Echolocation calls ofMyotis frater (Chiroptera: Hipposideridae) during search flight

Echolocation calls ofMyotis frater emitted during the search phase consist of brief frequency-modulated pulses. The sound signals are comprised of three harmonics of which the first one is of the highest intensity and occurs in all echolocation calls. The frequency of this fundamental harmonic ranges from 110.8 to 50.2 kHz, and its duration is about 3.5 ms. The second and the third harmonics are relatively weak, occurring in 50.0% and 25.0% of echolocation calls respectively, with frequencies ranging from 138.4 to 116.6 kHz for the second harmonic and from 193.6 to 170.8 kHz for the third harmonic. We presume that, according to the echolocation call features,Myotis frater probably forages the insects on the ground of complex environments.     

依据回声定位声波参数判别同域栖息的蝙蝠种类

利用超声波监听仪(D 980)在同一研究区域内记录到5种蝙蝠63个个体自然飞行状态下回声定位的叫声138次.依据声谱图可分为(FM/)CF/FM型(马铁菊头蝠Rhinolo-phus ferrumequinum)和FM型(绯鼠耳蝠Myotis formosus、伊氏鼠耳蝠Myotis ikonnikovi、水鼠耳蝠Myotis daubentoni和白腹管鼻蝠Murina leucogaster).马铁菊头蝠的声波能够比较容易地从5个种类中辨别出来.采用逐步判别分析方法对其他4种蝙蝠回声定位声波的6个参数进行了判别,结果显示,蝙蝠种类判别正确率为84.1%.表明回声定位声波参数在蝙蝠种类识别中具有重要作用,可用于检验研究区域内依据体型鉴定蝙蝠种类的准确度,也可为预测蝙蝠对生境的利用方式提供依据.     

Ultrasonic communication in frogs

Among vertebrates, only microchiropteran bats, cetaceans and some rodents are known to produce and detect ultrasounds (frequencies greater than 20 kHz) for the purpose of communication and/or echolocation, suggesting that this capacity might be restricted to mammals. Amphibians, reptiles and most birds generally have limited hearing capacity, with the ability to detect and produce sounds below approximately 12 kHz. Here we report evidence of ultrasonic communication in an amphibian, the concave-eared torrent frog (Amolops tormotus) from Huangshan Hot Springs, China. Males of A. tormotus produce diverse bird-like melodic calls with pronounced frequency modulations that often contain spectral energy in the ultrasonic range. To determine whether A. tormotus communicates using ultrasound to avoid masking by the wideband background noise of local fast-flowing streams, or whether the ultrasound is simply a by-product of the sound-production mechanism, we conducted acoustic playback experiments in the frogs' natural habitat. We found that the audible as well as the ultrasonic components of an A. tormotus call can evoke male vocal responses. Electrophysiological recordings from the auditory midbrain confirmed the ultrasonic hearing capacity of these frogs and that of a sympatric species facing similar environmental constraints. This extraordinary upward extension into the ultrasonic range of both the harmonic content of the advertisement calls and the frog's hearing sensitivity is likely to have co-evolved in response to the intense, predominantly low-frequency ambient noise from local streams. Because amphibians are a distinct evolutionary lineage from microchiropterans and cetaceans (which have evolved ultrasonic hearing to minimize congestion in the frequency bands used for sound communication and to increase hunting efficacy in darkness), ultrasonic perception in these animals represents a new example of independent evolution.     

Large second-harmonic vortex beam generation with quasi-nonlinear spin-orbit interaction

A harmonic vortex beam is a typical vector beam with a helical wavefront at harmonic frequencies (e.g.,second and third harmonics).It provides an additional deg...     

Harmonic-hopping in Wallacea's bats

Evolutionary divergence between species is facilitated by ecological shifts, and divergence is particularly rapid when such shifts also promote assortative mating. Horseshoe bats are a diverse Old World family (Rhinolophidae) that have undergone a rapid radiation in the past 5 million years. These insectivorous bats use a predominantly pure-tone echolocation call matched to an auditory fovea (an over-representation of the pure-tone frequency in the cochlea and inferior colliculus) to detect the minute changes in echo amplitude and frequency generated when an insect flutters its wings. The emitted signal is the accentuated second harmonic of a series in which the fundamental and remaining harmonics are filtered out. Here we show that three distinct, sympatric size morphs of the large-eared horseshoe bat (Rhinolophus philippinensis) echolocate at different harmonics of the same fundamental frequency. These morphs have undergone recent genetic divergence, and this process has occurred in parallel more than once. We suggest that switching harmonics creates a discontinuity in the bats' perception of available prey that can initiate disruptive selection. Moreover, because call frequency in horseshoe bats has a dual function in resource acquisition and communication, ecological selection on frequency might lead to assortative mating and ultimately reproductive isolation and speciation, regardless of external barriers to gene flow.     

