人生长激素基因转化的小鼠胚胎干细胞特性的研究

报道了携带人生长激素基因（ｈＧＨ）的逆转录病毒载体ｐＩＮＳ－ＧＨ导入小鼠胚胎干细胞（ＥＳ细胞）ＣＣＥ后，虽然用放射免疫法未检测到ｈＧＨ基因的表达，但是，Ｓｏｕｔｈｅｒｎ杂交的结果表明，ｈＧＨ基因的确已经整合到细胞基因组中。对转化的ＥＳ细胞克隆进行了体内外分化能力及嵌合能力的检验，结果表明，经过一系列体外操作的ＥＳ细胞，仍具有分化成多种细胞类型的能力。转化的ＥＳ细胞通过显微注射注入囊胚后，能参与受体     

小鼠胚胎干细胞对病毒性心肌炎的影响

目的使用小鼠验证这样一个假设:外界病毒浸入诱发心肌炎时,机体的干细胞将进入心脏提高心肌的抗病毒能力。方法雄性BALB/c小鼠分为三组:小鼠胚胎干细胞对照组(ES),心肌炎病毒组(EM CV)及EM-CV加ES治疗组。通过尾静脉注射,令小鼠立即感染病毒。小鼠死亡率,炎性细胞浸润及心肌坏死等为观察指征。干细胞的游走及分化等通过免疫荧光法来验证。结果给予干细胞后的小鼠的存活率明显高于生理盐水对照组,炎性细胞侵润及心肌坏死亦明显低于生理盐水对照组。免疫荧光法表明,干细胞进入心肌并分化成新的心肌细胞。结论干细胞能明显提高心肌炎小鼠的存活率,减少心肌组织的坏死。同时,亦证明当心脏遭受病毒的侵入后,干细胞通过某种机理修复或再生心肌细胞,从而提高组织的抗病毒能力。     

用小鼠胚胎干细胞高效培育小脑神经细胞

<正>日本理化研究所13日发布新闻公报称,该所研究人员成功诱导小鼠胚胎干细胞,有选择性地分化成小脑神经细胞,且实现了较高的分化效率。公报说,小脑皮质中层内的浦肯雅细胞是掌管精确运动和学习的主要神经细胞,在医学方面具有相当重要的作用,以往诱导胚胎干细胞有选择性地分化成浦肯雅细胞的方法效率低下,只有约0.5%的胚胎干细胞最终能分化成浦肯雅细胞。     

小鼠胚胎干细胞建系新方法的初步研究

通过对小鼠胚胎着床初期子宫组织块的培养及内细胞团的分离，探讨利用该方法获得胚胎干细胞的可能性，我们用这种方法已建立了一株小鼠胚胎干细胞系，传至第10代，AKP染色细胞呈强阳性，RT—PCR证实Qct-4表达强阳性。结果表明，利用这种方法获得胚胎干细胞是可行的，与传统方法相比，这种新方法极大简化了实验步骤，降低了实验技术难度。     

猪胚胎干细胞(EG)嵌合体鉴定研究

应用微卫星技术,检测验证经显微注射胚胎干细胞(EG)而获得的嵌合体猪,在其各种组织中的外源基因的嵌合情况。结果表明:本研究中所获得嵌合体猪的皮肤、大脑、胰、甲状腺、血有外源基因嵌合,而其肺、肝、脾、肾、空肠、卵巢这些组织并没有嵌合。     

8-细胞期显微注射获得高嵌合率的2n及4n小鼠囊胚

本实验通过对8-细胞期2n或4n胚胎进行单细胞显微注射单个IPS,结果可以获得高嵌合率的胚胎,2n和4n胚胎的嵌合率分别达到86.0%±8.4%和70.4%±18.1%,相比囊胚注射更易操作,此实验为进一步制备高嵌合率的小鼠做准备.     

