高寒地区成品橡胶沥青混合料的低温性能及评价方法

为了研究高寒地区RA-1型成品橡胶沥青混合料的低温特性,以川藏南线四川段为依托工程,从沥青混合料的强度、老化及冻融循环效应等方面入手,通过室内小梁弯曲试验、劈裂试验、老化试验及冻融循环试验对其低温性能进行分析,并提出合理的低温性能评价标准。研究结果表明:在-5℃～0℃时,RA-1型橡胶沥青混合料的最大弯拉应变的增幅较大,约为34.4%;当加载速率为2 mm/min时,采用劈裂试验更能体现出RA-1型橡胶沥青混合料在四川高寒地区的低温破坏过程;随着温度的升高,短期老化后,其最大弯拉应变和劈裂强度均大于长期老化后的相应值,在经历约20次冻融循环作用后,RA-1型橡胶沥青混合料的劈裂抗拉强度衰减趋势逐渐趋于平缓;与初始未冻融状态相比,当经历40次冻融循环后,RA-1型橡胶沥青混合料的最大弯拉应变衰减了13.9%;劈裂试验适用于研究区域新拌RA-1型橡胶沥青混合料的低温性能评价,其加载速率适宜调整为2 mm/min;低温弯曲试验适用于研究区域RA-1型橡胶沥青混合料经长期老化后的低温性能,其加载速率适宜调整为15 mm/min;冻融劈裂试验适用于评价研究区域经冻融作用的RA-1型橡胶沥青混合料低温性能,其加载速率适宜调整为2 mm/min。RA-1型成品橡胶沥青混合料适用于四川高寒地区沥青路面的铺筑。     

延庆崇礼高速公路沥青混合料低温性能试验研究

为了合理推荐延庆崇礼高速公路路面面层低温性能优越的沥青混合料,首先选取3种沥青混合料:沥青玛蹄脂碎石-13(stone mastic asphalt-13,SMA-13)、密级配沥青混合料-13(asphalt concrete-13,AC-13)、连续级配沥青混合料-13(superpave-13,SUP-13),在同一苯乙烯-丁二烯共聚物(styrene-butadiene-styrene,SBS)改性沥青条件下,通过室内试验的方法研究3种沥青混合料的低温开裂性能,然后基于以上所得低温性能优越沥青混合料,替换SBS改性沥青为环氧沥青,研究其低温性能变化。结果表明:延庆崇礼高速公路沥青路面面层在抵抗低温影响方面宜采用SMA-13沥青混合料,如果经济允许最好采用SMA-13环氧沥青混合料;且对于常年冬季平均最低温度低于-5℃的地区,都宜选用SMA-13沥青混合料作为沥青路面面层;而对于常年冬季平均温度高于15℃的地区,宜选用AC-13沥青混合料作为沥青路面面层。     

延庆崇礼高速公路沥青混合料低温性能研究

为了合理推荐延庆崇礼高速公路路面面层低温性能优越的沥青混合料,首先选取三种沥青混合料（SMA-13、SUP-13、AC-13）,在同一SBS改性沥青条件下,通过室内试验方法研究了三种沥青混合料的低温开裂性能,然后基于以上所得低温性能优越沥青混合料,替换SBS改性沥青为环氧沥青,研究其低温性能变化。结果表明：延庆崇礼高速公路沥青路面面层在抵抗低温影响方面宜采用SMA-13沥青混合料,如果经济允许最好采用SMA-13环氧沥青混合料;且对于常年冬季平均最低温度低于-5℃的地区,都宜选用SMA-13沥青混合料作为沥青路面面层;而对于常年冬季平均温度高于15℃的地区,宜选用AC-13沥青混合料作为沥青路面面层。     

沥青混合料低温抗裂性能评价指标

为了确保沥青路面在低温下的抗裂稳定性,就必须用实验方法来评定它在低温条件下的性能,然而到目前为止仍未有统一方法,因此尽快找到一种科学而又实际的评价指标,对于沥青路面低温缩裂问题的解决有着深远的意义.以沥青混合料低温抗裂性评价指标作为研究对象,在分析目前一些评价方法的基础上,通过对不同品种沥青混合料试验结果进行分析总结,发现沥青混合料的低温压缩应变能指标,更能反映不同沥青混合料的低温性能;对于低温蠕变试验,采用0℃、10%破坏荷载应力水平更适用于不同沥青混合料,利用0℃压缩应变能作为沥青混合料低温抗裂性能评价指标,方法简便易于推广.     

