the evolutionary significance of their deciduous character has remained a matter of conjecture for almost a century. The leading hypothesis argues that it was an adaptation to photoperiod, allowing the avoidance of carbon losses by respiration from a canopy of leaves unable to photosynthesize in the darkness of warm polar winters. Here we test this proposal with experiments using 'living fossil' tree species grown in a simulated polar climate with and without CO2 enrichment. We show that the quantity of carbon lost annually by shedding a deciduous canopy is significantly greater than that lost by evergreen trees through wintertime respiration and leaf litter production, irrespective of growth CO2 concentration. Scaling up our experimental observations indicates that the greater expense of being deciduous persists in mature forests, even up to latitudes of 83 degrees N, where the duration of the polar winter exceeds five months. We therefore reject the carbon-loss hypothesis as an explanation for the deciduous nature of polar forests.     

An Arctic mammal fauna from the Early Pliocene of North America

A peat deposit on Ellesmere Island, Nunavut, Canada, allows a unique glimpse of the Early Pliocene terrestrial biota north of the Arctic Circle. The peat accumulated in a beaver pond surrounded by boreal larch forest near regional tree line in coastal hills close to the Arctic Ocean. The ecological affinities of the plant and beetle remains contained in the peat indicate that winter temperatures on Ellesmere Island were nearly 15 degrees C higher and summer temperatures 10 degrees C higher than they are today. Here we show that the mammalian remains buried in the peat represent mainly taxa of Eurasiatic zoogeographic and phyletic affinities, including the first North American occurrence of a meline badger (Arctomeles). This deposit contains direct evidence of the composition of an Early Pliocene (4-5 million years ago) arctic mammalian fauna during an active period of interchange between Asia and North America.     

一种简单实用的机械损耗和铁损耗的分离方法

考虑到按《国标1032-68》的方法分离中小型异步电动机机械损耗和铁耗时，对条件较差的电机修理厂和实验室会产生诸多不便，该文提出了一种简便、实用、准确度较高的分离机械损耗和铁耗的方法，为分析电动机的工作性能提供了较大的方便．     

入射夸克的能量损失效应

借助4套典型的束缚核子部分子分布函数和3种夸克能量损失的表达式,对核Drell-Yan过程中的微分截面比进行了领头阶的唯象分析,确定了入射夸克单位长度的能量损失值dE/dL=(1.21±0.09)GeV/fm.研究结果表明:采用线型的夸克能量损失表达方式和平方型的能量损失表达方式计算所得的核Drell-Yan过程微分截面比的理论曲线无明显差别;与采用的部分子分布函数的类型无关,来自于低能量入射粒子束的实验数据排除了动量分数型的能量损失表达方式.     

入射夸克的能量损失效应

 借助4套典型的束缚核子部分子分布函数和3种夸克能量损失的表达式,对核Drell-Yan过程中的微分截面比进行了领头阶的唯象分析,确定了入射夸克单位长度的能量损失值dE/dL=(1.21±0.09)GeV/fm.研究结果表明：采用线型的夸克能量损失表达方式和平方型的能量损失表达方式计算所得的核Drell-Yan过程微分截面比的理论曲线无明显差别;与采用的部分子分布函数的类型无关,来自于低能量入射粒子束的实验数据排除了动量分数型的能量损失表达方式.     

离子轰击碳膜诱导碳纳米尖端的形成和生长

用CH4、NH3和H2为反应气体,利用等离子体增强热丝化学气相沉积系统在沉积有碳膜的Si上制备了碳纳米尖端.用扫描电子显微镜、原子力显微镜和Raman光谱表征了碳膜的结构,以及用扫描电子显微镜和X射线光电子谱表征了碳纳米尖端的结构,结果表明碳膜是凸凹不平的非晶碳膜,碳纳米尖端是由sp2结构的碳组成.根据有关离子的溅射和沉积机制,分析了离子轰击碳膜诱导碳纳米尖端的形成和生长.     

Ice shelves in the Pleistocene Arctic Ocean inferred from glaciogenic deep-sea bedforms

It has been proposed that during Pleistocene glaciations, an ice cap of 1 kilometre or greater thickness covered the Arctic Ocean. This notion contrasts with the prevailing view that the Arctic Ocean was covered only by perennial sea ice with scattered icebergs. Detailed mapping of the ocean floor is the best means to resolve this issue. Although sea-floor imagery has been used to reconstruct the glacial history of the Antarctic shelf, little data have been collected in the Arctic Ocean because of operational constraints. The use of a geophysical mapping system during the submarine SCICEX expedition in 1999 provided the opportunity to perform such an investigation over a large portion of the Arctic Ocean. Here we analyse backscatter images and sub-bottom profiler records obtained during this expedition from depths as great as 1 kilometre. These records show multiple bedforms indicative of glacial scouring and moulding of sea floor, combined with large-scale erosion of submarine ridge crests. These distinct glaciogenic features demonstrate that immense, Antarctic-type ice shelves up to 1 kilometre thick and hundreds of kilometres long existed in the Arctic Ocean during Pleistocene glaciations.