应用定点突变技术进行流感病毒NS1蛋白功能的研究

目的流感病毒NS1基因敲除毒株(delNS1毒株)的获得可以使我们建立更有效的生物学关系,主要表现在流感病毒繁殖周期和致病的过程中,流感病毒NS1蛋白和双链RNA活性蛋白激酶(PKR)之间的生物学关系.资料表明,缺少功能性的PKR可以使delNS1毒株在其他非允许宿主中繁殖,这表明流感病毒NS1蛋白的主要功能是对抗或阻止PKR调解抗病毒效应.因此,本实验为了证明流感病毒NS1蛋白对其复制和毒力的影响.方法应用定点突变技术进行流感病毒NS1基因的第38位和第41位氨基酸残基位点的定点突变;然后进行细胞转染包装成新的缺陷病毒;再对其进行转染后产量的测定,如TCID50和PFU.结果包装成的缺陷病毒与包装成的非缺陷病毒相比,缺陷病毒的TCID50和PFU明显下降.结论本实验证明了流感病毒NS1蛋白在流感病毒复制过程中,使其产量和毒力下降.     

致病性不同的两种流感病毒NS1蛋白对人源细胞IFN-β转录抑制的比较

A型流感病毒编码的NS1蛋白是病毒关键的致病因子,可以通过多种机制拮抗宿主抗病毒反应.病毒感染过程中,NS1通过抑制NF-κB和IRF3两种转录因子的活性,下调IFN-β转录水平以阻断其诱导的信号通路.实验选取病毒母本致病性不同的两种NS1蛋白(NS1-a,NS1-h),通过RT-PCR、报告基因和VSV病毒滴度等实验证明高致病性禽流感病毒NS1-a与普通人流感病毒NS1-h相比,表现出较强的抑制IFN-β转录能力,并有效帮助VSV病毒复制.此差异源于NS1-a更加有效抑制NF-κB活性以及IRF3激活后的入核行为,与IFN诱导的ISG转录无关.所得结果为阐释流感病毒致病性与NS1的密切关系提供线索.     

PDLIM2的PDZ结构域晶体结构及其与2-吗啉乙磺酸的相互作用研究

在之前的研究中曾发现PDLIM2 蛋白能够通过其N 端的PDZ 结构域,与H5N1 亚型流感病毒NS1 蛋白的ESEV 序列相互作用. 解析了分辨率0.173 nm 的PDLIM2 的PDZ 结构域晶体结构,发现2-吗啉乙磺酸(MES)分子能够与该PDZ 结构域结合,并且占据PDZ 结构域中与流感病毒NS1 的ESEV 序列相互作用的位点.进一步利用体外GST-pulldown 实验证明,MES 对于NS1 与PDLIM2 之间的相互作用具有一定的抑制效果. 这一发现可能为开发与抗流感病毒相关的药物提供线索.     

H5N1亚型禽流感病毒NS1基因的克隆及原核表达

克隆、表达和纯化禽流感病毒H5N1 NS1基因序列,为筛选与NS1相互作用的宿主蛋白以及深入研究NS1蛋白的功能打下基础.根据GenBank中收录的H5N1亚型禽流感病毒NS1基因序列,设计并合成一对特异性引物,利用RT-PCR方法扩增AIV NS1基因,将酶切处理后的基因片段定向克隆到原核表达载体pET-28a载体上,经酶切分析及序列测定正确后,鉴定出NS1基因的阳性重组子.阳性质粒转化大肠杆菌BL21(DE3)感受态细胞,用1 mmol/L IPTG诱导表达,表达产物进行SDS-PAGE检测,获得预期蛋白的表达,通过Ni-NTA树脂蛋白纯化系统对NS1蛋白进行纯化.结果成功克隆H5N1亚型AIV的NSl基因,其核苷酸序列长度为678 bp,重组蛋白在大肠杆菌中可以高效表达,SDS-PAGE显示其相对分子质量与预计大小一致,表达产物在上清及包涵体中均有表达.经纯化,目的蛋白纯度高达90%,成功表达纯化出28KD的NS1融合蛋白并鉴定其免疫学活性.成功克隆和表达了禽流感病毒H5N1 NS1基因序列,为进一步研究NS1蛋白的生物学功能奠定了坚实基础.     