排水性沥青混合料低温性能的探讨

针对高寒多年冻土区特点,分析排水性沥青混合料低温性能的影响因素及评价方法,为保证低温性能,首先对3种改性沥青的原样、薄膜老化(TFOT)样品、压力老化(PAV)样品进行常规指标试验、-12℃弯曲流变仪(BBR)试验,评价沥青胶结料的低温性能;然后,对几种沥青成型的排水性沥青混合料进行约束试件温度应力试验(TSRST),评价排水性沥青混合料的低温抗裂性能,并通过与长期老化试件TSRST试验结果的对比,分析老化对排水性沥青混合料低温性能的影响。研究结果表明:沥青胶结料BBR试验的劲度模量与排水性沥青混合料的TSRST试验结果有很好的一致性;老化后的排水性沥青混合料冻断温度升高、冻断应力减小,低温性能降低;排水性沥青混合料的冻断应力约为密级配沥青混合料的1/3,冻断温度相近,2种类型沥青混合料低温性能相差不明显。     

复合工艺橡胶沥青混合料的性能

为了对复合工艺的橡胶沥青技术指标及其混合料路用性能进行研究,在制备橡胶改性沥青时掺入适量裂解剂,确定合理的制备温度和时间;对4种复合工艺橡胶沥青混合料的水稳定性能、低温弯曲性能及疲劳性能进行耐久性试验.结果表明:裂解剂质量分数为0.4%的橡胶沥青,以制备温度190℃,制备时间2 h为宜;掺加裂解剂的橡胶沥青混合料具有优异的高温、低温以及抗水损害性能,其动稳定度甚至是基质沥青混合料的3倍左右;复合工艺的橡胶沥青混合料具有优异的抗水损害、抗疲劳破坏性能以及抗低温弯曲性能,其弯拉破坏应变甚至高于橡胶颗粒SBS改性沥青混合料.     

温拌剂对SMA-10沥青混合料高低温性能的影响

本文主要通过在SMA-10沥青混合料中添加5%沥青质量的温拌剂,分别在50次和75次的击实次数下,研究试件的马歇尔稳定度和拌和温度之间的关系。结果表明,加入温拌剂能够提高试件的马歇尔稳定度,成型温度适宜控制在145℃～155℃。以同样的级配制作出小梁试件,将试件经-10 ± 0.5℃低温冷冻过后,用万能试验机研究试件的抗压强度和抗变形能力,得到掺温拌剂沥青混合料的低温性能,结果表明,成型温度在145℃～155℃时的最大破坏荷载变化不明显,但破坏应变急剧减小。     

玄武岩纤维在沥青路面中的应用研究

为了评价玄武岩纤维沥青混合料的路用性能,对玄武岩纤维的掺入改善混合料路用性能展开了研究.通过室内相关试验,在SMA-13沥青玛蹄脂混合料中掺入玄武岩纤维,主要对沥青混合料配合比设计、高温稳定性、低温抗开裂能力以及水稳定性等路用性能展开研究.结果表明,在最佳纤维掺量时,玄武岩纤维混合料的高温稳定性明显优于木质素纤维混合料;玄武岩纤维的加入对混合料低温抗开裂能力有显著增强作用,可以延缓沥青路面破坏变形的发生速率,改善水-温冻融循环对混合料损伤程度,提高沥青路面抗水毁破坏的能力;最终确定,玄武岩纤维最佳用量为0.3%,纤维最佳长度6 mm.     

冻融循环条件下沥青混合料强度衰减的评价方法

对沥青混合料在不同冻融循环条件下的破坏机理及其强度衰减评价方法进行研究.通过比较不同温度、不同频率及不同冻融循环条件下沥青混合料动态模量及其损伤变量的变化规律,探讨沥青路面冻融破坏机理,并确定冻融循环条件下其强度衰减的评价方法及指标.研究结果表明:当温度在5～15℃之间时,沥青混合料的动态模量迅速变化,温度继续升高之后趋于稳定;比较直接冻融、饱水加载后冻融和加载冻融同时作用3种不同冻融循环试验方法,以加载冻融同时作用的条件最为苛刻;确定在25℃和10 Hz下,进行900 N边加载边冻融试验作为沥青混合料强度衰减评价方法,损伤变量达到10%时作为沥青混合料的损伤破坏评价指标.     

橡胶颗粒沥青混合料低温抗裂性试验研究

以AC-13级配为基础,将橡胶颗粒代替部分集料掺入混合料中,以低温弯曲试验为评价方法对不同橡胶颗粒掺量下沥青混合料的低温抗裂性进行研究,并引入应变能密度值对混合料的低温抗裂性进行综合评价.试验结果表明:橡胶颗粒沥青混合料试件的破坏微应变均超过2 300,满足冬寒区的技术指标;无论是否掺加橡胶颗粒,随着温度的下降,沥青混合料破坏时的最大弯拉强度增大,弯拉应变降低,劲度模量增大;弯曲应变能密度在胶粒掺量为1%左右时具有较大的弯曲应变能密度值,此时橡胶颗粒沥青混合料具有较好的低温抗裂性.     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-     

Density Functional Theory for the Response of Periodic Systems to Electric Fields Based on the Vector Potential Approach

正The electronic and nuclear(structural/vibrational)response of 1D-3D nanoscale systems to electric fields gives rise to a host of optical,mechanical,spectral,etc.properties that are of high theoretical and applied interest.Due to the computational difficulty of treating such large systems it is convenient to model them as infinite and periodic(at least,in first approximation).The fundamental theoretical/computational problem in doing so is that     

On the Thermodynamic Limit for Responses to Static Electromagnetic Fields

For molecular systems,the quantum-mechanical treatment of their responses to static electromagnetic fields usually employs a scalar-potential treatment of the electric field and a vector-potential treatment of the magnetic field.Although the potential for each field separately is associated with the choice of an(unphysical)origin,the precise choice of the origin for the electrostatic field has little consequences for the results.This is different for the