小鼠孤雌生殖胚胎干细胞的分离及分化潜能研究

用免疫外科法从小鼠孤雌生殖胚胎分离胚胎干细胞,并研究了其在体内、体外的分化潜能．结果发现:从小鼠孤雌生殖的胚胎中可分离出胚胎干细胞(pES),可以传代培养25代,能表达很强的碱性磷酸酶,核型稳定呈40XX．培养至第18代的pES在体内可诱导肿瘤形成,并可分化为三个胚层的组织细胞．免疫组化结果显示:神经细胞特异性烯醇化酶（NSE）、肌肉特异性肌动蛋白?-actin均呈阳性,表明分离培养的pES在体内可至少分化为来自外胚层和中胚层的组织细胞．传至第20～24代的pES细胞,经体外定向诱导分化,可定向分化为节律性收缩的心肌细胞及神经细胞．免疫组化检测显示节律性收缩的心肌细胞表达?-actin,而神经细胞表达NSE．结果表明:利用免疫外科法可从孤雌生殖的小鼠胚胎建立pES,这些pES在体内、体外都具有分化为多种类型细胞的潜能．     

昆明鼠胚胎干细胞的分离培养与鉴定

目的：从昆明系小鼠的早期胚胎分离和培养胚胎干细胞(ES细胞)．方法：收集小鼠3．5d胚龄的囊胚，将其培养在小鼠胚胎成纤维细胞饲养层上，5—6d后取隆起生长的内细胞团块分离后再培养，观察集落的生长情况并通过碱性磷酸酶染色、原位杂交、细胞核型分析等对细胞集落进行鉴定．结果：KS细胞集落性生长，符合小鼠胚胎干细胞的一系列特性．结论：昆明系小鼠囊胚在胚胎成纤维细胞饲养层上可以发育成ES细胞，并能进行传代培养．     

小鼠胚胎干细胞R1表面特异结合多肽的筛选

胚胎干细胞是从哺乳动物胚胎发育早期的囊胚的内细胞团内分离出来的一类细胞,具有自我更新和全能性的基本特征.作者利用M13噬菌体展示技术筛选与未分化的小鼠胚胎干细胞R1表面特异结合的多肽.实验利用未分化的小鼠胚胎干细胞为筛选靶细胞,分化的小鼠胚胎干细胞为吸附细胞,进行3轮的消减筛选,经细胞ELISA鉴定,噬菌体DNA测序和多肽序列分析,得到13条能与小鼠胚胎干细胞特异结合的多肽.通过BLASTP比对发现有11个体内的同源蛋白,为进一步研究小鼠胚胎干细胞表面分子提供研究基础.     

Comparative pluripotency analysis of mouse embryonic stem cells derived from wild-type and infertile hermaphrodite somatic cell nuclear transfer blastocysts

Therapeutic cloning, whereby embryonic stem cells （ESCs） are derived from patient-specific cloned blastocysts via somatic cell nuclear transfer （SCNT）, holds great promise for treating many human diseases using regenerative medicine. Teratoma formation and germline transmission have been used to confirm the pluripotency of mouse stem cells, but human embryonic stem cells （hESCs） have not been proven to be fully pluripotent owing to the ethical impossibility of testing for germ line transmis- sion, which would be the strongest evidence for full pluripotency. Therefore, formation of differentiated cells from the three somatic germ layers within a teratoma is taken as the best indicator of pluripotency in hESC lines. The possibility that these lines lack full multi- or pluripotency has not yet been evaluated. In this study, we established 16 mouse ESC lines, including 3 genetically defective nuclear transfer- ESC （ntESC） lines derived from SCNT blastocysts of infertile hermaphrodite F1 mice and 13 ntESC lines derived from SCNT blastocysts of normal F1 mice. We found that the defective ntESCs expressed all in vitro markers of pluripotency and could form teratomas that included derivatives from all three germ layers, but could not be transmitted via the germ line, in contrast with normal ntESCs. Our results in- dicate that teratoma formation assays with hESCs might be an insufficient standard to assess full pluripotency, although they do define multipotency to some degree. More rigorous standards are required to assess the safety of hESCs for therapeutic cloning.     

