Global azimuthal seismic anisotropy and the unique plate-motion deformation of Australia

Differences in the thickness of the high-velocity lid underlying continents as imaged by seismic tomography, have fuelled a long debate on the origin of the 'roots' of continents. Some of these differences may be reconciled by observations of radial anisotropy between 250 and 300 km depth, with horizontally polarized shear waves travelling faster than vertically polarized ones. This azimuthally averaged anisotropy could arise from present-day deformation at the base of the plate, as has been found for shallower depths beneath ocean basins. Such deformation would also produce significant azimuthal variation, owing to the preferred alignment of highly anisotropic minerals. Here we report global observations of surface-wave azimuthal anisotropy, which indicate that only the continental portion of the Australian plate displays significant azimuthal anisotropy and strong correlation with present-day plate motion in the depth range 175-300 km. Beneath other continents, azimuthal anisotropy is only weakly correlated with plate motion and its depth location is similar to that found beneath oceans. We infer that the fast-moving Australian plate contains the only continental region with a sufficiently large deformation at its base to be transformed into azimuthal anisotropy. Simple shear leading to anisotropy with a plunging axis of symmetry may explain the smaller azimuthal anisotropy beneath other continents.     

Small-scale convection beneath oceans and continents

Small-scale convection supplies heat flow of ～17 mW m-2 to the base of stable continents where xenolith studies resolve the geotherm.However,effects of small-scale convection are difficult to resolve in ocean basins.On first pass,most seafloor appears to subside to an asymptote compatible with ～40 mW m-2 convective heat flow.These common regions are tracked by hotspots so uplift associated with ponded mantle material is an attractive alternative.Unaffected seafloor in the North and South Atlantic continues to subside with the square root of age as expected from pure conduction.The theory of stagnant-lid convection provides good scaling relationships for heat flow.For linear viscosity,heat flow is proportional to the underlying "half-space" viscosity to the 1/3 power and the temperature to change viscosity by a factor of e to the 4/3 power.The formalism is easily modified to represent convection beneath a lid of highly viscous and buoyant cratonal lithosphere and to represent transient convection beneath thickening oceanic lithosphere.Asthenospheric mantle with linear,strongly temperature-dependent,and weakly depth-dependent viscosity is compatible with both oceanic and continental data.More complicated rheology may allow vigorous small-scale convection under most but not all old ocean basins.Still viable hypotheses require poorly understood global features,including lateral variations of asthenospheric temperature.Seismological studies have the potential to resolve the lithosphere-asthenosphere boundary,including local variations of its depth associated with small-scale convection.     

A correlation between mid-ocean-ridge basalt chemistry and distance to continents

To fully understand the structure and dynamics of the Earth's convecting mantle, the origins of temperature variations within the mantle need to be resolved. Different hypotheses have been proposed to account for these temperature variations: for example, heat coming from the decay of radioactive elements or heat flowing out of the Earth's core. In addition, theoretical studies suggest that the thermal properties of continental masses can affect mantle convection, but quantitative data that could allow us to test these models are scarce. To address this latter problem, we have examined the chemistry of mid-ocean-ridge basalt--which reflects the temperature of the source mantle--as a function of the distance of the ridge from the closest continental margin. No correlation is observed for oceanic ridges close to subduction zones or hotspots; subduction zones probably inhibit thermal transfer between the mantle beneath continents and ocean, whereas hotspots influence the major-element chemistry of ridge basalts, which makes their interpretation with respect to mantle temperature more difficult. However, we do observe a significant correlation for mid-oceanic basalts from the Atlantic and Indian oceans. From this, we conclude that the location of continental masses relative to active ridges influences the large-scale thermal structure of the mantle and we estimate that the mantle cools by 0.05 to 0.1 degrees C per kilometre from the continental margins.     

各向异性现浇混凝土空心板挠度和应力的计算

文章选定一大跨度各向异性现浇混凝土空心板,采用平行于长跨方向和平行于短跨方向两种不同的布管方式,选用有限单元法(Ansys)、日本计算软件Superbuild以及直接设计法3种不同的方法计算板的挠度和应力,将3种方法计算所得的结果进行分析比较,并给出了设计建议.     

