长输管道水击压力计算方法分析

本文分析了两种摩阻计算公式和不同的摩阻差分方法对管内瞬变流动过程计算结果的影响,并对计算结果进行了比较.结果表明.摩阻项计算值小.会导致计算的水击压力波峰值衰减快.用达西公式计算摩阻.计算过程简便;用列宾宗公式计算摩阻.可以提高计算精度.对长输管道中间泵站边界条件,给出了经验处理方法.     

管内两相流沿程摩阻压降与单相摩阻系数

在两相流动阻力计算中至今还是广泛使用均相模型和分相模型法．在这两种模型中，将两相流动摩阻压降归结为单相流体摩阻压降与相应的两相摩擦因子的乘积，从不同来源得到了两组公式，能够反映不同流态下水力摩阻系数λ。两组公式在全部雷诺数Re范围内的良好吻合，证明在用两相流的均相和分相模型计算摩阻压降时，选用其中任一组公式均可得到比较可靠的结果     

管内两相流沿程摩阻压降与单相摩阻系数

在两相流动阻力计算中至今还是广泛使用均相模型和分相模型法。在这两种模型中，将两相流动摩阻压降归结为单相流体摩阻压降与上应的两相摩擦因子的乘积，从不同来源得到了两组公式，能够反映了不同流态下水力摩阻系数λ。两组公式在全部雷诺数Ｒｅ范围内的良好吻合，证明在用两相流的均相和分相模型计算摩阻压降时，选用行一组公式均可得到比较可靠的效果。     

用表观黏度计算幂律流体摩阻的方法及其应用

在计算非牛顿含蜡原油管道输送的沿程摩阻时,通常采用幂律流体的摩阻计算公式.通过理论分析和算例验证表明,若紊流时雷诺数的计算采用管壁处的表观黏度,层流时雷诺数的计算采用距径向位置0.7788R处的表观黏度(R为管道半径),则圆管中幂律流体的流动摩阻可以用牛顿流体的公式来计算.此方法得到的结果与按传统幂律流体计算方法所得结果接近.采用该方法为热油管路特性的分析提供了方便.     

考虑流变特性改变的水力压裂管内摩阻计算模型研究

水力压裂管内摩阻的准确计算是确定井底压力和地层破裂压力的关键。压裂过程中由于压裂液与地层之间的热交换,压裂液的流动温度会发生明显变化;而温度的改变会影响压裂液的流变特性,使得不同深度处单位长度流体流动摩阻发生改变。通过建立油管注液过程管内流体温度分布数学模型,得到了不同油管注入排量下管内液体温度沿井深的分布。结合温度对压裂液流动特性的影响实验,考虑压裂液流性指数和稠度系数沿井深的变化,建立了压裂过程中管内流动摩阻的分段计算模型。通过与现场实测摩阻数据对比,模型与传统不考虑压裂液流变特性改变的摩阻力计算模型相比更为符合工程实际。     

用表观黏度计算幂律流体摩阻的方法及其应用

在计算非牛顿含蜡原油管道输送的沿程摩阻时，通常采用幂律流体的摩阻计算公式．通过理论分析和算例验证表明，若紊流时雷诺数的计算采用管壁处的表观黏度，层流时雷诺数的计算采用距径向位置0．7788R处的表观黏度(R为管道半径)，则圆管中幂律流体的流动摩阻可以用牛顿流体的公式来计算．此方法得到的结果与按传统幂律流体计算方法所得结果接近．采用该方法为热油管路特性的分析提供了方便．     

凝析天然气管道分层流动相间水力摩阻系数计算式评价

前人已经得出了许多计算分层流动相间水力摩阻系数的经验、半经验半理论的公式.然而,由于它们多是以室内小型实验架上得到的数据为基础,虽然与各自的实验结果符合较好,但是普遍存在适用范围窄、精度低的缺陷.获得了大型多相流环道上的实验数据,并利用这些数据对部分常用的经验公式进行了评价.依据评价结果认为,当气相速度低于15m/s时,依据Chen等人的关联式的计算值与实验结果比较接近,误差不超过13.2%;当气相速度大于15m/s时,Hart等人的模型预测值与实验结果符合较好,误差普遍介于0~15.94%之间.因此,在凝析气管道的分层流动计算中,当气速较低时,推荐使用Chen等人的计算模型;而当气速较高时,则推荐采用Hart等人的模型来计算相间水力摩阻系数.     