Maintenance of human embryonic stem cells on gelatin

Matrigel is routinely used as a coating material in the feeder-free culture system of human embryonic stem cells （hESCs）. However, matrigel is costive and inconvenient to use. In this study, the possibility of using gelatin as an alternative coating material was investigated. The results showed that, after trypsinization, hESCs were maintained undifferentiated on gelatin. These hESCs expressed pluripotent markers, formed teratoma and maintained a normal karyotype. As measured at passage 10, the hESCs expressed a high level of Oct4 on both gelatin and Matrigeh hESCs growing on gelatin formed AP-positive colonies in similar size and number to those growing on Matrigel （P〉 0.05）. Moreover, hESCs growing on gelatin contained a comparable percentage of SSEA-4-positive cells to those growing on Matrigel （95.1% vs.94.3%, P〉 0.05）. H-1 hESCs were maintained undifferentiated on gelatin for 20 passages and remained the stable normal karyotype. This gelatin-based culture protocol may allow us to propagate hESCs in large scale, with less cost.     

利用人胚胎干细胞评价反式维甲酸的胚胎发育毒性

目前,药品安全、食品安全和环境污染等问题受到国人的广泛关注,也受到政府的特别重视。医用化学品、食品添加剂和环境污染物等通过各种途径进入体内,可能产生胚胎发育毒性;因此,建立新的高通量、高灵敏的胚胎发育毒性检测和评价十分重要。研究尝试利用全反式维甲酸(all-trans retinoic acid,RA)对人胚胎干细胞H9的细胞毒性和分化抑制,评价RA的胚胎发育毒性。通过CCK8检测不同浓度下RA对人胚胎干细胞H9和鼠胚胎成纤维细胞3T3的细胞存活百分数和半数增殖抑制浓度(50%inhibitory concentration,IC50),发现处理5 d和10 d,RA对人胚胎干细胞H9的IC50分别是9.23μg/mL和7.20μg/mL,明显低于3T3细胞。通过实时定量PCR检测不同RA浓度下,自然分化20 d的细胞中Nkx2.5、α-MHC、ACTC1和TNNT2基因的表达,发现0.3μg/mL及其以上浓度RA显著抑制H9细胞向心肌细胞分化。RA对H9细胞α-MHC、TNNT2和ACTC1的半数抑制分化浓度(ID50),分别为0.16、0.07和0.05μg/mL,ACTC1和TNNT2的ID50明显低于α-MHC的,提示ACTC1和TNNT2可能更适合作为人胚胎干细胞分化抑制的评价的指标。     

人骨髓间充质干细胞对小鼠神经干细胞增殖与分化培养的影响

通过在体外培养、鉴定人的骨髓间充质干细胞与小鼠神经干细胞,用骨髓间充质干细胞条件培养基分别在增殖与分化条件下对神经干细胞进行培养.发现,间充质干细胞条件培养基在增殖条件下能加快神经球内神经干细胞的迁移,使神经球解聚,对神经干细胞增殖没有影响;而间充质干细胞条件培养基在分化条件下,能增加神经干细胞向少突胶质细胞分化的能力,降低向星型胶质细胞的分化能力,对向神经元分化能力没有影响,间充质干细胞可能是通过促进神经干细胞迁移、分化而加快神经损伤的修复的.     

