Steroide und Fibroblastenwachstum

Summary To clarify the contradictory results concerning the influence of different corticosteroids on growth of fibroblasts, the rate proliferation ofl-cells under increasing doses of prednisolone and-methazone was studied by measuring³H-thymidine uptake. Growth was inhibited in a linear fashion by an increasing concentration of steroids.-methazone had a 10 times stronger effect compared with an equal quantity of prednisolone.

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Mit Unterstützung der Strebel-Stiftung Mannheim.     

Bildung von 17α-Hydroxy-Δ5-pregnenolon und 3β-Hydroxy-17-keto-Δ5-androsten (DHA) in Nebennieren- und Testes-Gewebe

Summary The transformation of ⁵-pregnenolone into 17-hydroxy-⁵-pregnenolone, and of the latter into DHA, is shown to occur in homogenates and fractions thereof, both of bovine adrenal and testicular tissue. The relative significance of these reactions for the biogenesis of androgens in normal and neoplastic tissue is discussed.

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173. Mitteilung über Steroide; 172. Mitteilung:P. Wieland, K. Heusler undA. Wettstein, Helv. chim. Acta43, 2066 (1960).     

Über Struktur und Aktivität der den H2O2-Zerfall katalysierenden Cu2+-Komplexe. — VI. Differenzierung von nativer RNS und nativer DNS bzw. denaturierter DNS auf Grund der katalytischen Eigenschaften

Summary The catalysis of H₂O₂ decomposition by Cu²⁺-complexes of RNA and DNA has been investigated. It is shown that both complexes decompose H₂O₂, but only the Cu²⁺-RNA-system shows peroxidative activity too, e.g. only in this case the nucleotide bases are degraded. Thermal denaturation of DNA also leads to a Cu²⁺-complex with peroxidative activity, the latter being dependent on the degree of denaturation.

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V. Mitteilung:S. Petri, H. Sigel undH. Erlenmeyer, Helv. chim. Acta49, 1778 (1966).

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12. Mitteilung überMetallionen und H ₂ O ₂; 11. Mitteilung:H. Ch. Curtius, P. Anders, R. Zell, H. Sigel undH. Erlenmeyer, Helv. chim. Acta49, 2256 (1966).     

Der Mathematiker Abraham de Moivre (1667–1754)

Summary Before examining de Moivre's contributions to the science of mathematics, this article reviews the source materials, consisting of the printed works and the correspondence of de Moivre, and constructs his biography from them.The analytical part examines de Moivre's contributions and achievements in the study of equations, series, and the calculus of probability. De Moivre contributed to the continuing development from Viète to Abel and Galois of the theory of solving equations by means of constructing particular equations, the roots of which can be written in the form . He also discovered the reciprocal equations. In the course of this work de Moivre discovered an expression equivalent to (cos +i sin ) ⁿ =cos n +i sin n and, following Cotes, he succeeded in expressing the nth roots of unity in trigonometric form.In the theory of series, de Moivre developed a polynomial theorem encom-passing Newton's binomial theorem and, in particular, a theorem of recurrent series useful in the calculus of probability.The demands of the calculus of probability led de Moivre to an approximation for the binomial coefficients for large values of n. The interaction between de Moivre and James Stirling, particularly in regard to the asymptotic series for log (n!), is treated at length. This work supplied the foundation for de Moivre's limit theorem for the binomial distribution.The calculus of probability, which occupied him from 1708 onward, became in time ever more the center of de Moivre's inquiries. Proceeding from contemporary collections of gambling exercises, de Moivre, by introducing an explicit measure of probability for the so-called Laplace experiments, found the beginnings of a theory of probability. De Moivre expanded the classic application of probability calculus to games of chance by addressing himself to the problem of annuities and by adopting Halley's work with its conception of Probability of life. De Moivre was the first to publish a mathematically formulated law for the decrements of life derived from mortality tables.

