超高分子量聚乙烯凝胶结晶膜的结晶形态X射线衍射研究

对由准稀溶液速冷凝胶化结晶方法制备的超高分子量聚乙烯(UHMWPE)膜,应用广角及小角X射线衍射进行了研究,证明所形成的膜是片晶-分子链折叠的层积状结构。片晶折叠链的分子链方向(即C轴方向)垂直于膜面,在片晶间无规排列的分子链平行膜面,具有较强的“排列”取向,片晶-无规排列链形成的大点阵间距为109(?),片晶间的无规排列链沿垂直分子链方向的统计平均间距约为4.6(?),分子链数约为4～5。这一结果在超拉伸过程中,有利于从片晶-折叠分子链到完全伸直链的转变,从而可获得超高拉伸比(λ>200)。     

磁场对熔融结晶聚丙烯薄膜晶体结构的影响

采用偏光显微镜分析比较了聚丙烯在磁场作用下的熔融结晶过程·结果表明:聚合物在熔融状态下易受外磁场的作用而产生诱导偶极,结晶时与未经磁场作用的分子链有不同的构象·静磁场使聚合物球晶沿磁场方向被拉长,趋于定向结晶,在外磁场的"牵引"下,结晶区前沿形成"须状"附加结晶区,极化作用使辐射状片晶由扭曲生长变为伸直生长,消光环消失,同时静磁场对聚合物成核有抑制作用,使其成核率降低而球晶尺寸增大·交变磁场对球晶形貌无显著影响,辐射状片晶由扭曲生长变为伸直生长,消光环消失,同时交变磁场对聚合物的结晶过程有电磁搅拌作用,使成核率增高而球晶尺寸减小·     

超高分子量聚乙烯的稀溶液结晶与形态

由ρ为10^-3～10^-5g/mL的稀溶液等温结晶,生长了超高分子量聚乙烯(UHPE)片晶．长达数十万A的UHPE分子链在稀溶液中彼此分离,在Regime Ⅲ结晶温区等温结晶过程中,1根分子链能多次成核,生长出多个小片晶,即形成单链多晶．由熔点估算得到片晶的厚度约22nm．形态研究证实了单链多晶的形成．并证实：随着结晶过冷度的增大,UHPE片晶的b轴与a轴方向的尺寸比由3～5降低为1,即由大尺寸的长六边形片晶转变为准六边形的小晶片．     

硬弹性聚丙烯纤维的结构特点

将聚丙烯树脂在熔融指数仪上熔融挤出、快速牵伸并退火处理,制得了硬弹性聚丙烯纤维。不同纺丝条件下得到的纤维试样的WAXD、SAXS、DSC、密度、双折射及动态力学性能的测试结果表明,硬弹性聚丙烯纤维除了具有平行排列的片晶超结构外,另一重要的结构特点是非晶区分子链具有较好的活动性。     

后处理对聚丙烯中空纤维膜性能的影响

采用熔融挤出拉伸法制备了聚丙烯中空纤维膜，详细探讨了中空纤维的机械性能，尤其是各种条件对其弹性恢复性能的影响，研究发现后处理(热处理条件和牵伸比)对膜材料的孔隙率，平均孔径和气体的穿透性能有很大的影响，采用片晶和微纤模型可以很好地解释中空纤维膜的实验现象和成孔机理。     

纺丝溶液的挤出对聚丙烯腈初生纤维表面形态的影响

采用旋转流变仪并结合Tanner黏弹性流体挤出胀大方程研究了剪切对聚丙烯腈/二甲基亚砜(PAN/DMSO)溶液挤出胀大的影响,用原子力显微镜(AFM)研究了挤出速度对PAN初生纤维表面粗糙度的影响规律。结果表明：随着挤出速度的增大,体系的挤出胀大比逐渐增大,当挤出速度大于90m/h时,挤出胀大比的变化出现拐点,增大的趋势变缓;聚合物大分子链的回复是初生纤维表面形貌形成的主要原因,湿法纺丝过程中,挤出速度低于90m/h时初生纤维表面粗糙度随着挤出速度增加而减少,在较高挤出速度时,随着挤出速度增加而增加;干湿法纺丝初生纤维的表面粗糙度明显低于湿法纺丝,并且随挤出速度的增加而增大。     

