稀土处理钢中夹杂物对晶内针状铁素体形成的影响

分析了稀土处理钢中夹杂物的特征（夹杂物种类、尺寸分布和体积分数）对微观组织中针状铁素体形成的影响.结果表明,钢中夹杂物种类和体积分数对针状铁素体组织的形成非常重要.稀土氧化物（包含稀土氧硫化物）与铁素体具有低至1.9%的错配度降低针状铁素体在夹杂物表面的形核能垒,从而促使它在稀土氧化物上形核.反之,稀土硫化物与铁素体具有高达42.5%的错配度不能诱导生成针状铁素体组织.此外,微观组织中针状铁素体的体积分数随着夹杂物体积分数的增加而增大,当钢中夹杂物体积分数是9.5×10-4时其体积分数达到53%.     

热加工对管线钢针状铁素体组织形成的影响

以X70管线钢为实验材料,研究不同变形量和冷却速率对管线钢显微组织的影响.结果表明,在奥氏体未再结晶区进行适量的变形,从而形成位错、形变带和胞状组织等缺陷,可以增加铁素体在奥氏体晶内的形核位置和形核率,增大相变驱动力,有利于在随后的冷却过程中得到晶粒细小的针状铁素体组织;其中变形量ε2=0.4、冷却速率为30～60 ℃/s(油冷)下冷却的试样,能够得到最佳的针状铁素体组织,可以满足工程上要求组织中针状铁素体占80%以上的要求.     

Effect of acicular ferrite on banded structures in low-carbon microalloyed steel

The effect of acicular ferrite (AF) on banded structures in low-carbon microalloyed steel with Mn segregation during both isothermal transformation and continuous cooling processes was studied by dilatometry and microscopic observation. With respect to the isothermal transformation process, the specimen isothermed at 550°C consisted of AF in Mn-poor bands and martensite in Mn-rich bands, whereas the specimen isothermed at 450°C exhibited two different morphologies of AF that appeared as bands. At a continuous cooling rate in the range of 4 to 50°C/s, a mixture of AF and martensite formed in both segregated bands, and the volume fraction of martensite in Mn-rich bands was always higher than that in Mn-poor bands. An increased cooling rate resulted in a decrease in the difference of martensite volume fraction between Mn-rich and Mn-poor bands and thereby leaded to less distinct microstructural banding. The results show that Mn segregation and cooling rate strongly affect the formation of AF-containing banded structures. The formation mechanism of microstructural banding was also discussed.     

Effects of TiC on the microstructure and formation of acicular ferrite in ferritic stainless steel

The formation mechanism of acicular ferrite and its microstructural characteristics in 430 ferrite stainless steel with TiC additions were studied by theory and experiment. Using an edge-to-edge matching model, a 5.25 mismatch between TiC (FCC structure) and ferritic stainless steel (BCC structure) was identified, which met the mismatch requirement for the heterogeneous nucleation of 430 ferritic stainless steel. TiC was found to be an effective nucleation site for the formation of acicular ferrite in a smelting experiment, as analyzed by metallographic examination, Image-Pro Plus 6.0 analysis software, and SEM-EDS. Furthermore, small inclusions in the size of 2-4 μm increased the probability of acicular ferrite nucleation, and the secondary acicular ferrite would grow sympathetically from the initial acicular ferrite to produce multi-dimensional acicular ferrites. Moreover, the addition of TiC can increase the average microstrain and dislocation density of 430 ferrite stainless steel, as calculated by Williamson-Hall (WH) method, which could play some role in strengthening the dislocation.     

Precipitation behaviors of X80 acicular ferrite pipeline steel

The precipitation behaviors of X80 acicular ferrite pipeline steel were investigated by using transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS). The results show that dendritic precipitates in the as-cast steel slabs precipitate mainly in grain boundaries, and these dendritic precipitates dissolve and re-precipitate to two kinds of carbonitrides: Ti- and Nb-rich (Ti, Nb)(C, N) carbonitrides during reheating. Four types of precipitates mainly exist in the hot rolled plate: Ti-rich carbonitrides resulted from the dendritic carbonitrides undissolved during the reheating process; Ti-rich carbonitrides re-precipitated along austenite grain boundaries during the reheating process; NbC carbides mainly heterogeneously nucleated on the small pre-existing Nb-rich carbonitrides in the hot rolling process; and NbC carbides precipitated on dislocations during hot rolling.     

