基于铁矿粉烧结基础性能的优化配矿研究

以提高烧结矿性能为目标,对国内两种铁矿粉以及国外三种铁矿粉进行了同化性能、液相流动性能、粘结相强度三个方面分析研究,并据烧结矿各项性能指标制定出配矿方案进行优化实验,探寻最佳配矿比例。结果表明,五种铁矿粉中自产矿的各项性能最优,其他四种铁矿粉的各项烧结基础性能优势各不相同。其次,根据实验结果制定出优化配矿方案,对比混合矿的各项基础特性,得出最优化配矿方案：自产矿为50%,鞍千矿为20%,巴西B为15%,澳矿为10%,巴西A为5%,为现场烧结生产提供了理论依据。     

各种铁矿粉的同化性及其互补配矿方法

对来自巴西、澳大利亚、南非以及国产的19种铁矿粉的同化性进行了实验测定和考察分析,在此基础上研究了基于铁矿粉同化性的互补配矿方法,并设计了九组烧结优化配矿方案.结果表明:(1)不同类型铁矿粉的同化性存在显著差异,巴西赤铁矿和国产磁铁矿的同化性低,而澳大利亚含结晶水的赤铁矿的同化性高;(2)铁矿粉的烧损含量、气孔率和Al2O3含量等与其同化能力呈正相关关系;(3)SiO2和Al2O3以黏土形式存在的铁矿粉呈现出同化性较高的特征;(4)铁矿物晶粒小的铁矿石有相对高的同化性;(5)采用本研究的配矿方法,当劣质铁矿粉用量达50%水平时,仍可获得烧结技术指标和冶金性能优良的烧结矿,显示出基于同化性的互补配矿技术的有效性和优越性.     

铁矿粉烧结液相流动特性

在铁矿粉烧结过程中,铁矿粉与CaO反应生成的液相的流动特性,是衡量烧结混合料能否有效粘结的重要指标之一.采用微型烧结法和基于流动面积的粘度测量法,以10种常用进口铁矿粉为对象,研究其液相流动特性及其影响因素.分析了铁矿粉的液相流动特性对实际烧结过程的影响.结果表明:不同种类的铁矿粉由于其自身特性的不同,所生成的液相的流动能力及其随温度、碱度的变化规律有很大差异.     

铁矿粉烧结粘结相自身强度特性

在铁矿粉烧结过程中,熔化的矿粉在冷却过程中起着粘结周围未熔矿粉的作用,因此这一粘结相的自身强度是衡量烧结矿固结状况的重要指标之一.运用这一新概念,以八种常用的铁矿粉为对象,在固定温度、改变碱度的条件下进行了粘结相自身强度特性的实验研究,并对影响铁矿粉粘结相自身强度的因素进行了理论分析.结果表明:不同种类的铁矿粉由于其自身特性的不同,所生成的烧结粘结相的强度以及随二元碱度的变化规律有明显差异.以此可以作为烧结优化配矿的重要技术依据.     

铁矿粉烧结技术进展

 在铁矿粉烧结过程中,需要充分把握铁矿粉的烧结行为和作用,考察其同化性、液相流动性、黏结相自身强度、连晶固结强度等烧结基础特性,有助于企业通过烧结优化配矿有效使用铁矿粉资源。近年来,国内外在铁矿粉烧结理论和技术方面取得了长足的进步,尤其体现在低温烧结、厚料层烧结技术的发展、褐铁矿使用技术的完善、预还原烧结的开发、镶嵌式烧结的设计、高温特性研究的不断深入等方面。这些技术的创新主要围绕如何高效利用铁矿粉资源进行,通常是源于资源的劣化和环境的恶化。然而,铁矿粉的优与劣其实是相对的,通过发挥其优势、抑制其劣势的方式,使得这种矿从劣质变为相对的“优质”,并通过这些新技术使其优点凸显、缺点被弥补,那么该矿的使用量、技术指标就能得到提高,也就具有“优”的品质。通过这些研究,实现了对劣质铁矿粉资源的高效利用。本文对此进行综述。     

烧结优化配矿模型的设计与软件开发

针对铁矿石烧结配矿的特点,提出2种获得合适配矿方案的方法;应用BP神经网络技术和遗传优化技术分别建立烧结矿质量模拟模型和烧结寻优配矿模型;采用Visual C++6.0与Matlab混合编程的方式,开发烧结优化配矿模型的系统软件.研究结果表明:烧结矿质量模拟模型具有良好的泛化能力和自适应能力,并且预报准确率较高,转鼓强度预报命中率为90%,抗磨强度为86.67%,筛分指数为83.33%;采用烧结寻优配矿模型得到的优化配矿方案既可满足铁矿石供应情况,又可保证烧结矿的质量指标,优化效果明显,烧结优化配矿模型的系统软件实用性强,具有强大的存储、计算、预报和优化等功能.     