The distribution of water in the continental lithospheric mantle and its implications for the stability of continents

The lithospheric mantle is one of the key layers controlling the stability of continents. Even a small amount of water can influence many chemical and physical properties of rocks and minerals. Consequently, it is a pivotal task to study the distribution of water in the continental lithosphere. This paper presents a brief overview of the current state of knowledge about (1) the occurrence of water in the continental lithospheric mantle, (2) the spatial and temporal variations of the water content in the continental lithospheric mantle, and (3) the relationship between water content and continent stability. Additionally, suggestions for future research directions are briefly discussed.     

Deformation of the lowermost mantle from seismic anisotropy

The lowermost part of the Earth's mantle-known as D″-shows significant seismic anisotropy, the variation of seismic wave speed with direction. This is probably due to deformation-induced alignment of MgSiO(3)-post-perovskite (ppv), which is believed to be the main mineral phase present in the region. If this is the case, then previous measurements of D″ anisotropy, which are generally made in one direction only, are insufficient to distinguish candidate mechanisms of slip in ppv because the mineral is orthorhombic. Here we measure anisotropy in D″ beneath North and Central America, where material from subducting oceanic slabs impinges on the core-mantle boundary, using shallow as well as deep earthquakes to increase the azimuthal coverage in D″. We make more than 700 individual measurements of shear wave splitting in D″ in three regions from two different azimuths in each case. We show that the previously assumed case of vertical transverse isotropy (where wave speed shows no azimuthal variation) is not possible, and that more complicated mechanisms must be involved. We test the fit of different MgSiO(3)-ppv deformation mechanisms to our results and find that shear on (001) is most consistent with observations and the expected shear above the core-mantle boundary beneath subduction zones. With new models of mantle flow, or improved experimental determination of the dominant ppv slip systems, this method will allow us to map deformation at the core-mantle boundary and link processes in D″, such as plume initiation, to the rest of the mantle.     

都市化与全球视野

在探讨全球视野在人类学中的意义,并厘清这一视野对都市人类学研究影响的基础上,论述集中于三个方面:一是探讨随着全球工厂的出现和发展,以及知识的日益密集,是否削减了城市原有经济中介角色的效用?二是考察人们在全球化城市中的生活发生了何种变化?三是思考跨边界联系的建立和维系对公民权利、隶属以及跨国社会迁移过程的作用和意义。     

纳米磁性存储单元的形状各向异性效应

用OOMMF软件研究了纳米磁颗粒内磁化强度的翻转,对比了磁化强度在各种不同形状的相同材料内的翻转时间,发现在双轴磁晶各向异性材料中磁化强度的翻转特性与材料的形状密切相关.矩形材料的各向异性能够有利于材料内磁化强度更快地翻转,而且可以降低翻转所需的外加磁场强度.     

全球环境问题与策略

全球环境问题日益显要,为实现世界环境与经济的可持续发展,各国的政策必须与全球环境策略保持紧密联系和相对一致,从地区、区域、国家、全球角度采取有针对性和可行性的全球环境发展策略和行动.     

全球增温与碳循环

全球变暖是地球系统科学领域的热点问题 .全面深入地理解全球碳循环的规律 ,将有助于客观地认识全球增温的原因 .系统地分析了全球碳循环的基本规律 ,评述了各个方面的研究进展 ,指出了研究当中应当注意的关键性问题 ,并且提出了目前探索和研究的重点课题 .     