Precipitation behaviors of X70 acicular ferrite pipeline steel

The morphology, structure, and chemical composition of precipitates in the final microstructure of Nb-V-Ti microalloyed X70 acicular ferrite pipeline steel were investigated using transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS). Precipitates observed by TEM can be classified into two groups. The large precipitates are complex compounds that comprise square-shaped TiN precipitate as core with fine Nb-containing precipitate nucleated on pre-existing TiN precipitate as caps on one or more faces at high temperature. In contrast, the fine and spherical Nb carbides and/or carbonitrides precipitate heterogene-ously on dislocations and sub-boundaries at low temperature. From the analysis in terms of thermodynamics, EDS and chemical composition of the steel, NbC precipitation is considered to be the predominant precipitation behavior in the tested steel under the processing conditions of this research.     

Toughening mechanisms of a high-strength acicular ferrite steel heavy plate

An ultra-low carbon acicular ferrite steel heavy plate was obtained with an advanced thermo-mechanical control process-relaxed precipitation controlled transformation (TMCP-RPC) at Xiangtan Steel, Valin Group. The heavy plate has a tensile strength of approximately 600 MPa with a lower yield ratio. The impact toughness of the heavy plate achieves 280 J at -40℃. The fine-grained mixed microstructures of the heavy plate mainly consist of acicular ferrite, granular bainite, and polygonal ferrite. The high strength and excellent toughness of the heavy plate are attributed to the formation of acicular ferrite microstructure. The prevention of blocks of martensite/retained austenite (M/A) and the higher cleanness are also responsible for the superior toughness.     

冷却速度对La脱氧钢中晶内铁素体形成的影响

采用光学显微镜、带能谱的扫描电子显微镜等分析技术观察了不同冷速下La脱氧钢的显微组织,并绘制了静态连续冷却转变图.实验结果发现,在4~10℃·s-1的冷速范围内,钢中会有大量晶内铁素体形成,其中在8℃·s-1冷却时可以获得大量细小且弥散分布的晶内针状铁素体. La脱氧钢中含La夹杂物与α-Fe相有较低错配度,其中La2 O2 S夹杂物与α-Fe相的晶格错配度最小为0.2%,钢中含La夹杂物均可诱导晶内针状铁素体形核并可促进感生形核,进而细化组织.     

Influences of microstructure and texture on crack propagation path of X70 acicular ferrite pipeline steel

The aspects of two pipeline steels with different technologies were investigated by using transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and electron back-scattered diffraction (EBSD). The microstructure presents a typical acicular ferrite characteristic with fine particles of martensite/austenite (M/A) constituent, which distributes in grains and at grain boundaries. The bulk textures of the pipeline steel plate are {112}<110> and <111> fibers, respectively, and the {112}<110> component is the favorable texture benefiting for drop weight tear test. Moreover, low angle boundaries and low coincidence site lattice boundaries are inactive and more resistant to fracture than high energy random boundaries.     

不同脱氧方式对钢中夹杂物的影响

为控制钢液中氮含量,实验了两种不同脱氧方式:(Ⅰ)出钢过程加Al进行强脱氧;(Ⅱ)出钢时不加Al,加入Si--Mn合金进行弱脱氧,在LF进站再喂入Al线进行强脱氧.借助气体分析仪和扫描电镜对不同脱氧方式下钢中氧氮含量和夹杂物进行了分析.两种不同脱氧方式得到最终产品的全氧含量几乎一致,但方式(Ⅱ)对控制氮含量更为有利,可以使氮的质量分数降低约5×10-6;两种不同脱氧方式对最终产品中夹杂物的类型和尺寸影响不大,均为球状的CaS和CaO--MgO--Al2O3夹杂物.文中还推断出了采用Si--Mn弱脱氧时钢中夹杂物的生成过程.     