连续油管螺旋段摩阻压耗数值模拟

根据流体力学理论,以连续性方程和N-S方程为控制方程,对连续油管螺旋段牛顿流体流动进行数值模拟,研究螺旋段的流动特性及其摩阻压耗的变化规律,在此基础上以迪恩数和曲率为自变量、考虑曲率和管路的几何尺寸对摩阻系数的影响,建立一套针对牛顿流体预测螺旋段摩阻系数的回归公式,并与精选的几个适用性较强的预测公式进行对比。结果表明:由于二次流的存在,螺旋段的流动压耗较一般直管段大,且不能忽略;回归公式在层流和紊流区预测结果与适用性较强的公式结果具有很好的一致性,验证了用数值模拟方法研究螺旋段的可行性。所提出的螺旋段摩阻压耗预测公式可为连续油管流体力学研究提供方法和理论上的支持。     

等温输油管路混合摩擦区水力摩阻计算的讨论

对于等温输油管路混合摩阻区水头损失的计算。本文推荐采用lg k/d替换我国目前使用公式[注1]系数A中的lgε。计算结果表明,按本文观点计算,所得结果,精度较高。本中顺便对文献[1]所推荐的水力摩阻公式:进行了讨论。通过分析、对比,认为该式不符合原始公式且可适用的管径范围狭窄,用于一般管径的输油钢管时,水力摩阻系数偏高。     

基于动态摩阻的大落差输油管道 不稳定流动模拟

大落差输油管道高程起伏大,压力波动大,易由停泵、关阀等工况引发不稳定流动,导致管道局部压力降低和油品气化,引发弥合水击等现象。为准确预测大落差管道不稳定中流动压力、流量的变化,基于连续性方程、动量方程和能量方程,建立了大落差管道不稳定流动分析模型;结合Brunone-Vitkovsky动态摩阻模型,描述不稳定流动过程中的液体惯性加速带来的附加摩阻损失;采用特征线法和有限差分法求解模型。以某大落差管道中间泵站停泵工况为例,分析基于稳态摩阻与动态摩阻仿真的管道不稳定流动特征。结果表明：在稳定流动工况下,基于稳态摩阻和动态摩阻计算的管道压力、流量参数是一致的,但是在不稳定流动条件下基于动态摩阻计算的压力、流量比稳态摩阻模型值偏低。因此,基于动态模拟方法分析大落差输油管道的不稳定流动,对于提高管道压力、流量等工艺参数的预测精度,制定更加有效的不稳定流动安全防护措施具有重要意义。     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-     

Density Functional Theory for the Response of Periodic Systems to Electric Fields Based on the Vector Potential Approach

正The electronic and nuclear(structural/vibrational)response of 1D-3D nanoscale systems to electric fields gives rise to a host of optical,mechanical,spectral,etc.properties that are of high theoretical and applied interest.Due to the computational difficulty of treating such large systems it is convenient to model them as infinite and periodic(at least,in first approximation).The fundamental theoretical/computational problem in doing so is that     

On the Thermodynamic Limit for Responses to Static Electromagnetic Fields

For molecular systems,the quantum-mechanical treatment of their responses to static electromagnetic fields usually employs a scalar-potential treatment of the electric field and a vector-potential treatment of the magnetic field.Although the potential for each field separately is associated with the choice of an(unphysical)origin,the precise choice of the origin for the electrostatic field has little consequences for the results.This is different for the     

Call for Papers

<正>"The Journal of Shanghai Normal University:Mathematics"is published by Shanghai Normal University as regular issues of The Journal of Shanghai Normal University each year from 2014 in English.The editors-in-chief of the issues are professors Yuhao Cong and Maoan Han.The Journal of Shanghai Normal University was started in 1958 with     

Journal of Donghua University ( English Edition) Contents of Volume 31

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