Trench-parallel flow and seismic anisotropy in the Mariana and Andean subduction systems

Shear-wave splitting measurements above the mantle wedge of the Mariana and southern Andean subduction zones show trench-parallel seismically fast directions close to the trench and abrupt rotations to trench-perpendicular anisotropy in the back arc. These patterns of seismic anisotropy may be caused by three-dimensional flow associated with along-strike variations in slab geometry. The Mariana and Andean subduction systems are associated with the largest along-strike variations of slab geometry observed on Earth and are ideal for testing the link between slab geometry and solid-state creep processes in the mantle. Here we show, with fully three-dimensional non-newtonian subduction zone models, that the strong curvature of the Mariana slab and the transition to shallow slab dip in the Southern Andes give rise to strong trench-parallel stretching in the warm-arc and warm-back-arc mantle and to abrupt rotations in stretching directions that are accompanied by strong trench-parallel stretching. These models show that the patterns of shear-wave splitting observed in the Mariana and southern Andean systems may be caused by significant three-dimensional flow induced by along-strike variations in slab geometry.     

石灰岩各向异性膨胀的影响因素研究

对高温过程中双向约束条件下石灰岩膨胀应力的各向异性及其影响因素进行了研究.试验表明,石灰岩试件两个方向上的膨胀应力呈现一定的各向异性,但是各向异性系数并非常数,在500 ℃时两个方向的膨胀应力相对值差异最大,导热系数、导温系数和膨胀系数是影响石灰岩各向异性膨胀的主要因素.     

第二相粒子与织构对高强Cu--Ni--Si系合金薄板各向异性的影响

利用利用X射线衍射、电子背散射衍射和透射电子显微镜等手段研究了Cu-Ni-Si系合金在不同固溶温度下第二相与织构对其平面各向异性的影响.结果表明:随固溶温度的升高,合金强度和伸长率均出现先升高后降低的趋势,且存在明显的各向异性;800℃固溶时,Cu'和S'为主织构,部分形变晶粒诱发少量Brass、Goss和{011}〈511〉取向的形成,使得合金各向异性减弱;高温固溶时(≥850℃),晶粒发生完全再结晶,Cu'和S'织构强度显著增加,Brass等织构减弱甚至消失,各向异性增强;850℃固溶时效后形成δ-Ni2Si析出相,并与基体满足[001]Cu//[110]δ,(010)Cu//(001)δ位向关系,温度进一步增加,第二相析出体积分数降低,有利于改善材料的各向异性.     

水泥浆水膜厚度的计算及在流动性中的影响

硅灰能有效提高混凝土强度和耐久性,但其对流动性的影响规律尚未能定量化。由于硅灰的作川体现在对胶凝材料填充密度和比表面积上的影响,本研究用单一参量水膜厚度综合其两方面的作用。通过实验测取掺硅灰胶凝材料的填亢密度．水膜厚度可定量取为填孔外额外水量与胶凝材料比表面积的比值。本研究通过对34个掺硅灰水泥浆试样流动性的测量和水膜厚度对流动性影响的分析,揭示了水膜厚度在流动性中的根本控制作用。     

关于求解全局优化的途径:从局部到全局

在实际应用中常常要求求解全局优化问题, 而用有效的求解全局优化问题是非常困难的.填充函数方法和打洞函数方法是两种全局优化的函数变换方法,有关文献的计算说明这些方法是有效的.本文将给出这两种全局优化方法最近的发展.首先分析原先由葛仁溥提出的填充函数和Levy与Montalvo提出的打洞函数方法的缺点.其次给出在箱子集或者全空间上无约束或者不等式约束的全局优化问题的单参数的新填充函数和变形打洞函数的定义,并构造出相应的填充函数和变形打洞函数.此外亦讨论整数全局优化问题的填充函数和变形打洞函数方法.最近还讨论了全空间上等式约束全局优化问题.最后给出综述,指出非线性规划的一个主要发展方向:混合整数非线性规划,给出用填充函数和变形打洞函数的求解途径.     

全球CO2排放量与地表气温升高的因果性检验

利用Ｇｒａｎｇｅｒ因果检验与互谱分析方法研究了自１８６０年至１９８８年全球ＣＯ２排放量与全球地表平均气温变化值之间的关系．结果证实了在这段人类用仪器记录最长的历史阶段中，ＣＯ２排放量与平均地表气温均有显著增加；且有证据表明ＣＯ２排放量的增加导致地表气温增加