Echolocation signals reflect niche differentiation in five sympatric congeneric bat species

Echolocating bats can be divided into guilds according to their preferred habitat and foraging behaviour, which coincide with distinct adaptations in wing morphology and structure of echolocation signals. Although coarse structuring of niche space between different guilds is generally accepted, it is not clear how niches differ within guilds, or whether there is fine-grained niche differentiation reflected in echolocation signal structure. Using a standardized performance test, here we show clutter-dependent differences in prey-capture success for bats from five species of European Myotis. These species are morphologically similar, sympatric, and all belong to the guild labelled "edge space aerial/trawling foragers". We further demonstrate a strong correlation between the prey-detection ability of the species and the respective search-call bandwidth. Our findings indicate that differences in echolocation signals contribute to within-guild niche differentiation. This is the first study relating sensory abilities of a set of potentially competing animal species to a direct measure of their respective foraging performance, suggesting an important role of sensory ecology in the structuring of animal communities.     

Relationship between echolocation frequency and body size in two species of hipposiderid bats

Frequencies of echolocation calls with maximum power of Himalayan leaf-nosed bats and Horsfield’s leaf-nosed bats during searching phase were 74.1 and 92.1 kHz, respectively. Head-body length, forearm length and body mass of Himalayan leaf-nosed bats were 82.9 mm, 89.7 mm and 59.1 g, respectively; and the corresponding values of Horsfield’s leaf-nosed bats were 68.4 mm, 61.3 mm and 19.7 g, respectively. Echolocation frequency and the three parameters of body size, head-body length, forearm length and body mass, were all negatively correlated, and the correlation coefficients were −0.86, −1.58 and −2.19, respectively. This study thereby proved that echolocation frequency and body size were negatively correlated in the two species of hipposiderid bats.     

表面等离激元波导中表面等离激元二次谐波的产生机制

在表面等离激元波导的二次谐波产生过程中, 波导较大的色散导致的相位失配阻碍了其实际应用, 能够消除相位失配的波导尚未见实验报道。通过将单层二硫化钼与平面表面等离激元波导相结合, 在波导中实现从基频表面等离激元到倍频表面等离激元的转化, 并研究单层二硫化钼-银结构的二次谐波产生特性, 为表面等离激元波导中二次谐波产生的实际应用打下基础。     

平稳噪声中的谐波恢复

研究乘性噪声均值先验知识未知情况下的谐波恢复问题。提出了基于一阶、二阶循环统计量的混合方法和基于一阶、三阶循环统计量的混合方法．即先利用一阶循环统计量得到对应非零均值乘性噪声的谐波频率，再求出与谐波频率对应的乘性噪声均值．去均值后用二阶或三阶循环统计量来恢复谐波。在此基础上．提出了谐波分量个数的估计方法。仿真结果证实了该方法的有效性。     

H1仿星器磁场电源滤波器的设计

大量的谐波的存在,会直接影响供电系统的稳定性与安全性,H1仿星器的磁场电源为主要谐波源,对电网电能质量造成很大影响。首先对磁场电源的原理进行分析,利用傅氏分解对磁场电源的谐波特性进行理论分析,借助于SIMULINK工具搭建磁场电源的仿真模型,通过仿真分析,得出注入电网侧A相电流总谐波畸变率为2.52%,23与25次谐波电流分别为23.54 A与16.99 A;其次针对其谐波的特点,提出谐波治理的方法,通过引入两个单调谐滤波器对磁场电源中注入电网侧的谐波进行治理,搭建滤波器的仿真模型。仿真结果显示:注入电网侧的A相电流总谐波畸变率降低至0.37%,23与25次谐波电流分别降低至2.83 A与2.01 A,电流波形变平滑,表明针对磁场电源设计的滤波器对注入电网的谐波治理效果明显,电网电能质量得到显著提高。     

Effect of acoustic clutter on prey detection by bats.

Bats that capture animal prey from substrates often emit characteristic echolocation calls that are short-duration, frequency-modulated (FM) and broadband. Such calls seem to be suited to locating prey in uncluttered habitats, including flying prey, but may be less effective for finding prey among cluttered backgrounds because echoes reflecting from the substrate mask the acoustic signature of prey. Perhaps these call designs serve primarily for spatial orientation. Furthermore, it has been unclear whether the acoustic image conveyed by FM echoes enables fine texture discrimination, or whether gleaning bats that forage in echo-cluttering environments must locate prey by using other cues, such as prey-generated sounds. Here we show that two species of insectivorous gleaning bats perform badly when compelled to detect silent and immobile prey in clutter, but are very efficient at capturing noisy prey items among highly cluttered backgrounds, and both dead or live prey in uncluttered habitats. These findings suggest that the short, broadband FM echolocation calls associated with gleaning bats are not adapted to detecting prey in clutter.     