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Abkürzungen a.a.O. am angegebenen Ort = Verweis auf das nach Verfassern alphabetisch geordnete Literaturverzeichnis. Eine vor a.a.O. in runden Klammern angegebene Zahl kennzeichnet die entsprechende Nummer der im Literaturverzeichnis aufgeführten Arbeiten eines Autors. - AC Ars conjectandi = Jakob Bernoulli (4) a.a.O. - AE Acta Eruditorum - a.S. alter Stil⁴⁷ - BM Bibliotheca Mathematica - DMV Deutsche Mathematiker-Vereinigung - JL Journal Literaire - MA Miscellanea Analytica, London 1730 - n.S. neuer Stil⁴⁷ - PT Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London - r.F. rekurrente Folge - r.R. rekurrente Reihe - SMA Miscellaneis Analyticis Supplementum, London 1730 - v. veröffentlicht (nur im Briefverzeichnis verwendet) Prof. Dr. Kurt Vogel zum 80. Geburtstag Vorgelegt von J. E. Hofmann     

Über Peptidsynthesen. C-terminale Teilsequenzen des Eledoisins und eledoisinanaloger Verbindungen

Summary A series of synthetic Eledoisin and Eledoisin-related subunits are described. The biological activities of the peptides are discussed.

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Über Peptidsynthesen XXIII. 2. Mitt. über Eledoisin und Eledoisinanaloga. 1. Mitt. siche⁹.

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B. Camerino, G. de Caro, R. A. Boissonnas, Ed. Sandrin undE. Stürmer, Exper.19, 339 (1963).     

Untersuchungen über die Wirkung von Kinetin auf Kallus und Tumoren bei Organkulturen vonNicotiana glauca,N. langsdorffii und deren amphidiploiden Bastard

Summary In leaf cultures ofNicotiana glauca, N. langsdorffii, and their amphidiploid hybrid, callus growth or tumor formation is enhanced by kinetin, depending on its concentration. Of the 2 species and their hybrid, maximum response was found in the hybrid, less inN. glauca, the slightest response being found inN. langsdorffii. These facts confirm the earlier finding of a connection between callus-forming potency inN. glauca and tumor formation in its hybrid.

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Den Herren Prof. Dr.G. de Lattin (Zoologisches Institut der Universität des Saarlandes) und Prof. Dr.F. Anders (Genetisches Institut der Justus Liebig-Universität, Giessen) bin ich für die Förderung dieser Arbeit zu grösstem Dank verpflichtet.     

Regulation ofL-valine absorption by opioids interacting withμ-receptors in rabbit ileum

In intact tissue, [d-Ala²,MePhe⁴, Gly-ol⁵] enkephalin (10^–5 M;-ligand), diminsihed short-circuit current (I_sc) and increased water, Na⁺ and Cl^– net fluxes in vitro under open circuit conditions; it also inhibitedL-valine absorption andL-valine-dependent variations of short-circuit current (I_{sc, val}). Naloxone (10^–6 M) antagonized these effects. In the absence of the muscularis and myenteric plexus this enkephalin or morphine (-ligand) reduced I_sc and I_{sc, val}. These enkephalin effects occurred at different times. Different concentrations of enkephalin were tested for their effects on I_{sc, val}. [d-Ala²,d-Leu⁵] enkephalin (mainly a -ligand) significantly decreased I_sc but not I_{sc, val}. The reduction ofL-valine absorption does not depend on the effects on basal ion transport. Interaction of opioids with-receptors located in the submucosal plexus and/or in the epithelial cell accounts for this reduction. This enkephalin effect seems to be at least partially under the control of the myenteric plexus.     

Bradykinin und Kallidin

Summary Incubates of the venom ofCrotalus atrox resp. Padutin-Bayer (Kallikrein) with globulines from ox plasma were bioassayed on theileum of guineapigs, theduodenum of rats and theblood-pressure of rabbits and compared with the effects of synthetic bradykinin.The Padutin-incubates (Kallidin) in doses which on the guineapigs ileum were equieffective with synthetic bradykinin and Crotalus-incubates proved to be more than twice as active on the rat's duodenum and on the blood-pressure of the rabbit.These differences in biological activity between bradykinin and Kallidin were even more pronounced in experiments with a highly purified preparation of Kallidin. The relative potency of Kallidin in lowering blood-pressure was about 6 times stronger than that of bradykinin.     

