慢性疼痛患者脑静息态功能磁共振的初步研究

目的采用脑静息态功能磁共振成像技术（fMRI）观察骨性关节炎慢性疼痛患者双侧丘脑腹后外侧核（ventral posterolateral nucleus VPLN）与全脑功能连接情况。方法对16名骨性关节炎慢性疼痛患者与16名健康志愿者双侧丘脑腹外侧核（VPLN）与全脑功能连通性进行脑静息态fMRI检查,使用rest1.4软件计算并分析两组受试者VPLN与全脑功能连通性的差异（激活闽值P〈0．05,像素范围〉85）。结果骨性关节炎慢性疼痛患者双侧丘脑VPLN与额叶、枕叶等脑区功能连通性存在减弱的情况,而与小脑、中脑、海马等脑区的功能连通性增强。结论慢性疼痛患者双侧VPL与感受及编码疼痛的兴奋性大脑皮层功能连通性降低,而与参与镇痛的抑制性中枢脑区的功能连通性增加。     

基于节点状态的多接口多信道WMN信道分配算法

多接口多信道无线Mesh两络信道分配的目的在于提升网络容量以及保持网络连通的同时,降低干扰,增强信道负载平衡.由此,提出一种基于节点状态的信道分配方案.该方案是一种基于优先级的多项式时间贪婪混合式算法.NS2仿真结果表明,该算法不仅可以较好地解决信道负载平衡,提升网络容量,而且即使在节点接口的数量少于有效信道数量时,也能使信道得到有效的分配,保证网络的连接通畅.     

生态单元制图及其在西部生态环境保护中的应用

西部大开发是一项关系中华民族共同繁荣、全面振兴的世纪伟业,也是一项艰难复杂的系统工程,而生态环境的建设和保护是西部大开发的根本和切入点。在国外城乡环境保护中,生态单元制图是一项基础性工作。本文阐述了生态单元制图的概念,以及国外历史及现状,详细介绍了德国生态单元制图的方法和程序,并建议将其有选择性的运用到我国西部生态环境保护中。生态单元制图在生态单元划分的基础上,把各种生态单元类型落实在地图上,并建立生态信息数据库,为西部规划提供基础的生态数据,为西部环境保护、生态监测提供依据。此外,本文还提出了西部生态环境保护的其他对策,如生态功能区划、制定西部环境保护规划等等。     

The value-ladenness of transparency in science: Lessons from Lyme disease

Both philosophers and scientists have recently promoted transparency as an important element of responsible scientific practice. Philosophers have placed particular emphasis on the ways that transparency can assist with efforts to manage value judgments in science responsibly. This paper examines a potential challenge to this approach, namely, that efforts to promote transparency can themselves be value-laden. This is particularly problematic when transparency incorporates second-order value judgments that are underwritten by the same values at stake in the desire for transparency about the first-order value judgments involved in scientific research. The paper uses a case study involving research on Lyme disease to illustrate this worry, but it responds by elucidating a range of scenarios in which transparency can still play an effective role in managing value judgments responsibly.     

大气折射的研究进展

介绍了近几年大气折射映射函数研究的进展、以及几个常用的映射函数。对如今广泛地应用在空间测量技术中的几种映射函数做出评述。讨论了目前在无线电波段中广泛使用的NMF模型的优点和不足之处,提出了改进方向。列出了近几年上海天文台发展的大气折射母函数方法,以及由此导出的大气折射解析解;并分析了大气折射母函数方法引出的大气延迟新连分式映射函数,以及天文大气折射的映射函数方法的优点;指出了光学波段测距精度改进的途径。结合探空气球资料,讨论了大气模式对大气折射计算的影响。     

基于多本体的煤炭调度集成系统的研究

针对公司煤炭调度系统中总调度系统与下属分矿的子调度系统中存在异构数据源导致难以实现数据共享,设计了一个基于多本体的煤炭调度集成系统架构。重点研究了系统查询处理过程,首先根据全局本体到局部本体的映射,把针对全局本体的查询语句分解为对局部本体的子查询,再将子查询进一步重写为关系数据源的查询语句并给出了RDQL—to—SQL查询重写算法,最后把对关系数据源的SQL子查询结果进行集成返回给用户。     

Dualities of fields and strings

Duality, the equivalence between seemingly distinct quantum systems, is a curious property that has been known for at least three quarters of a century. In the past two decades it has played a central role in mapping out the structure of theoretical physics. I discuss the unexpected connections that have been revealed among quantum field theories and string theories. Written for a special issue of Studies in History and Philosophy of Modern Physics.     