铁矿粉与 CaO同化能力的试验研究

在铁矿粉烧结过程中,矿石与CaO发生同化反应而生成低熔点液相的能力是衡量烧结矿同结状况的重要指标之一.在试验的基础上研究了13种常用的进口铁矿粉的同化温度和同化时间,对影响铁矿粉同化能力的因素进行了理论分析,并给出了对铁矿粉的这一烧结基础特性在烧结过程中具体应用的结果.     

富矿粉烧结配矿优化研究

为了降低烧结成本,减少烧结过程能源的消耗,同时提高烧结矿质量,针对某钢铁公司富矿粉烧结进行优化配矿实验研究。选用南非富矿粉、巴西卡粉与南非精矿粉1、2进行了烧结配矿优化研究。结果表明:最优配矿方案为6~#,其中巴西卡粉、南非富矿粉、南非精矿粉1配比为15∶70∶15。其利用系数为2.66t/(m~2·h),转鼓指数为63.39%,RI、RDI_(+3.15)分别为70.06%和51.30%,熔滴性能总特性S值为1419kPa·℃。     

铁矿粉的烧结熔融特性及其评价方法

通过可视化高温实验装置观察了七种不同类型常用进口铁矿粉试样的熔化流动过程.在所测定的熔融曲线上定义了T30、T55、TR以及SR等表征其熔融特性的评价指标,并以此考察了不同类型铁矿粉的烧结熔融特性.研究结果表明:澳大利亚褐铁矿最容易产生液相,但其液相形成过程中温度区间窄,温控性差,安全性低;澳大利亚半褐铁矿在低温烧结条件下有效液相量不足,而温控性则略好于澳大利亚褐铁矿;澳大利亚、南非以及巴西南部的赤铁矿熔融特性较为适宜,但前者易形成液相而后两者温控性和安全性更好;巴西的南部精粉、北部赤铁矿在低温烧结下很难生成液相.通过对各种铁矿粉熔融特性的研究,提出了基于铁矿粉熔融特性的烧结优化配矿原则.     

DMF铁矿粉在含铬型钒钛混合料烧结中的应用

对一种低品位廉价赤铁粉(DMF粉)配加在含铬型钒钛混合料中烧结的可行性进行了研究.通过微型烧结装置和熔点测定仪对DMF粉的液相流动性和溶化特性进行了分析.结果表明,DMF粉液相流动性好,液相开始生成温度ts及有效液相终止温度tf较低,溶化区间t较宽,溶化时间τm充分,安全液相量的生成速度较小(0.125 mm/min),可弥补含铬型钒钛烧结矿液相量的不足,实现优化配矿.烧结杯实验结果表明,配加10%DMF粉的含铬型钒钛烧结矿各项指标均较好,且有利于高炉的稳定顺行.     

基于模糊多目标优化算法的矿山配矿优化

从多目标配矿的复杂性出发,提出具有模糊性的多目标配矿问题,并设计出了基于管理者语言偏好和决策者满意度的模糊优化算法,该算法从最优性模型和重要性模型两方面进行改进. 最后通过具体矿山实例对算法进行实现研究,根据实际配矿目标的各种要求,从算法的有效性、灵活性和灵敏性等特性进行分析.     

基于铁矿粉液相流动性的塞拉利昂高铝铁矿配矿研究

以塞拉利昂高铝铁矿粉及其他5种烧结常用铁矿粉为原料,通过添加CaO、SiO2、Al2O3纯试剂改变铁矿粉中三种组分的含量,并分析了其对铁矿粉液相流动性的影响,比较了6类铁矿粉液相流动性对SiO2、Al2O3含量的敏感性差异,研究了混合矿粉液相流动性随塞拉利昂高铝铁矿粉配比的变化并进行了烧结试验。结果表明,随着CaO配比的增加,铁矿粉的液相流动性变好,其中塞拉利昂高铝铁矿粉变化的幅度最大;SiO2含量对塞拉利昂高铝铁矿粉液相流动性的影响较Al2O3含量更为明显;随着塞拉利昂高铝铁矿粉配比增加,混合矿粉的液相液动性指数降低,烧结矿的强度和成品率下降。     

基于遗传算法的多目标优化配矿

为综合衡量配矿效果,基于多目标优化理论,以磨浮入选原矿组分指标、入选原矿品质稳定及最大限度利用原矿为目标,构建磷矿堆场多目标优化配矿模型,并采用改进的多目标遗传算法求解该模型。经约束多目标优化算例测试结果表明：改进的多目标遗传算法可以找到多目标优化问题分布广泛、均匀的Pareto最优解集。并针对磷矿浮选堆场开展多目标优化配矿,现场测试结果显示,矿石混配后P2 O5含量23.052％,MgO含量4.195％,混配原矿30654 t,比常规优化方案资源利用率提高0.31％。研究结果表明,该多目标优化配矿技术可实现稳定矿石品质的同时最大限度地利用原矿。     

Infiltration behavior of sintering liquid on nuclei ores during low-titanium ore sintering process