取向高聚物的抗张强度对其形态结构和起始分子量分布依赖性的研究——一种从实验上来测定理论强度的新方法

采用以自增强高聚物(超高分子量聚乙烯和液晶)的非晶区中伸直应力集中链系数作为自变量,建立了等速形变下微区伸直应力集中链(Taut Tie Molecule和/或Trapped Entarglement Chain)的断链动力学方程,经积分和化简后,得到了自增强高聚物的抗张强度同其形态结构、起始分子量和其分布、成型工艺和断裂时间等最一般化定量关系式。当引入起始分子量和成型过程中牵伸化趋近于很大后,再同光子强度理论结果相结合,最后得到超高取向高聚物的抗张强度同理论强度、微区中伸直应力集中链(TTM和/或TEC)的重量分数和热涨落等间的定量关系式。基于该式建议一种从等形变实验来测定取向高聚物理论强度新方法,用该法测定了聚乙烯和尼龙6的理论强度,并讨论了液晶的抗张强度同起始分子量分布的依赖性。     

聚合填充法制备了UHMWPE／Kaolin复合材料的强流变行为及机理

线性聚乙烯熔体的强异常流动行为源于其高分子量，分子链缠结点多，熔体的界面吸附性强。界面吸附作用的极度变化及造成异常流动的外因，而口模的附近链和未吸附链间的缠结－解缠结动力学振荡，则是导致挤出振荡的内因。用聚合填充法制备的ＵＨＭＷＰＥ／Ｋａｏｌｉｎ和ＨＤＰＥ／Ｋａｏｌｉｎ体系可以顺利地由毛细管挤出，且填充量增大体系表现粘度下降，加工流动性变好，在滑动动力学边界条件下，熔体夺管壁附近所承受的真实剪切速     

聚乙烯凝胶丝在超拉伸过程中结构的变化

用超高分子量聚乙烯(UHMWPE)制成的凝胶初生纤维在合适的条件下,进行高达192倍的拉伸。得到强度和模量分别为4.4 GPa和210 GPa的聚乙烯纤维。借助于广角X-射线衍射法(WAXD)、差示扫描量热法(DSC)等手段,对纤维在拉伸过程中的结晶度、取向度、晶胞参数、拉伸应力、残留溶剂含量及纤维强度、模量作了测试。据此,作者认为:UHMWPE纤维在热拉伸过程中,结构的发展和形成可以粗略地分为三个阶段:第一阶段,凝胶纤维中的溶剂被挤出,大分子发生取向;第二阶段,折叠链片晶开始被拉直,经过这个阶段,晶体密度上升约10％,熔点上升4～6℃;经第三个阶段后,晶体密度进一步上升10％,熔点再次上升3℃。     

初生态超高分子量聚乙烯凝聚态研究

研究了超高分子量聚乙烯（UHPE）的凝聚态，采用DSC研究UHPE熔体等温结晶后的熔融行为；利用傅立叶变换红外光谱（FTIR）研究初生态UHPE链构象，通过偏光显微镜（POM）研究UHPE熔体的光学性质，实验结果表明，初生态UHPE的大分子凝聚态是一种独特的无相互贯穿的多链凝聚态，熔融时，初生态UHPE的凝聚态转化为向列型结构，在熔体结晶时，向列型结构转化为伸直链晶体，再熔融时，熔点的降低是源于伸直链束中晶区链长度的降低。这种特殊凝聚态结构，赋予熔融后初生态结构可恢复的特性，当UHPE熔体在120－130℃下长时间等温结晶后，伸直链束中晶区逐渐增厚，并恢复至初生态的结构，此外，还利用红外差减谱法对链构象进行分析，实验结果支持该凝聚态结构模型。     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-     

Density Functional Theory for the Response of Periodic Systems to Electric Fields Based on the Vector Potential Approach

正The electronic and nuclear(structural/vibrational)response of 1D-3D nanoscale systems to electric fields gives rise to a host of optical,mechanical,spectral,etc.properties that are of high theoretical and applied interest.Due to the computational difficulty of treating such large systems it is convenient to model them as infinite and periodic(at least,in first approximation).The fundamental theoretical/computational problem in doing so is that     

On the Thermodynamic Limit for Responses to Static Electromagnetic Fields

For molecular systems,the quantum-mechanical treatment of their responses to static electromagnetic fields usually employs a scalar-potential treatment of the electric field and a vector-potential treatment of the magnetic field.Although the potential for each field separately is associated with the choice of an(unphysical)origin,the precise choice of the origin for the electrostatic field has little consequences for the results.This is different for the