钢轨钢材低温冲击功的试验研究

钢轨钢材低温下抵抗冲击的韧性变差,极易发生脆性断裂,因此很有必要研究其低温下的冲击功。该文在 20℃至-60℃范围内测量了中国常用钢轨钢材U71Mn和U75V的U型缺口和V型缺口冲击功。试验结果显示,这2种钢轨钢材的冲击功随温度的降低而明显降低。该文利用Boltzmann函数对试验结果进行了回归分析,得到了回归方程式,指出钢轨钢材U71Mn和U75V的韧脆转变温度分别在-10℃和 5℃附近,且由回归方程可以预测2种钢轨钢材 20℃至-60℃温度区间内的冲击功。试验结果表明,在青藏铁路等寒冷地区的铁路工程中宜优先选用U71Mn钢材。     

钢轨钢材低温冲击功的试验研究

钢轨钢材低温下抵抗冲击的韧性变差,很易发生脆性断裂,因此很有必要研究其低温下的冲击功。该文在 20℃至-60℃范围内测量了中国常用钢轨钢材U71Mn和U75V的U型缺口和V型缺口冲击功。试验结果显示,两种钢轨钢材的冲击功随温度的降低而明显降低。该文利用Boltzmann函数对试验结果进行了回归分析,得到了回归方程式,指出钢轨钢材U71Mn和U75V的韧脆转变温度分别在-10℃和 5℃附近,且由回归方程可以预测两种钢轨钢材 20℃至-60℃温度区间内的冲击功。试验结果表明,在青藏铁路等寒冷地区的铁路工程中宜优先选用U71Mn钢材。     

Effect of microstructure on the low temperature toughness of high strength pipeline steels

Microstructure observations and drop-weight tear test were performed to study the microstructures and mechanical properties of two kinds of industrial X70 and two kinds of industrial X80 grade pipeline steels. The effective grain size and the fraction of high angle grain boundaries in the pipeline steels were investigated by electron backscatter diffraction analysis. It is found that the low temperature toughness of the pipeline steels depends not only on the effective grain size, but also on other microstructural factors such as martensite-austenite (MA) constituents and precipitates. The morphology and size of MA constituents significantly affect the mechanical properties of the pipeline steels. Nubby MA constituents with large size have significant negative effects on the toughness, while smaller granular MA constituents have less harmful effects. Similarly, larger Ti-rich nitrides with sharp corners have a strongly negative effect on the toughness, while fine, spherical Nb-rich carbides have a less deleterious effect. The low temperature toughness of the steels is independent of the fraction of high angle grain boundaries.     

Effects of low temperature on properties of structural steels

The experiments were carried out to measure the mechanical properties of three grades of structural steels (Q235A, 16Mn and Q390E steel ) at low temperature. It was shown that the strength of the steels increases while the plasticity and toughness decrease as temperature drops. In the transitional area the toughness drops rapidly with temperature. Among the three structural steels,Q390E steel has the best toughness and the lowest sensitivity.     

初始损伤影响钢的低温解理断裂韧性的细观力学分析

通过长条形孔洞附近的局部应力应变分布的细观有限元模拟计算,对初始损伤影响钢的低温解理断裂韧性的原因进行了研究.计算结果表明,预加载时引入的长条形孔洞缺陷在后续低温加载时,其前端产生了局部高应力应变集中,促使了解理裂纹的形核(pε≥pεc)和扩展(yσy≥fσ),使解理发生在较低的载荷下,引起了韧性的降低.随预载荷比P0/Pgy的增加,材料中的损伤量和损伤孔洞的尺寸增大,引起的局部高应力应变集中程度增大,可促使解理发生在更低的载荷下.这就是随着预载荷比P0/Pgy的增加,材料的缺口解理断裂韧性Pf/Pgy降低的细观力学原因.     

岩石低温单轴压缩力学特性

以非线性热弹性理论为基础,建立了考虑岩石冰胀效应的变物性本构方程,给出了干燥低温和饱和冻结状态下单轴压缩强度和力学特性参数随温度的变化关系.借助花岗岩在两种状态下的压缩试验结果,探讨了低温花岗岩的单轴压缩力学特性.饱和冻结状态下的抗压强度大于干燥低温状态的抗压强度,其相差量随着温度降低有增加趋势;在同种状态下抗压强度随温度降低呈增长趋势,增长率逐渐减小.低温附加强度主要由岩石基质热力效应所贡献,而由岩石孔隙冰胀效应引起的附加强度相对较小.花岗岩在干燥低温和饱和冻结状态下,变形模量均随温度的降低呈增大趋势,而泊松比变化相对较小.     