Mechanisms regulating dendritic arbor patterning

The nervous system is populated by diverse types of neurons, each of which has dendritic trees with strikingly different morphologies. These neuron-specific morphologies determine how dendritic trees integrate thousands of synaptic inputs to generate different firing properties. To ensure proper neuronal function and connectivity, it is necessary that dendrite patterns are precisely controlled and coordinated with synaptic activity. Here, we summarize the molecular and cellular mechanisms that regulate the formation of cell type-specific dendrite patterns during development. We focus on different aspects of vertebrate dendrite patterning that are particularly important in determining the neuronal function; such as the shape, branching, orientation and size of the arbors as well as the development of dendritic spine protrusions that receive excitatory inputs and compartmentalize postsynaptic responses. Additionally, we briefly comment on the implications of aberrant dendritic morphology for nervous system disease.     

The origin of the Everettian heresy

In 1956, Hugh Everett, then a PhD student at Princeton, proposed his “relative state” formulation of quantum mechanics. John Wheeler, who was Everett's advisor, recognized the originality and importance of such a proposal, but he denied that its non-conventional approach to measurement questioned the orthodox view. Indeed, Wheeler made serious efforts to obtain the blessing of Niels Bohr for Everett's ideas. These efforts gave rise to a lively debate with the Copenhagen group, the existence and content of which have been only recently disclosed by the discovery of unpublished documents. The analysis of such documents opens a window on the conceptual background of Everett's proposal, and illuminates at the same time some crucial aspects of the Copenhagen view of the measurement problem. Also, it provides an original insight into the interplay between philosophical and social factors which underlay the postwar controversies on the interpretation of quantum mechanics.     

Structuralism and the conformity of mathematics and nature

Structuralists typically appeal to some variant of the widely popular ‘mapping’ account of mathematical representation to suggest that mathematics is applied in modern science to represent the world’s physical structure. However, in this paper, I argue that this realist interpretation of the ‘mapping’ account presupposes that physical systems possess an ‘assumed structure’ that is at odds with modern physical theory. Through two detailed case studies concerning the use of the differential and variational calculus in modern dynamics, I show that the formal structure that we need to assume in order to apply the mapping account is inconsistent with the way in which mathematics is applied in modern physics. The problem is that a realist interpretation of the ‘mapping’ account imposes too severe of a constraint on the conformity that must exist between mathematics and nature in order for mathematics to represent the structure of a physical system.     

道路交通网络可靠性研究综述

文章是对道路交通网络可靠性研究的综述，阐述了连通可靠性、行程时间可靠性及容量可靠性的基本概念。介绍了道路交通网络可靠性的研究概况，在分析存在问题的基础上提出了研究方向。     

本体概念与词汇的语义相似度计算方法

提出了一种本体概念与词汇语义相似度的计算方法。此方法结合编辑距离与Wordnet距离两者的优点综合衡量词汇与本体概念之间的语义相似度,从而将词汇映射到本体概念,同时不断的扩充本体丰富本体,更进一步提高算法的性能。实验结果说明此方法是可行的。     

The impact of phosphatases on proliferative and survival signaling in cancer

The dynamic and stringent coordination of kinase and phosphatase activity controls a myriad of physiologic processes. Aberrations that disrupt the balance of this interplay represent the basis of numerous diseases. For a variety of reasons, early work in this area portrayed kinases as the dominant actors in these signaling events with phosphatases playing a secondary role. In oncology, these efforts led to breakthroughs that have dramatically altered the course of certain diseases and directed vast resources toward the development of additional kinase-targeted therapies. Yet, more recent scientific efforts have demonstrated a prominent and sometimes driving role for phosphatases across numerous malignancies. This maturation of the phosphatase field has brought with it the promise of further therapeutic advances in the field of oncology. In this review, we discuss the role of phosphatases in the regulation of cellular proliferation and survival signaling using the examples of the MAPK and PI3K/AKT pathways, c-Myc and the apoptosis machinery. Emphasis is placed on instances where these signaling networks are perturbed by dysregulation of specific phosphatases to favor growth and persistence of human cancer.     