MnS夹杂对钢中氢扩散行为的影响

通过实验和有限元计算研究了MnS夹杂对钢中氢扩散行为的影响. 结果表明:当MnS夹杂长度取向与氢渗透方向平行时,氢在钢中的表观扩散系数随MnS含量的增加而增加;当MnS夹杂长度取向与氢渗透方向垂直时,氢在钢中的表观扩散系数随MnS含量的增加而降低. 对于具有扩散通道效应和陷阱效应的第二相,它对氢扩散的影响取决于扩散通道效应和陷阱效应的强弱以及第二相的形状、数量和取向.     

超声波功率对高碳钢中夹杂物的影响

研究了超声波功率对加稀土高碳钢中夹杂物的作用. 结果表明:超声处理可以明显弥散、细化和去除加稀土高碳钢中的夹杂物;随着超声波功率的增加,钢中总氧含量明显降低,夹杂物的平均直径明显减小,夹杂物得到一定程度的去除,但是夹杂物的当量个数明显增多. 超声波功率100 W时,高碳钢中总氧的质量分数为59×10-6,钢中夹杂物的当量个数I为134 mm-2,平均直径d为2.91 μm,小于2.31 μm的夹杂物占夹杂物总量的43%以上.     

结晶器内钢液流速对IF钢宽板坯表层夹杂物分布的影响

对BOF-RH-CC生产Ti-IF钢宽板坯的表层夹杂物进行研究.采用非水溶液电解法从钢中分离夹杂物,并用SEM/EDS分别对其形貌和成分进行检测,获得典型夹杂物的分布规律.通过测定钢坯不同部位的枝晶偏角,计算结晶器中钢液的流速,并用软件进行模拟比较.结果表明,实际最大流速为模拟结果的1.93倍,边缘部位钢液流速与模拟的结果基本符合;随着钢液流速的下降,铸坯表层夹杂 物平均直径增大了 9.5%.     

铌对低碳钢形变强化相变的影响

利用热模拟压缩变形实验研究了含铌钢和相应成分的低碳钢过冷奥氏体形变强化相变的组织演变规律,探讨了铌在析出状态时对形变强化相变的影响,进行了转变动力学曲线的分析. 结果表明:形变强化相变之前有Nb(CN)析出可以显著促进铁素体形核. 含铌钢的过冷奥氏体在A3～Ar3之间变形,可以得到平均晶粒尺寸为1.9 μm的形变强化相变铁素体. 其转变动力学与低碳钢相类似,以形变强化相变为主;在铁素体转变基本完成时,含铌钢的铁素体晶粒较细小.     

Effect of nano-sized precipitates on the crystallography of ferrite in high-strength strip steel

For strip steel with the thickness of 1.6 mm, the yield and tensile strengths as high as 760 and 850 MPa, respectively, were achieved using the compact strip production technology. Precipitates in the steel were characterized by scanning and transmission electron microscopy to elucidate the strengthening mechanism. In addition, intragranular misorientation, Kernel average misorientation, and stored energy were measured using electron backscatter diffraction for crystallographic analysis of ferrite grains containing precipitates and their neighbors without precipitates. It is found that precipitates in specimens primarily consist of TiC and Ti₄C₂S₂. Ferrite grains containing precipitates exhibit the high Taylor factor as well as the crystallographic orientations with {012}, {011}, {112}, or {221} plane parallel to the rolling plane. Compared with the intragranular orientation of adjoining grains, the intragranular misorientation of grains containing precipitates fluctuates more frequently and more mildly as a function of distance. Moreover, the precipitates can induce ferrite grains to store a relatively large amount of energy. These results suggest that a correlation exists between precipitation in ferrite grains and grain crystallographic properties.     