2519铝合金的低温拉伸力学性能

利用拉伸测试、扫描电镜与透射电镜等手段，研究室温和液氮温度下2519铝合金板材的拉伸力学性能。研究结果表明：当变形温度由293K降至77K时，合金纵向抗拉强度由493．64MPa升至607．35MPa，提高了23．1％，屈服强度由454．83MPa上升到516．53MPa，提高了13．7％；合金低温横向抗拉强度与屈服强度分别提高了23．6％和20．0％。低温变形时合金横向、纵向伸长率均稍有提高。这是由于在低温变形过程中平面滑移受抑制，加工硬化指数增加，变形均匀性增强，导致材料的强度增加，塑性提高。     

Mechanical properties and wear resistance of ultrafine bainitic steel under low austempering temperature

The mechanical properties and wear resistance of the ultrafine bainitic steel austempered at various temperatures were investigated.Scanning electron microscopy(SEM) and X-ray diffraction were used to analyze the microstructure. The worn surfaces were observed via laser scanning confocal microscopy and SEM. Results indicated that, under low austempering temperatures, the mechanical properties differed, and the wear resistance remained basically unchanged. The tensile strength of the samples was above 1800 MPa, but only one sample austempered at 230°C had an elongation of more than 10%. The weight loss of samples was approximately linear with the cycles of wear and nonlinear with the loads. The samples showed little difference in wear resistance at different isothermal temperatures, whereas the thickness of their deformed layers varied greatly. The results are related to the initial hardness of the sample and the stability of the retained austenite. Meanwhile, the experimental results showed that the effect of austempering temperature on the wear resistance of ultrafine bainitic steel can be neglected under low applied loads and low austempering temperature.     

结构钢材裂纹尖端张开位移的低温试验

目前对结构钢材低温脆性断裂的控制主要通过冲击韧性指标,难于获得定量的结果,因此,有必要对结构钢材的断裂指标进行低温测定。试验测定了结构钢材Q235A、Q345B和Q390E(屈服强度标准值分别为235MPa、345MPa和390MPa)在20～-70℃下12～48mm试样的裂纹尖端张开位移指标(CTOD),并分析了最大载荷CTOD特征值δm随温度和厚度的变化规律。结果表明,总的趋势是δm随着温度的降低而下降,其规律可以比较好的用Boltzmann函数描述;厚度增大,δm的总趋势降低,但在厚度12～24mm范围附近也会出现δm随厚度增加而上升的现象。     

钢轨铝热焊缺陷的研究与防止

对钢轨铝热焊接头的断口进行了实验观察与研究,分析了接头断裂形成的原因,认为焊缝外观缺陷与内部微裂纹是导致接头短期服役断裂的主要原因,并在此基础上提出了相应的防止措施.     

低温下多孔硅电学性质研究

在低温下（10－300K）对多孔硅（Al/多孔硅／单晶硅结构）的I－U特性进行了测量,得到了I－U特性随温度的变化曲线,结果表明,低温下多孔硅的电阻率远大于单晶硅,当温度变化时,电阻率的变化不是单调的,其原因一是电流的主要输运机制随温度的降低发生变化,二是多孔硅中的缺陷态俘获载流子的能力随温度降低而变弱。     

铁素体球墨铸铁低温冲击韧性

为了优化生产工艺,探究化学成分对低温冲击韧性影响规律,通过夏比冲击试验方法研究了3组铸态全铁素体球墨铸铁的低温冲击韧性,分析了硅、碳含量对低温冲击韧性影响及断口形貌。结果表明：3组试样中,冲击韧性随碳含量增多和硅含量降低而升高;冲击韧度值随着温度的降低而下降,-20℃下可以达到15.20 J,冲击韧度值在温度低于-40℃后变化不大,韧脆转变温度在-40℃以上。冲击断口形貌表明,随温度降低,球墨铸铁的断裂机制由韧性断裂转为韧脆混合断裂,最后变为脆性断裂。可见碳硅含量会对低温冲击韧性造成一定影响。     

WCF62钢厚板的低温冲击断裂性能

在系列温度下测定了ＷＣＦ６２厚板的冲击韧度，结果表明，按面内方向取样时ＷＣＦ６２厚板具有优异的低温冲击断裂性能，但板厚方向（Ｚ向试样）的冲击韧度偏低，形成了强烈的反差．主要原因是钢中存在按轧向稀散分布着的晶界弱化区，引发了沿晶断裂，其次是按轧向稀散分布着的成片富集的颗粒状非金属夹杂物．因此，应进一步降低钢中的杂质元素含量，改善板厚方向的性能．     

一种高氮钢的高温力学性能和组织演变规律

6Cr21Mn10MoVNbN合金是重型发动机用高氮钢.采用Gleeble1500热模拟、金相分析、扫描电镜、XRD和理论分析相结合的方法研究了该合金的高温变形特性.微观结构分析表明,变形温度和应变速率对该合金微观组织的演变有很大的影响.合金在850,950,1050℃经历相同的变形量后,合金晶粒尺寸相差不大.但当温度升至1150℃,变形后合金晶粒尺寸迅速增大,此类变化主要是由于温度升高使合金中铬的碳化物快速溶解和转化所致.     