Mechanisms for cardiac arrhythmias

Possible cellular electrophysiological mechanisms for arrhythmias have been investigated through studies of isolated cardiac tissues. Records through extracellular and intracellular electrodes indicate that arrhythmias may result from either focal or non-focal mechanisms. Focal mechanisms include abnormal impulse initiation (normal or abnormal automaticity), triggering from either early or delayed afterdepolarizations and reflection, whereas the non-focal mechanisms are various forms of reentry due to circus movement. It is reasonable to assume that these mechanisms also occur in vivo. Although it is safe to identify macro-re-entry as the cause of some atrial and ventricular arrhythmias, for the most part direct proof of mechanism usually is lacking for the focal arrhythmias. If 'on line' activation sequence mapping techniques can be developed to quickly and specifically locate arrhythmogenic foci in the in situ heart, it may be possible to use unipolar extracellular recording techniques to identify the exact cellular electrophysiological mechanisms operating within them.     

Determination of the connectivity of newborn neurons in mammalian olfactory circuits

The mammalian olfactory bulb is a forebrain structure just one synapse downstream from the olfactory sensory neurons and performs the complex computations of sensory inputs. The formation of this sensory circuit is shaped through activity-dependent and cell-intrinsic mechanisms. Recent studies have revealed that cell-type specific connectivity and the organization of synapses in dendritic compartments are determined through cell-intrinsic programs already preset in progenitor cells. These progenitor programs give rise to subpopulations within a neuron type that have distinct synaptic organizations. The intrinsically determined formation of distinct synaptic organizations requires factors from contacting cells that match the cell-intrinsic programs. While certain genes control wiring within the newly generated neurons, other regulatory genes provide intercellular signals and are only expressed in neurons that will form contacts with the newly generated cells. Here, the olfactory system has provided a useful model circuit to reveal the factors regulating assembly of the highly structured connectivity in mammals.     

Leptin signaling and circuits in puberty and fertility

Leptin is an adipocyte-derived hormone involved in a myriad of physiological process, including the control of energy balance and several neuroendocrine axes. Leptin-deficient mice and humans are obese, diabetic, and display a series of neuroendocrine and autonomic abnormalities. These individuals are infertile due to a lack of appropriate pubertal development and inadequate synthesis and secretion of gonadotropins and gonadal steroids. Leptin receptors are expressed in many organs and tissues, including those related to the control of reproductive physiology (e.g., the hypothalamus, pituitary gland, and gonads). In the last decade, it has become clear that leptin receptors located in the brain are major players in most leptin actions, including reproduction. Moreover, the recent development of molecular techniques for brain mapping and the use of genetically modified mouse models have generated crucial new findings for understanding leptin physiology and the metabolic influences on reproductive health. In the present review, we will highlight the new advances in the field, discuss the apparent contradictions, and underline the relevance of this complex physiological system to human health. We will focus our review on the hypothalamic circuitry and potential signaling pathways relevant to leptin’s effects in reproductive control, which have been identified with the use of cutting-edge technologies of molecular mapping and conditional knockouts.     

Regulatory peptide receptors: visualization by autoradiography

The receptors for regulatory peptides have been extensively characterized using radioligand binding techniques. By combining these binding techniques with autoradiography it is possible to visualize at the light and electron microscopic levels the anatomical and cellular localization of these receptors. In this review we discuss the procedures used to label peptide receptors for autoradiography and the peculiarities of peptides as ligands. The utilization of autoradiography in mapping peptide receptors in brain and peripheral tissues, some of the new insights revealed by these studies particularly the problem of 'mismatch' between endogenous peptides and receptors, the existence of multiple receptors for a given peptide family and the use of peptide receptor autoradiography in human tissues are also reviewed.     

Application to the study of connections in the CNS of the retrograde axonal transport of an iron-dextran complex]

The retrograde axonal transport of an iron-dextran complex was observed in neurons of the substantia nigra and of the intralaminar nuclei of the thalamus, after previous injection into the striatum. The histochemical demonstration of iron is simple and rapid, and can be combined with that of horseradish peroxidase, under precise conditions in the sequence of reactions. The iron-dextran complex revealed to be a valuable material for neuronal connectivity studies in the central nervous system.