厦门海域中华白海豚定位click信号特性

对厦门海域中华白海豚的发声及信号特性进行研究,采用高频宽带数据记录系统获取了大量中华白海豚click信号,并利用Matlab软件和Excel 2007对这些信号进行时域和频域分析.结果表明:click信号通常以不同长度的序列形式出现,单个click信号长度分布在(33±4)μs;频谱能量分布广,低频至10kHz,高频达200kHz以上,具有单峰和双峰2种频谱结构,峰值频率、3dB带宽和10dB带宽分别为(113.3±16.3)、(48.3±14.2)和(113.3±16.4)kHz.中华白海豚click信号双峰的频率分布,为其在海底混响严重的浅海环境准确识别目标提供了保障.     

激光脉冲与等离子体相互作用中高次谐波的产生

利用强激光照射金属材料，致使材料表面大量分子电离产生等离子体．该文从电子的运动方程出发，求解出了电子在激光场中运动的位置函数的解析解．发现除了包含基次及二次谐波外，它还包含有三次、四次等高次谐波．这说明激光脉冲与等离子体相互作用能够产生高次谐波．谐波次数越高，其系数越小．该文比较了基次与二次谐波的系数，其比值p＞1，与事实相符合。     

基于补偿的内置式永磁同步电机的谐波治理

为了抑制内置式永磁同步电动机的谐波,提出了一种前馈式补偿联合磁通补偿的治理方法。通过对内置式永磁同步电动机的谐波分析,研究了谐波的主要频率组成及产生原因。根据产生谐波原因不同,采用不同的补偿方法。对于齿槽效应引起的谐波,利用自动搜索算法找到相似的补偿量。根据前馈式补偿的方法,对不同组成部分的谐波分别进行了补偿。对于转子磁通变化引发的谐波,利用磁通补偿器来抑制它。最后,在matlab/simulink建立永磁同步电动机仿真模型,对计算结果进行仿真。仿真结果显示,dq轴谐波及电磁转矩谐波都得到了有效的抑制。     

混合式步进电动机的谐振特性

研究了混合式步进电动机的谐振特性，指出由于各种不对称因素的影响使得电机的谐波电磁转矩比较丰富，谐波电磁转矩的存在导致电机产生振荡，其中２次谐振的强度比较大．给出了谐振点的计算方法，谐振点的计算值与实测值相符．     

应用于WLAN的高效率F类功率放大器

为了提高在高速率信号传输下无线通讯发射系统中功率放大器的工作效率,提出了一种结构新颖的高效率F类功率放大器.通过计算机仿真与实验板调试相结合的方法确定了放大器的最佳漏极阻抗,根据F类放大器漏极电压和漏极电流是相位差为λ/4的方波和半正弦波的特性,通过仿真软件设计和优化,设计出的谐波滤波网络在输出谐波频点有良好的滤波性能.为了降低栅源电容对输入信号造成的失真,在输入端口加入短截线,提高了放大器的漏极效率.通过测试,功率放大器工作在2.4GHz时,在2dB增益压缩点的功率附加效率为67%,输出功率为30dBm.测试结果表明,该高效率功率放大器适合应用于WLAN无线通讯发射系统.     

三相桥式全控整流电路中的谐波分析

以大电感负载为例对三相桥式相控整流电路网侧电流进行傅立叶级数展开,得出结论：三相桥式相控整流电路相当于一个包含高次谐波的电流谐波源。对其负载侧电压进行傅立叶级数展开,得出结论：三相桥式相控整流电路相当于一个包含高次谐波的电压谐波源。     

基于SOGI的MMC环流抑制方法

基于模块化多电平换流器的柔性直流输电(high voltage direct current based on modular multilevel convert-er,MMC-HVDC)系统在电力领域已经占据重要地位,但MMC系统存在环流,会增加开关器件和其他元件的额定容量以及系统损耗,严重影响了MMC的工作特性....     

Hilbert-Huang变换去除可控震源谐波畸变

可控震源地震勘探采集信号中常常带有谐波畸变,去掉高阶谐波而又保留有用信号对提高地震勘探分辨率具有重要意义。采用Hilbert-Huang方法去除可控震源采集信号谐波畸变。对可控震源信号进行经验模态分解(EMD)和Hilbert变换,得到Hilbert-Huang谱,在时频域识别并去除高阶谐波,再用Hilbert反变换得到去除高阶谐波后的本征模态函数(IMF),叠加后可得到不含高阶谐波的信号,而保留与信号发射频率一致的基波。去掉高阶谐波后再互相关,互相关中高阶谐波也相应去除,相关函数主瓣更突出,旁瓣减少,提高了计算延时和计算波速的准确性。