Phototropin-related NPL1 controls chloroplast relocation induced by blue light

In photosynthetic cells, chloroplasts migrate towards illuminated sites to optimize photosynthesis and move away from excessively illuminated areas to protect the photosynthetic machinery. Although this movement of chloroplasts in response to light has been known for over a century, the photoreceptor mediating this process has not been identified. The Arabidopsis gene NPL1 (ref. 2) is a paralogue of the NPH1 gene, which encodes phototropin, a photoreceptor for phototropic bending. Here we show that NPL1 is required for chloroplast relocation induced by blue light. A loss-of-function npl1 mutant showed no chloroplast avoidance response in strong blue light, whereas the accumulation of chloroplasts in weak light was normal. These results indicate that NPL1 may function as a photoreceptor mediating chloroplast relocation.     

Responses of ferns to red light are mediated by an unconventional photoreceptor

Efficient photosynthesis is essential for plant survival. To optimize photosynthesis, plants have developed several photoresponses. Stems bend towards a light source (phototropism), chloroplasts move to a place of appropriate light intensity (chloroplast photorelocation) and stomata open to absorb carbon dioxide. These responses are mediated by the blue-light receptors phototropin 1 (phot1) and phototropin 2 (phot2) in Arabidopsis (refs 1-5). In some ferns, phototropism and chloroplast photorelocation are controlled by red light as well as blue light. However, until now, the photoreceptor mediating these red-light responses has not been identified. The fern Adiantum capillus-veneris has an unconventional photoreceptor, phytochrome 3 (phy3), which is a chimaera of the red/far-red light receptor phytochrome and phototropin. We identify here a function of phy3 for red-light-induced phototropism and for red-light-induced chloroplast photorelocation, by using mutational analysis and complementation. Because phy3 greatly enhances the sensitivity to white light in orienting leaves and chloroplasts, and PHY3 homologues exist among various fern species, this chimaeric photoreceptor may have had a central role in the divergence and proliferation of fern species under low-light canopy conditions.     

Cloning and functional analysis of chloroplast division gene NtFtsZ2-l in Nicotiana tabacum

FtsZ protein plays an important role in the division of chloroplasts. With the finding and functional analysis of higher plant FtsZ proteins, people have deepened the understanding in the molecular mechanism of chloroplast division. Multiple ftsZ genes are diversified into two families in higher plants, ftsZ1 and ftsZ2 . On the basis of the research on ftsZl family, we analyzed the function of NtFtsZ2-l gene in Nicotiana tabacum . Microscopic analysis of the sense and antisense NtFtsZ2-l transgenic tobacco plants revealed that the chloroplasts were abnormal in size and also in number when compared with wild-type tobacco chloroplasts. Our investigations confirmed that the NtFtsZ2-l gene is involved in plant chloroplast division.     

Cloning and functional analysis of chloroplast division gene NtFtsZ2-1 in Nicotiana tabacum

FtsZ protein plays an important role in the division of chloroplasts. With the finding and functional analysis of higher plant FtsZ proteins, people have deepened the understanding in the molecular mechanism of chloroplast division. Multiple ftsZ genes are diversified into two families in higher plants, ftsZ1 and ftsZ2. On the basis of the research on ftsZ1 family, we analyzed the function of NtFtsZ2-1 gene in Nicotiana tabacum. Microscopic analysis of the sense and antisense NtFtsZ2-1 transgenic tobacco plants revealed that the chloroplasts were abnormal in size and also in number when compared with wild-type tobacco chloroplasts. Our investigations confirmed that the NtFtsZ2-1 gene is involved in plant chloroplast division.     