Untersuchungen über die β-adrenolytische Wirkung sowie den Einfluss auf Refraktärzeit und Kontraktilität von INPEA und MJ1999 am Meerschweinchenvorhof

Summary In isolated guinea-pig atria, the-adrenolytic isomerd(–)INPEA provoked a stronger prolongation of the refractory period (rp) than did the inactivel(+) isomer. The-adrenolytic drug MJ 1999 prolonged likewise the rp, although it caused no unspecific effect, i.e. an inhibition of contractile force. These observations lead to the conclusion that not only the unspecific local anaesthetic but also the specific-adrenolytic effect is of importance for the prolongation of rp.     

Die Einlagerung von radioaktivem Schwefel in die Flügel von Acrididen nach Applikation von35S-Natriumsulfat-und35S-l-Cystinlösungen

Summary Psophus stridulus L. andOedipoda coerulescens L. were fed or injected with solutions of Na ₂ ³⁵ SO₄ and³⁵S-l-cystine. The radioactive radiation pattern of the wings was found to depend on the time of application. Differences in radiation intensity were found to correspond to the red, blue and dark areas.     

Enzymatische Hydrierungen im Ring A von Steroiden mittels Streptomyzeten

Summary A strain ofStreptomyces griseus has been found to convert ⁴-3-keto steroids into the corresponding saturated 3-keto-5-compounds and, on prolonged incubation, into the 3-hydroxy-5-derivatives.

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10. Mitt. über mikrobiologische Reaktionen; 9. Mitt. sieheJ. Urech, E. Vischer undA. Wettstein, Helv. chim. Acta43, 1077 (1960).

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170. Mitt. über Steroide; 169. Mitt. sieheR. Neher undA. Wettstein, Helv. chim. Acta43, 1171 (1960).

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Auszugsweise vorgetragen am VII. Internationalen Kongress für Mikrobiologie, Stockholm 1958.     

Steroidal cyclic ketals: The preparation of steroidalΔ 4-3-ethyleneketals

Zusammenfassung Ersatz vonp-Toluolsulfosäure durch Oxal- oder, bevorzugt, Adipinsäure in Salmis Methode für die Synthese von ⁵-3-Äthylendioxysteroiden führt zu ⁴-3-Äthylendioxysteroiden.

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Paper XXIV; paper XXIII seeS. Bernstein andR. Littell, J. org. Chem.26, 3610 (1961).     

Konstante Stromwirkung und « funktionelle Polarität »

Summary Scheminzky found that the effect produced by passing a constant current through a frog depended on the direction of the current. While a descending current (directed from heat to foot) produced paralysis, an ascending current produced convulsions.Scheminzky believed that it was impossible to explain this phenomenon in any other way than by a functional polarity, involving a special microstructure in the cells of the spinal cord.—We found that the observed effect is in no way connected with the direction of the current, and that, on the contrary, it depends exclusively upon the electrical charge applied to the upper centres. The cathode on the spinal cord produces convulsions while the anode does not. The effects remain unchanged if the second electrode is removed from the spinal cord and applied to some spot outside the central nervous system. If, following extirpation of a small segment of the spinal cord, one electrode is placed on the head and the second electrode is applied to the cut surface of the lower part of the spinal cord, a perfect reversal of theScheminzky phenomenon can be obtained.TheScheminzky phenomenon is thus reduced to the well-known stimulating effect of the cathode and the paralysing effect of the anode. The question why a current passing in one direction (descending) should produce the anodic effect, while a current passing in the opposite direction (ascending) should produce the cathodic effect, can easily be explained by another well-known fact, i.e. the dependance of the lower spinal centres upon the higher ones. If the brain and upper centres are nearer to the anode (descending current), their anelectrotonic elimination has a paralysing effect, while their catelectrotonic excitation with an ascending current produces convulsions.     

Quantitative Untersuchung der Chelatbildung zwischen Rutin und Aluminium-III-chlorid

Summary The hypothesis of T. I.Mabry ⁶ about the chelatstructure of flavonoids with aluminium-III-chlorid could be confirmed by usingJob's⁷ method of continuous variations.     