Mechanical properties and microstructure of TRIP steels produced using TSCR process

C-Si-Mn TRIP steels were produced using the thin slab casting and rolling (TSCR) process under simulation in laboratory. The results of tensile tests show that the yield strength,tensile strength,and the total elongation of the experimental TRIP steels are 430 MPa,610 MPa,and 28.4%,respectively. Optical microscopy,scanning electron microscopy (SEM),and transmission electron micros-copy (TEM) were employed to identify the microstructures of the TRIP steels. The final microstructures consist of ferrite,bainite,and retained austenite. The results of quantitative color metallography show that the fraction of the retained austenite is about 5.8%.     

高碳钢连铸板坯高温力学性能

采用Gleeble-1500热模拟试验机测量了高碳钢连铸板坯的高温力学性能,得到了第Ⅰ、第Ⅲ脆性温度区的温度范围.结果表明:第Ⅰ脆性温度区脆化的主要原因是晶界部位的低熔点物质在高温下首先熔化,从而导致试样沿晶界开裂;第Ⅲ脆性温度区脆化的主要原因是在奥氏体部位析出的网状铁素体导致试样沿晶界开裂;在奥氏体单相区,由于氮化铝的析出导致钢种的塑性恶化.     

无固相/低固相聚合物钻井液低温流变特性

研究低温条件对钻井液流变性的影响,对保证在冻土地区天然气水合物钻探安全顺利的开展有着重要的意义。通过对实验室研制出的无固相聚合物钻井液与低固相聚合物钻井液流变性进行对比研究,分析两种不同类型的钻井液低温流变性的变化规律。采用赫-巴模式中的参数对无固相与低固相聚合物钻井液的流变性能进行分析比较。对无固相聚合物钻井液与低固相聚合物钻井液建立了预测黏度与温度关系的数学模型。实测数据验证表明,数学模型拟合度高,可在现场根据不同类型的钻井液采用不同的模型进行分析研究。最后采用扫描电镜对两种体系钻井液的低温流变性进行了微观机理分析。     

Fracture toughness and fracture behavior of SA508-III steel at different temperatures

The fracture toughness of SA508-III steel was studied in the temperature range from room temperature to 320°C using the J-integral method. The fracture behavior of the steel was also investigated. It was found that the conditional fracture toughness (J_Q) of the steel first decreased and then increased with increasing test temperature. The maximum and minimum values of J_Q were 517.4 kJ/m2 at 25°C and 304.5 kJ/m2 at 180°C, respectively. Dynamic strain aging (DSA) was also observed to occur when the temperature exceeded 260°C with a certain strain rate. Both the dislocation density and the number of small dislocation cells effectively increased because of the occurrence of DSA; as a consequence, crack propagation was more strongly inhibited in the steel. Simultaneously, an increasing number of fine carbides precipitated under high stress at temperatures greater than 260°C. Thus, the deformation resistance of the steel was improved and the J_Q was enhanced.     

X65钢高频焊管焊接区的显微组织和低温韧性

为查明X65钢高频焊管焊接区冲击功异常的原因,通过光学显微镜和X射线衍射对母材、焊缝及焊接热影响区进行微观研究.结果表明,显微组织对金属低温韧性有显著影响.当块状铁素体组织较多时,焊接区晶粒尺寸大,硬度小,冲击功低;当多边形铁素体组织较多时,焊接区晶粒尺寸小,硬度大,冲击功高.通过合理的热处理工艺,可在焊接区获得粒状铁素体组织,提高冲击功,改善焊缝和焊接热影响区低温韧性.     

Ti微合金化对3.5Ni钢低温韧性的影响

利用光学显微镜和透射电镜观察不同Ti含量3.5Ni钢试样的组织及析出物,并通过测定其-80～-120℃的夏比冲击功来研究Ti微合金化对3.5Ni钢低温韧性的影响。结果表明,与0.042Ti试样相比,0.079Ti试样在热轧态和正火+回火态时晶粒大小相同,但其热轧态组织中珠光体细化,且正火+回火态组织中TiN数量增多,平均尺寸约为150nm;正火+回火处理后,0.079Ti试样在-80～-120℃的夏比冲击功为233～23J,均低于0.042Ti试样相应值(234～66J);对于正火+回火态试样,较粗大TiN粒子的析出是造成其低温韧性降低的主要原因。