Thermodynamic calculations and experiments on inclusions to be nucleation sites for intragranular ferrite in Si-Mn-Ti deoxidized steel

Microstructures and inclusions in the Si-Mn-Ti deoxidized steels after cooling in the furnace were investigated. The composition and morphology of the inclusions were analyzed using a field emission scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM) with energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry (EDS). The kind and composition of the inclusions calculated from the thermodynamic database were in good agreement with the experimental results. There were two main kinds of inclusions formed in the Si-Mn-Ti deoxidized steels. One kind of inclusion was the manganese titanium oxide (Mn-Ti oxide). Another kind of inclusion was the MnS inclusion with segregation points containing Ti and N. According to the thermodynamic calculation, those segregation points were TiN precipitates. The formation of intragranular ferrite (IGF) microstructures refined the grain size during the austenite-ferrite transformation. The mechanisms of IGF formation were discussed. Mn-Ti oxide inclusions with Mn-depleted zone (MDZ) were effective to be nucleation sites for IGF formation, because the MDZ increased the austenite-ferrite transformation temperature. TiN had the low misfit ratio with IGF, so the TiN precipitated on the MnS surface also promoted the formation of IGF because of decreasing interfacial energies.     

微合金钢中夹杂物诱导晶内铁素体析出行为

通过热力学计算及实验,研究了微合金钢加钛脱氧后钢液中夹杂物的形态、组成、尺寸和类型,分析了加钛前后钢的组织变化.结果表明:加钛后,钢的组织明显细化,钛的脱氧产物可成为TiN夹杂的形核核心,还可以包覆在Al2O3夹杂周围,此类夹杂物呈细小弥散析出;这些细小的夹杂物可以在奥氏体晶粒内部诱发晶内铁素体析出,从而产生细化组织的效果.     

高硼钢中夹杂物形成热力学及实验研究

高硼钢冶炼过程中,洁净度的控制是提高冶炼质量的重要环节。分析了高硼钢熔体中氧化物和氮化物等夹杂物的形成条件。计算结果表明,硅的脱氧能力要强于硼,冶炼温度越低,氧含量越少;硼的脱氮能力要强于硅,同样冶炼温度越低,氮含量越少。通过高温实验,制备了高硼钢样品。夹杂物检测结果表明,1~4μm的夹杂物占总量的37%;4~8μm的夹杂物占总量的55%;大于8μm的夹杂物占总量的8%,主要是硅酸盐类夹杂,渣洗吸收了大部分夹杂物。探讨了提高高硼钢洁净度的方法,对实际冶炼高硼钢具有重要指导意义。     

微镁脱氧时间对钛脱氧钢夹杂物特征的影响

先将C-Mn钢在1600℃下钛脱氧15min,然后再加入MgSi合金脱氧不同时间,最后对脱氧后试样进行淬火冷却.采用ASPEX Explorer夹杂物电镜/能谱自动分析仪研究了微镁脱氧时间对钛脱氧钢夹杂物尺寸分布、成分及形貌的影响.随着微镁脱氧时间的增加,夹杂物粒子数量逐渐减少,尺寸有所增加,夹杂物粒子尺寸分布符合正态分布;富MgAl2O4及TiOx复合夹杂物聚合上浮,夹杂物类型由富MgAl2O4、MgO和TiOx转变为富MgAl2O4和MgO复合夹杂物.另外,减少镁脱氧时间有益于提高单位体积夹杂物粒子数量以及获得细小的富MgAl2O4、MgO及TiOx夹杂物粒子铸态试样.     

Effect of magnesium addition on inclusions in H13 die steel

The effect of magnesium addition on the number, morphology, composition, size, and density of inclusions in H13 die steel was studied. The results show that the total oxygen content in the steel can be significantly decreased to 0.0008wt%. Al₂O₃ and MnS inclusions are changed into nearly spherical MgO·Al₂O₃ spinel and spherical MgO·MgS inclusions, respectively. The number of inclusions larger than 1 μm decreases and the number of inclusions smaller than 1 μm increases with increasing magnesium content. V(N,C) precipitates around MgO·Al₂O₃ and MgO·MgS inclusions during solidification of liquid steel. The densities of MgO·Al₂O₃ spinel inclusions are lower than that of alumina inclusions. With increasing magnesium content in the Mg-containing inclusions, the density of inclusions decreases, leading to the improvement of inclusion removal efficiency.