盐生杜氏藻的完整叶绿体分离

盐生杜氏藻(Dunaliella salina)是世界上最耐盐的一种单细胞真核绿藻,可在含0．1～5．0mol／L NaCl的培养液中正常生长．盐生杜氏藻细胞内的主要调渗物质是甘油,在甘油代谢途径中,3-磷酸甘油脱氢酶是一个关键酶．近年来的研究表明杜氏藻(Dunaliella tertiolecta)细胞质和叶绿体中都存在3-磷酸甘油脱氢酶的同工酶,且叶绿体上的同工酶与渗透调节作用直接相关,为了解D．satina中3-磷酸甘油脱氢酶同工酶的细胞定位和分布,我们通过冰浴超声波破碎和蔗糖密度梯度离心,获得盐生杜氏藻的完整叶绿体,用相差显微镜镜检、酶的活性分析等方法对其完整性作了初步分析。     

盐度对盐生杜氏藻叶绿体超微结构的影响

研究不同盐度对盐生杜氏藻（ Ｄｕｎａｌｉｅｌｌａｓａｌｉｎａ（ Ｄｕｎａｌ．） Ｔｅｏｄ ．） 叶绿体超微结构的影响．结果显示,在ＮａＣｌ 浓度为２ ．７ ｍｏｌ／Ｌ 的培养液中,其叶绿体为典型的杯状结构．在ＮａＣｌ 浓度从２ ．７ ｍｏｌ／Ｌ 增加到４ ．３ ｍｏｌ／Ｌ时,其杯状叶绿体逐渐离解为多个相互连结或分离的部分;叶绿体内的类囊体片层系统解体并出现大量的嗜锇质体小球;在分离的叶绿体间隙中形成多个线粒体．在培养液的ＮａＣｌ 浓度逐步从４ ．３ ｍｏｌ／Ｌ 降低到２ ．７ ｍｏｌ／Ｌ后,盐藻的叶绿体又逐步恢复为典型的杯状结构．由此可知,不同盐度下盐藻叶绿体的结构变化是一个可逆的过程,这种可逆变化是盐藻得以在高盐度,强光照,易蒸发的自然环境中生存的一种适应机制．     

适于双向电泳分析的银杏叶绿体蛋白质提取方法

【目的】获得银杏叶绿体蛋白质的提取方法,在蛋白质水平探讨银杏光合作用对环境的响应机制。【方法】建立一种适合银杏叶绿体蛋白双向电泳分离的实验体系,采用Tris-平衡酚抽提法对银杏叶绿体蛋白质进行提取,并与三氯乙酸(TCA)-丙酮沉降法进行对比分析。【结果】Percoll密度梯度离心法适用于银杏叶绿体的提取,提取的叶绿体平均完整率在85%左右。单向电泳结果显示,与TCA-丙酮沉降法相比,在用Tris-平衡酚抽提法分离的叶绿体蛋白质泳道中,低分子质量蛋白质条带更多、更清晰。进一步的双向电泳结果表明,用Tris-平衡酚抽提法对银杏叶绿体蛋白质进行提取,蛋白质产量更高,图谱清晰,所分离的蛋白点更多,形态更好,条纹影响相对较小。【结论】Tris-平衡酚抽提法可有效地提取高质量的叶绿体蛋白质并进行双向电泳,可用于银杏叶绿体的蛋白质组学分析。     

强光下植物的光保护机制

生长在特殊环境条件下（如低温和强辐射）的植物经常会遭受光氧化胁迫。植物通过一系列光保护机制来抵御光氧化伤害，这些机制反映了植物在生理和生化以及形态结构等方面对强光环境的适应性。本文对近年来有关强光下植物适应性的研究现状进行了综述，总结了植物光保护和避免光抑制的相关机制，认为植物的各种防御机制的协同作用是抵御高光强下光氧化和光胁迫的有效途径。     

Overexpression of OsRAA1 promotes flowering and hypocotyls elongation in Arabidopsis

Previously, OsRAA1, an AtFPF1 homologue gene, was found to play an important role in modulating rice root development. In the current study, OsRAA1 was overexpressed in Arabidopsis, and the transgenic plants showed early flowering and elongated hypocotyl phenotypes as compared with the wild-type under white-light conditions. The hypocotyls of transgenic lines were twice as long as those of wild-type plants under red-light conditions but were indistinguishable from those of the wild-type under blue and far-red light and darkness. In addition, the phenotypes of AtFPF1 transgenic lines were similar to those of OsRAA1 transgenic lines. These results suggested that OsRAAI/AtFPF1 protein is involved in regulating flowering time and plays an important role in the inhibition of hypocotyl elongation under continuous red light. The functions were preserved during the evolution.     