丙型肝炎病毒NS5A分子及其干扰素敏感决定区的研究进展

丙型肝炎病毒(HCV)是慢性肚炎的主要病因之一，其基因组为单股正链RNA，NSA是划HCV编码的一种非结构蛋白。位于HCV NS5A区的干扰素敏感决定区(ISDR)，与肝细胞中RNA依赖性蛋白激酶(PKR)之间的相互作用，可能决定着HCV对干扰素（IFN-α）的敏感性。     

TritonX-100裂解流感病毒的研究

 在流感病毒高浓度条件下,寻找TritonX-100裂解流感病毒的适宜条件.在不同条件下用TritonX-100裂解WHO推荐用2007～2008年度流感病毒疫苗毒株制备的3个亚型的流感病毒,用电镜观察裂解程度,通过蔗糖密度梯度离心纯化抗原后免疫动物,以检测疫苗的免疫效果.结果表明当流感病毒的血凝效价是1:16382,裂解时间为24h时,TritonX-100在质量分数为1%可以完全地裂解B型,质量分数达到2%才可以完全裂解流感病毒H1N1和H3N2,这说明TritonX-100对A,B亚型毒株的裂解效果不同.由于每年都要更换毒株工人生产新的流感疫苗,因此应该对使用TritonX-100的裂解不同亚型的流感病毒条件进行研究,以保证裂解疫苗的质量.     

丙型肝炎病毒非结构蛋白NS3/4A的研究进展

丙型肝炎病毒(HCV)非结构蛋白NS3共有631个氨基酸组成,具有丝氨酸蛋白酶、三磷酸核苷酶(NTpase)和螺旋酶(Helicase)的功能,在HCV多聚蛋白的成熟和病毒复制过程中发挥着重要作用.非结构蛋白NS4A,其主要功能就是作为NS3丝氨酸蛋白酶的辅助因子,在HCV多氨酸成熟过程中发挥着不可替代的调节作用.此外,NS3/4A还参与NS5A的超磷酸化修饰过程.     

流感分子病毒学研究进展

流感病毒繁殖周期很短,基因结构又非常简单,病毒RNA分成8个独立的片段。每个基因片段编码一个蛋白,有利于宿主发生双重感染后不同毒株之间基因交换重组。流感病毒为了自身生存,适应外界环境,频繁发生变异。每次新亚型出现,都引起世界性大流行。人类与流感病毒将长期共存。     

KMB17细胞培养流感病毒的实验研究

 探讨了流感病毒在KMB₁₇细胞上培养的可行性.将3株不同型别的流感病毒(A/Wisconsin/67/2005H3N2,A/New Caledonia/20/1999 H1N1和B/Malaysia/2506/2004)分别接种于KMB₁₇细胞上,在无血清的条件下于不同pH值和不同胰酶浓度的维持液中35℃培养72 h后收获病毒,测定血凝效价.实验结果表明,所用的3个毒株中的H3N2亚型毒株(A/Wisconsin/67/2005 H3N2)血凝效价明显高于另外的H1N1亚型(A/NewCaledonia/20/1999 H1N1)和B型(B/Malaysia/2506/2004)毒株.因此认为KMB₁₇细胞可作为培养流感病毒的备选培养基质.     

H3N2SIV河南株非结构蛋白1(NS1)重组的纯化及Dot-ELISA的建立

为建立鉴别猪流感病毒感染猪和灭活疫苗免疫猪的诊断方法,利用pET-28a载体在大肠杆菌BL21中表达H3N2 SIV河南株NS1,并通过Ni2+-NTA亲和色谱法纯化His-NS1融合蛋白.用SDS-PAGE,Western blotting和Dot-ELISA分析纯化蛋白,表明重组NS1能与猪流感病毒感染猪血清进行特异性反应,而不与灭活疫苗免疫猪血清反应.结果表明重组蛋白能作为区别猪流感病毒感染猪和灭活疫苗免疫猪的诊断抗原,为控制猪群中的流感病毒奠定了基础.     