成纤维细胞和ES细胞在小鼠和兔去核卵母细胞内发育

以昆明白小鼠成纤维细胞和胚胎干（ES）细胞作为供核细胞,以昆明白小鼠和日本大耳白兔的MⅡ期去核卵母细胞作为受体,采用核移植方法,构楚了克隆胚胎．在同种克隆中,以ES细胞为供核细胞的克隆胚胎卵裂率明显低于以成纤维细胞为供核细胞的克隆胚胎卵裂率（24．4％相对于56．9％,P〈0．05）,1．8％的ES细胞克隆胚胎发育到囊胚阶段,而成纤维细胞克隆胚胎没能发育到囊胚阶段;在异种克隆中,以ES细胞为供核细胞的克隆胚胎卵裂率（89．6％）和囊胚发育率（18．8％）明显高于以成纤维细胞为供核细胞的克隆胚胎卵裂率（54．2％）和囊胚发育率（4．2％）．     

Generation of tetraploid complementation mice from embryonic stem cells cultured with chemical defined medium

Mouse embryonic stem cells(mESCs)derived from inner cell mass(ICM)of pre-implantation embryos,can maintain undifferentiated state when cultured in N2B27 medium supplemented with GSK3inhibitor CHIR99021 and MEK inhibitor PD0325901(‘‘2i’’)and leukemia inhibitor factor(LIF).Compare to conventional culture medium,all components of this medium are defined.With the N2B27 medium,‘‘2i’’and LIF,mESCs can contribute to the germline of the chimeric embryos,however,whether the‘‘all-ES cells’’mice can been generated by tetraploid complementation is unclear yet,while the tetraploid complementation serve as a golden standard to assess the pluripotency of ES cells.Here,our study showed that mESCs derived and cultured with the N2B27 complete medium could generate fertile mice by tetraploid complementation.In addition,the survival rate of tetraploid complementation mice produced by inbred mES cell lines is higher than the conventional culture condition,and increased the percentage of Oct4 positive cells contrast to conventional medium either.Therefore,the N2B27 medium supplemented with‘‘2i’’and LIF is an alternative choice forthe derivation and long-term culture of mouse embryonic stem cells.     

哺乳动物胚胎干细胞的特性及利用

哺乳动物胚胎干细胞（ES细胞）是由动物早期胚胎发育的内细胞团（ICM）或原始生殖细胞（PGC）分离得到的。人们利用ES细胞所具有的全能性、体外分化以及稳定的遗传性能等特点，展示了ES细胞在建立哺乳动物的早期胚胎体外分化模型、转基因动物模型、器官和组织的修复和移植治疗、克隆动物的生产、发育生物学的研究等方面广阔的应用前景。但是，由于哺乳动物错综复杂的基因调控和环境因素的影响，对于胚胎干细胞的研究还存在诸多问题，还需作更深入细致的研究。     

Induction of embryonic stem cells to hematopoietic cells in vitro

In order to get hematopoietic cells from embryonic stem (ES) cells and to study development mechanisms of hematopoietic cells, the method of inducing embryonic stem cells to hematopoietic cells was explored by differenciating mouse ES cells and human embryonic cells in three stages. The differentiated cells were identified by flow cytometry, immunohistochemistry and Wright's staining. The results showed that embryoid bodies (EBs) could form when ES cells were cultured in the medium with 2-mercaptoethanol (2-ME). However, cytokines, such as stem cell factor (SCF), thrombopoietin (TPO), interleukin-3 (IL-3), interleukin-6 (IL-6), erythropoietin (EPO) and granular colony stimulating factor (G-CSF), were not helpful for forming EBs. SCF, TPO and embryonic cell conditional medium were useful for the differentiation of mouse EBs to hematopoietic progenitors. Eighty-six percent of these cells were CD34+ after 6-d culture. Hematopoietic progenitors differentiated to B lymphocytes when they were cocultured with primary bone marrow stroma cells in the DMEM medium with SCF and IL-6. 14 d later, most of the cells were CD34-CD38+. Wright's staining and immunohistochemistry showed that 80% of these cells were plasma-like morphologically and immunoglubolin positive. The study of hematopoietic cells from human embryonic cells showed that human embryonic cell differentiation was very similar to that of mouse ES cells. They could form EBs in the first stage and the CD34 positive cells account for about 48.5% in the second stage.