Characterization of Arabidopsis calreticulin mutants in response to calcium and salinity stresses

As an important calcium-binding protein,calreticulin plays an important role in regulating calcium homeostasis in endoplasmic reticulum (ER) of plants.Here,we identified three loss-of-function mutants ofcalreticulin genes in Arabidopsis to demonstrate the function of calreticulin in response to calcium and salinity stresses.There are three genes encoding calreticulin in Arabidopsis,and they are named AtCRT1,2,and 3,respectively.We found that both single mutant of crt3 and double mutant of crtl crt2 were more sensitive to low calcium environment than wild-type Arabidopsis.Moreover,crt3 mutant showed more sensitivity to salt treatment at germination stage,but tolerance to salt stress at later stage compared with wild-type plant.However,there was no obvious growth difference in the mutant crt1 and crt2 compared with wild-type Arabidopsis under calcium and salt stresses.These results suggest that calreticulin functions in plant responses to calcium and salt stresses.     

拟南芥铁氧还蛋白基因缺失促进花期提前的初步研究(英文)

拟南芥的红光/远红光受体光敏色素(PHYs)参与花期调节过程,而铁氧还蛋白色素还原酶(FD-BRs)的一种——植物色素合成酶(HY2)对于光敏色素的合成是必不可少的。研究发现拟南芥铁氧还蛋白——AtFd2的基因缺失突变体(Fd2-KO突变体)在长日照与短日照培养条件下,较其野生型而言均表现出花期提前的表型,而且显示AtFd2与AtHY2在叶绿体中发生互作,并且Fd2突变体对光敏色素的反应受到抑制。推测At-Fd2基因的缺失可能通过影响光敏色素介导的相关生理功能进而对植株的花期进行调节。     

攀援植物苦瓜对遮阴和外界支持物的形态可塑性反应

通过人为蔗阴和人为提供外界支持物的方法,对草本攀援植物苦瓜的生长动态以及形态特征进行了研究,结果表明：（1）不同蔗阴处理下苦瓜植物的生长有较大的差异,弱光照下不利于苦瓜构件数量的增加和生物量的积累;（2）植株在弱光下形成较少的分枝、较薄的叶片,以及较细长的主茎和叶柄,表现比强光生长环境下更强的形态可塑性;（3）植株在生长早期较生长晚期有较大的形态可塑性,（4）在光资源充足的情况下,外界支持物的缺乏不会对苦瓜的生长造成太大的影响。     

Regulation of flowering time by light quality

The transition to flowering in plants is regulated by environmental factors such as temperature and light. Plants grown under dense canopies or at high density perceive a decrease in the ratio of red to far-red incoming light. This change in light quality serves as a warning of competition, triggering a series of responses known collectively as the 'shade-avoidance syndrome'. During shade avoidance, stems elongate at the expense of leaf expansion, and flowering is accelerated. Of the five phytochromes-a family of red/far-red light photoreceptors-in Arabidopsis, phytochrome B (phyB) has the most significant role in shade-avoidance responses, but the mechanisms by which phyB regulates flowering in response to altered ratios of red to far-red light are largely unknown. Here we identify PFT1 (PHYTOCHROME AND FLOWERING TIME 1), a nuclear protein that acts in a phyB pathway and induces flowering in response to suboptimal light conditions. PFT1 functions downstream of phyB to regulate the expression of FLOWERING LOCUS T (FT), providing evidence for the existence of a light-quality pathway that regulates flowering time in plants.     

Novel compound specified in dune reed (Phragmites communis Trin.) and its possible role as a protectant on the chloroplasts under stress

A small solute has been obtained with column chromatography, which only exists and accumulates in the leaves of dune reed in northwest China's desert region. Its unique polyamine and aromatic features are quite different from those well-known ones accumulated under stresses. The natural quantity of the solute is strikingly proportional to the level of local high temperature, and a large section is distributed in the photosynthetic chloroplasts. Under lab conditions, we have proved that the solute plays a role in protecting or conserving chloroplasts under heat stress. So it is reasonable to suppose that the high resistance of dune reed to environmental high temperature and/or drought is at least partially due to the accumulation of this unique solute.     