Sinter strength is dependent not only on the self-intensity of the residual rude and bonding phase but also on the bonding degree between them. The infiltration behavior of sintering liquid on nuclei ores influences the bonding degree, which ultimately determines the sinter strength. Infiltration tests were conducted using micro-sinter equipment. The infiltration area index of original liquid (IAO), infiltration volume index of secondary liquid (IVS), and sinter body bonding strength (SBS) were proposed to study the melt infiltration behavior. The results show that the IVS first increases and then decreases with increasing TiO₂ content in adhering fines, whereas the IAO exhibits the opposite behavior. Compared with the original liquid, the secondary liquid shows lower porosity, smaller pores, and more uniform distribution. The SBS increases first and then decreases with increasing IAO and TiO₂ content, and reaches a maximum when the IAO and TiO₂ contents are approximately 0.5 and 2.0wt%, respectively. The SBS first increases and then tends to be stable with increasing IVS. The TiO₂ content is suggested to be controlled to approximately 2.0wt% in low-titanium ore sintering.     

Basic characteristics of Australian iron ore concentrate and its effects on sinter properties during the high-limonite sintering process

The basic characteristics of Australian iron ore concentrate (Ore-A) and its effects on sinter properties during a high-limonite sintering process were studied using micro-sinter and sinter pot methods. The results show that the Ore-A exhibits good granulation properties, strong liquid flow capability, high bonding phase strength and crystal strength, but poor assimilability. With increasing Ore-A ratio, the tumbler index and the reduction index (RI) of the sinter first increase and then decrease, whereas the softening interval (?T) and the softening start temperature (T_10%) of the sinter exhibit the opposite behavior; the reduction degradation index (RDI_+3.15) of the sinter increases linearly, but the sinter yield exhibits no obvious effects. With increasing Ore-A ratio, the distribution and crystallization of the minerals are improved, the main bonding phase first changes from silico-ferrite of calcium and aluminum (SFCA) to kirschsteinite, silicate, and SFCA and then transforms to 2CaO·SiO₂ and SFCA. Given the utilization of Ore-A and the improvement of the sinter properties, the Ore-A ratio in the high-limonite sintering process is suggested to be controlled at approximately 6wt%.     

Ore-proportioning optimization technique with high proportion of Yandi ore in sintering

The basic sintering characteristics of Yandi ore from Australia, including assimilation ability, liquid phase fluidity, self-strength of bonding phase, forming ability of silico ferrite of calcium and aluminum (SFCA), and so on, were investigated in detail. Besides, the high temperature behavior and function of sintering were obtained. As a result, the techniques for ore-proportioning in sintering were obtained. The results show that Yandi ore possessing higher assimilation ability, better liquid phase fluidity, lower self-strength of bonding phase, and better forming ability of SFCA, should be mixed with iron ores whose properties are opposite to those of Yandi ore. In the optimization of sintering ore-proportioning, Yandi ore, whose price is relatively low, can be mixed as high as 40wt%.     

Mechanism research on arsenic removal from arsenopyrite ore during a sintering process

The mechanism of arsenic removal during a sintering process was investigated through experiments with a sintering pot and arsenic-bearing iron ore containing arsenopyrite; the corresponding chemical properties of the sinter were determined by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) coupled with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS). The experimental results revealed that the reaction of arsenic removal is mainly related to the oxygen atmosphere and temperature. During the sintering process, arsenic could be removed in the ignition layer, the sinter layer, and the combustion zone. A portion of FeAsS reacted with excess oxygen to generate FeAsO₄, and the rest of the FeAsS reacted with oxygen to generate As₂O₃(g) and SO₂(g). A portion of As₂O₃(g) mixed with Al₂O₃ or CaO, which resulted in the formation of arsenates such as AlAsO₄ and Ca₃(AsO₄)₂, leading to arsenic residues in sintering products. The FeAsS component in the blending ore was difficult to decompose in the preliminary heating zone, the dry zone, or the bottom layer because of the relatively low temperatures; however, As₂O₃(g) that originated from the high-temperature zone could react with metal oxides, resulting in the formation of arsenate residues.     

烧结温度对铜基粉末冶金摩擦材料性能的影响

为了探究烧结温度对铜基粉末冶金摩擦材料性能的影响,通过四种温度(825、850、875、900 ℃)热压烧结,成功制备了铜基粉末冶金摩擦材料。研究了材料的微观组织、密度、硬度、抗压强度、摩擦性能,由此得到材料的较佳烧结温度。结果表明,在四种烧结温度下,材 料中的各元素能均匀地分布在Cu基体中。随着烧结温度的升高,密度、硬度、抗压强度和摩擦因数都先增大后减小,而孔隙率和磨损量先减小后增大。Cr能改善Cu与C之间的湿润性,提高金属基体与非金属组元之间的结合强度,从而使材料的密度增大;Ni、Mn能向Cu中扩散,形成固溶体,阻碍位错运动,提高材料的硬度。铜基粉末冶金摩擦材料较佳烧结温度为850 ℃,此时的密度为6.17 g/cm³,孔隙率为8.62%,维氏硬度为81.2,抗压强度为172.8 MPa,摩擦因数为0.37,磨损量为0.074 g。