板蓝根粗提液抑制流感病毒的实验研究

对板蓝根凝聚粗提液的抗流感病毒作用进行了研究。用丙酮脱脂提取板蓝根生药的凝集素，并分别测定各样品的血凝活性，并用45.3mg/mL的样品对流感病毒（A1／京防／97－53H1N1，A1／京防／262／95）进行了体外抑制试验。结果表明：板蓝根凝集素对流感病毒具有显著的直接杀灭作用和预防作用及较好的治疗作用，而且得出抑制流感病毒的效果与板蓝根凝集素血凝活性的高低有关。     

非结构蛋白NS1-ELISA检测禽流感野毒感染抗体

利用RT-PCR技术扩增获得了H5N2亚型禽流感病毒的NS1基因,ORF长度为678 bp。成功构建了重组表达载体pET-NS1,将其转化BL21(DE3),用终浓度1 mmol／I的IPTG诱导表达5 h,经15％的SDS-PAGE分析表明,诱导表达出了分子量大约为28 KD的 NS1融合蛋白,且以包涵体的形式存在,NS1融合蛋白经His trap Hp Kit柱子纯化或用尿素变性复性,获得纯度较高的NS1蛋白,并以此为抗原,建立了检测抗NS1蛋白抗体的ELISA(NS1-ELISA)方法。最佳包被浓度为2．5μg／ml,血清的最佳稀释倍数为1:200, 酶标二抗的最佳工作稀释度为1:5 000。重组NS1蛋白只与AIV感染的血清反应,而不与ND、IB、IBD、EDS76的阳性血清反应。分别检测H9N2、H5N2和H5N1亚型灭活疫苗和H9N2纯化病毒免疫的血清,各5份,其平均OD490值分别为0．225、0．210、0．205和0．184．均为阴性;而对H9N2和H5N2亚型活毒感染10-15 d的血清进行检测,各5份,其平均OD490值分别为0．610和0．619,均为阳性。因此,NS1蛋白能特异地区分野毒感染和灭活疫苗免疫鸡群,可作为一种鉴别诊断标记,但不能区分亚型．具有A型特异性。NS1-ELISA 方法的初步应用,不仅为生产提供了一种快速、特异、敏感的鉴别诊断方法,为进一步组装成试剂盒奠定了基础,也为禽流感的早期诊断、适时监控和净化提供了行之有效的方法。     

Molecular characterization of H1N1 influenza A viruses from human cases in North America

Subtypes of H1N1 influenza virus can be found in humans in North America, while they are also associated with the infection of swine. Characterization of the genotypes of viral strains in human populations is important to understand the source and distribution of viral strains. Genomic and protein sequences of 10 isolates of the 2009 outbreak of influenza A （H1N1） virus in North America were obtained from GenBank database. To characterize the genotypes of these viruses, phylogenetic trees of genes PB2, PB1, PA, HA, NP, NA, NS and M were constructed by Phylip3.67 program and N-Linked glycosylation sites of HA, NA, PB2, NS1 and M2 proteins were analyzed online by NetNGlyc1.0 program. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that these isolates are virtually identical but may be recombinant viruses because their genomic fragments come from different viruses. The isolates also contain a characteristic lowly pathogenic amino acid motif at their HA cleavage sites （IPSIQSR↓GL）, and an E residue at position 627 of the PB2 protein which shows its high affinity to humans. The homologous model of M proteins showed that the viruses had obtained the ability of anti-amantadine due to the mutation at the drug-sensitive site, while sequence analysis of NA proteins indicated that the viruses are still susceptible to the neuraminidase inhibitor drug （i.e. oseltamivir and zanamivir） because no mutations have been observed. Our results strongly suggested that the viruses responsible for the 2009 outbreaks of influenza A （H1N1） virus have the ability to cross species barriers to infect human and mammalian animals based on molecular analysis. These findings may further facilitate the therapy and prevention of possible transmission from North America to other countries.     