不同光照条件下少花桂幼苗部分光合指标的变化

研究了生成在不同光照条件下的少花桂幼苗叶绿体结构、净光合日变化、光合与生长和ＡＴＰ含量的生长期变化,结果表明：遮荫条件使叶肉细胞中的叶绿全变大,数量减少,基质片层退化;且遮荫条件明显影响体内ＡＴＰ含量、净光合速率和生物量的积累状况。     

Homologous plant and bacterial proteins chaperone oligomeric protein assembly

An abundant chloroplast protein is implicated in the assembly of the oligomeric enzyme ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase-oxygenase, which catalyses photosynthetic CO2-fixation in higher plants. The product of the Escherichia coli groEL gene is essential for cell viability and is required for the assembly of bacteriophage capsids. Sequencing of the groEL gene and the complementary cDNA encoding the chloroplast protein has revealed that these proteins are evolutionary homologues which we term 'chaperonins'. Chaperonins comprise a class of molecular chaperones that are found in chloroplasts, mitochondria and prokaryotes. Assisted post-translational assembly of oligomeric protein structures is emerging as a general cellular phenomenon.     

Single gene circles in dinoflagellate chloroplast genomes.

Photosynthetic dinoflagellates are important aquatic primary producers and notorious causes of toxic 'red tides'. Typical dinoflagellate chloroplasts differ from all other plastids in having a combination of three envelope membranes and peridinin-chlorophyll a/c light-harvesting pigments. Despite evidence of a dinoflagellete satellite DNA containing chloroplast genes, previous attempts to obtain chloroplast gene sequences have been uniformly unsuccessful. Here we show that the dinoflagellate chloroplast DNA genome structure is unique. Complete sequences of chloroplast ribosomal RNA genes and seven chloroplast protein genes from the dinoflagellate Heterocapsa triquetra reveal that each is located alone on a separate minicircular chromosome: 'one gene-one circle'. The genes are the most divergent known from chloroplast genomes. Each circle has an unusual tripartite non-coding region (putative replicon origin), which is highly conserved among the nine circles through extensive gene conversion, but is very divergent between species. Several other dinoflagellate species have minicircular chloroplast genes, indicating that this type of genomic organization may have evolved in ancestral peridinean dinoflagellates. Phylogenetic analysis indicates that dinoflagellate chloroplasts are related to chromistan and red algal chloroplasts and supports their origin by secondary symbiogenesis.     

水稻STN7激酶突变体的光合生理特性分析

本实验旨在研究野生型与stn7突变体在光合性能上的差异.实验包括检测种子萌发状况、用脉冲幅度调制成像荧光计IMAG-MINI测量叶绿素含量、用SPAD-502叶绿素仪测量SPAD值以及用LI-6400XT便携式光合仪测量叶绿素荧光动力学参数并用photosynthesis软件拟合光响应曲线及相关参数.结果显示,WT和stn7植株的种子萌发情况和SPAD值几乎无差异,叶绿素荧光动力学参数显示WT的光合性能比stn7植株高,叶绿素a/b和光响应曲线的结果得出WT利用弱光的能力较强,光响应曲线结果还显示高光强下,stn7植株光合速率较高.本文研究发现STN7激酶在调节水稻的光合作用中发挥着重要作用.     

水稻光敏色素A的克隆及其在光形态建成中的作用

克隆了OsPHYA基因，分析光暗诱导下该基因的表达、极低辐照度反应（VLFR）条件下萌发率测定、VLFR和高辐照度反应（HIR）条件下胚芽鞘伸长以及白化苗转绿过程中叶绿素含量测定等实验. 结果表明，OsPHYA基因在黑暗条件下根、茎和叶中的积累水平高于光照处理；OsPHYA在VLFR下能促进水稻种子萌发；而在VLFR和HIR反应中，OsPHYA抑制水稻胚芽鞘的伸长.对OsphyA突变体和野生型的主要农艺性状进行了比较分析，发现2种基因型仅在每株穗数方面有一定差异，说明光敏色素A对水稻农艺性状的影响不明显.