Leukozytenemigrationsfördernde Wirkung von Crotonöl

Summary Various croton oil fractions were studied with regard to theirin vitro effect on leucocytes and their irritative action. It was discovered that there exist fractions exerting a stimulating effect on leucytic migration and an irritative action and other fractions having a leucocytic stimulating effect without pronounced irritative action. The co-carcinogenic fractions ofDanneel have no promotory effect on the migration of leucocytes.     

Sonnenflecken und ihre terrestrischen Wirkungen

Summary After a discussion of the 11-year solar-cycle as regarded from the standpoint of the eruption-hypothesis, which offers a possibility to predict the solar activity for several years and after a review of the magnetic properties of the sun and the sunspots, the paper deals with the new theories of the spots and the solar-cycle as suggested byAlfvén andWalén.The terrestrial effects of the phenomena associated with the solar cycle are classified into 4 groups: effects produced by a) a wave radiationW _k emitted continuously by the sun, b) a wave radiationW _e emitted from the chromospheric eruptions, c) a particle radiationP _k emitted by the so-called M-regions, and d) a particle radiationP _e ejected from the eruptions. The connection between the solar eruptions and the radiationsP _e ,W _e is a well established fact; on the other hand the radiationsW _k ,P _k could be connected by the author with the solar corona and the stationary solar prominences respectively.To account for the intensity of theW _k -radiation a temperature of the solar corona of one million degree is required in agreement with the observed temperature. The heating of the corona occurs in the electric field around an increasing sunspot. As in the corona the mean free path amounts to several kilometers, particles may be accelerated up to 1000 eV, so far the conditionh=0 is fulfilled. Generally speaking acceleration is possible only in such regions whereh andh are not perpendicular to each other.     

Arnold Sommerfeld und Emil Wiechert

Ohne Zusammenfassung Vorgelegt von S. Flügge Herrn Prof. Dr. Dr. h. c. mult. Friedrich Hund Zur Vollendung seines 88. Geburtstages in Dankbarkeit zugeeignet     

Phtalocyanine in wässriger Lösung. Zum Mechanismus der Metallkomplexbildung

Summary The mechanism of incorporation of different mental ions into phthalocyaninetetrasulfonic acid in aqueous solution has been investigated. It was found that the rate of the reacion with Cu²⁺ depends on the dissociation rate of the N-H-bond of this porphyrin-like chelating agent, whereas the reaction rate with other metal ions, like Zn²⁺, does not.

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II. Mitt. Siehe I. Mitt.:K. Bernauer undS. Fallab, Helv.44, 1287 (1961).

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Herrn Prof. Dr.H. Erlenmeyer sind wir für sein reges Interesse an dieser Arbeit zu bestem Dank verpflichtet.     

Einige Bemerkungen zur Form und zum Relief der Schädelausgüsse vonPithecanthropus und vonSinanthropus

Summary The general morphological and the fissural character ofDubois' andKoenigswalds Pithecanthropi andBlack's Sinanthropus (E) strongly suggest that thePithecanthropus brain had more anthropoid features than theSinanthropus brain.     

High and low affinity transport ofL-arginine in rat brain synaptosomes

The uptake ofL-arginine into purified rat brain synaptosomes was investigated with respect to time and various concentrations ofL-[³H] arginine. Specific uptake was found to be linear with time for up to 5 min of incubation at 37°C. Electrolytes, including sodium chloride, potassium chloride, magnesium chloride and calcium chloride, inhibited uptake of 3 ML-arginine, and the inhibitory effect increased with increased electrolyte concentration under constant osmolarity. It was found thatL-arginine was transported into synaptosomes by two uptake components — a high affinity component (3.5 M) and a low affinity component (100 M). These two components were similar to the Ly⁺ system because of their extreme sensitivity to inhibition byL-lysine andL-ornithine but were distinguishable from each other by kinetic analysis of the uptake data and by their relative sensitivity to inhibition by several amino acids.