Novel role of PKR in inflammasome activation and HMGB1 release

The inflammasome regulates the release of caspase activation-dependent cytokines, including interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-18 and high-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1). By studying HMGB1 release mechanisms, here we identify a role for double-stranded RNA-dependent protein kinase (PKR, also known as EIF2AK2) in inflammasome activation. Exposure of macrophages to inflammasome agonists induced PKR autophosphorylation. PKR inactivation by genetic deletion or pharmacological inhibition severely impaired inflammasome activation in response to double-stranded RNA, ATP, monosodium urate, adjuvant aluminium, rotenone, live Escherichia coli, anthrax lethal toxin, DNA transfection and Salmonella typhimurium infection. PKR deficiency significantly inhibited the secretion of IL-1β, IL-18 and HMGB1 in E. coli-induced peritonitis. PKR physically interacts with several inflammasome components, including NOD-like receptor (NLR) family pyrin domain-containing 3 (NLRP3), NLRP1, NLR family CARD domain-containing protein 4 (NLRC4), absent in melanoma 2 (AIM2), and broadly regulates inflammasome activation. PKR autophosphorylation in a cell-free system with recombinant NLRP3, apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing a CARD (ASC, also known as PYCARD) and pro-caspase-1 reconstitutes inflammasome activity. These results show a crucial role for PKR in inflammasome activation, and indicate that it should be possible to pharmacologically target this molecule to treat inflammation.     

Subtyping of type A influenza by sequencing the variable regions of HA gene specifically amplified with RT-PCR

The outbreak of a novel influenza A （H1N1） virus across the globe poses a threat to human health. It is of paramount importance to develop a rapid, reliable and inexpensive diagnostic procedure. Based on the bioinformatic information from public database, primers specific for influenza A virus surface protein haemagglutinin （HA） of several subtypes （including H1, H2, H3, H5, H7 and H9） were designed. Primer-specific PCR products were subiected to sequencing for accurately distinguishing H1 and H3 subtypes from others. This sequencing-based detection method will not only be applied to rapid detection and simultaneous subtype identification of new influenza A virus H1N1, but also provide the strategies to monitor other new types of influenza virus with explosive potential.     

IFITM3 restricts the morbidity and mortality associated with influenza

The 2009 H1N1 influenza pandemic showed the speed with which a novel respiratory virus can spread and the ability of a generally mild infection to induce severe morbidity and mortality in a subset of the population. Recent in vitro studies show that the interferon-inducible transmembrane (IFITM) protein family members potently restrict the replication of multiple pathogenic viruses. Both the magnitude and breadth of the IFITM proteins' in vitro effects suggest that they are critical for intrinsic resistance to such viruses, including influenza viruses. Using a knockout mouse model, we now test this hypothesis directly and find that IFITM3 is essential for defending the host against influenza A virus in vivo. Mice lacking Ifitm3 display fulminant viral pneumonia when challenged with a normally low-pathogenicity influenza virus, mirroring the destruction inflicted by the highly pathogenic 1918 'Spanish' influenza. Similar increased viral replication is seen in vitro, with protection rescued by the re-introduction of Ifitm3. To test the role of IFITM3 in human influenza virus infection, we assessed the IFITM3 alleles of individuals hospitalized with seasonal or pandemic influenza H1N1/09 viruses. We find that a statistically significant number of hospitalized subjects show enrichment for a minor IFITM3 allele (SNP rs12252-C) that alters a splice acceptor site, and functional assays show the minor CC genotype IFITM3 has reduced influenza virus restriction in vitro. Together these data reveal that the action of a single intrinsic immune effector, IFITM3, profoundly alters the course of influenza virus infection in mouse and humans.