Effects of various pretreatments on biohydrogen production from sewage sludge

The sewage sludge of wastewater treatment plant is a kind of biomass which contains many organics, mainly carbohydrates and proteins. Four pretreatments, acid pretreatment, alkaline pretreatment, thermal pretreatment and ultrasonic pretreatment, were used to enhance biohydrogen production from sewage sludge. The experimental results showed that the four pretreatments could all increase the soluble chemical oxygen demand （SCOD） of sludge and decrease the dry solid （DS） and volatile solid （VS） because the pretreatments could disrupt the floc structure and even the microbial cells of sludge. The results of batch anaerobic fermentation experiments demonstrated that all of the four pretreat- ments could select hydrogen-producing microorganisms from the microflora of sludge and enhance the hydrogen production. The hydrogen yield of the alkaline pretreated sludge at initial pH of 11.5 was the maximal （11.68 mL H2/g VS） and that of the thermal pretreated sludge was the next （8.62 mL H2/g VS）. The result showed that the hydrogen yield of pretreated sludge was correlative with its SCOD. The hydrogen yields of acid pretreated sludge and alkaline pretreated sludge were also influenced by their initial pH. No methane could be detected in the anaerobic fermentation of alkaline pretreated sludge and thermal pretreated sludge, which suggested that these pretreatments could fully inhibit the activity of methanogens. The volatile fatty acids （VFA） production in anaerobic fermentation of alkaline pretreated sludge was the maximum and the next is that of thermal pretreated sludge.     

产氢菌株Clostridium sp.T7的快速筛选

取自潮间带的污泥分别在不同温度下(80、100、121,℃)进行热休克预处理,富集产氢菌群并测定其产氢量,利用变性梯度凝胶电泳(DGGE)分析混合菌群组成.结果表明:3种热处理条件下混合菌群的产氢量都要高于对照未处理菌群.DGGE图谱表明,与80、100,℃热休克处理混合菌群相比,经121,℃热休克处理富集的混合菌群,其电泳条带最少,测序结果发现该混合菌群中包括产氢菌Clostridium sp..从该混合菌群中纯化并鉴定了1株产氢菌株Clostridiumsp.T7(登录号HM104461).培养温度对菌株T7产氢有一定影响,温度在25～55,℃范围内菌株Clostridium sp.T7都能产氢,最适产氢温度是35,℃.     

四种预处理方法对混合菌产氢特性的影响

以木质纤维素水解后的主要单糖D-木糖为底物,研究了酸处理、碱处理、热处理、红外照射处理对取自沼气发酵池的混合菌发酵制氢过程中的产氢量和产氢速率的影响.实验结果表明:四种预处理方法都可以提高产氢量和产氢速率.最佳的热处理条件为100℃,20～50 min.该条件下累计产氢量和最大产氢速率较未处理的混合菌发酵分别提高约30...     

pH dependency of hydrogen fermentation from alkali-pretreated sludge

LARGE AMOUNT OF EXCESS SLUDGE IS PRODUCED IN CON-VENTIONAL ACTIVATED SLUDGE PROCESSES FOR WASTEWATER TREATMENT.THE PROCESSING AND DISPOSAL OF THE EXCESS SLUDGE IS CURRENTLY BECOMING AN IMPORTANT PROBLEM FORMANY WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANTS.ANAEROBIC DIGEST…     

预处理对造纸污泥和餐厨垃圾混合发酵的影响

为揭示联产氢气和甲烷复合工艺中预处理对物料液化水解率及系统产气性能的影响,利用不同浓度的酸(H2SO4)、碱(NaOH)预处理造纸污泥和餐厨垃圾混合物,在中温-高温条件下将预处理后的物料进行混合发酵联产氢气和甲烷,研究了不同浓度的酸/碱预处理后,造纸污泥和餐厨垃圾混合发酵联产氢气和甲烷性能.结果表明:酸/碱预处理对物料产生了明显的水解作用,物料中的大分子物质被降解为小分子颗粒;预处理对混合发酵产氢阶段具有明显的促进作用,其中以添加10%NaOH(以物料总固体计)的碱预处理效果最佳,其氢气产率较未经预处理的对照(CK)提高了50.20%,挥发性固体(VS)去除率达到了16.06%;预处理在产氢后的产甲烷阶段对甲烷产率没有明显的促进作用,各反应器的甲烷产率与CK相近或低于CK,VS总去除率也以CK为最高.     

红枣体外肠道微生物发酵特性的研究

目的研究红枣体外发酵特性,评价红枣营养性能。方法通过体外模拟人体肠道内部环境条件,接种人体新鲜粪便悬浮液进行厌氧发酵,定时记录发酵液产气量、测定pH值、NH3-N值和短链脂肪酸(SCFA)含量。结果红枣发酵液产气快、产气量多,p H值下降幅度大,NH3-N值变化不明显;红枣发酵液中乙酸、丙酸和丁酸含量明显高于空白组(P0.05)。结论红枣能有效地被人体肠道微生物发酵利用,改善肠道内部理化环境,促进肠道微生物发酵产生乙酸、丙酸和丁酸短链脂肪酸。     

Enhanced hydrosen production by insertional inactivation of adhE gene in Klebsiella oxytoca HP1

Ethanol is the main byproduct of anaerobic H2-producing fermentation in Klebsiella oxytoca HP1. Two moles of NAD（P）H are consumed to yield one mole of ethanol that may decrease bacterial hydrogen production. In this article the adhE gene that codes for acetaldehyde dehydrogenase was disrupted for the first time. A homologous recombination vector pTA-Str was constructed in which the adhE gene was disrupted by inserting an aminoglycoside-3＇-adenyltransferase （aadA） gene. As expected, the vector includes the insertion 5＇-adhE-aadA-adhE-3＇. The amplified DNA fragment 5＇-adhE-aadA-adhE-3＇ from pTA-Str was transformed into K. oxytoca HP1 and one recombinant was obtained. PCR analysis of the resulting genomic DNA indicated the appropriate deletion and insertion. Compared with the H2-production of wild type K. oxytoca HP1, the hydrogen yield of the mutant increased by 16.07% and ethanol concentration decreased by 77.47%, suggesting that inactivation of the adhE gene in K. oxytoca HP1 is a potential method for enhancing bacterial H2-production.     

紫外辐照NaClO2溶液对NO转化率的影响

采用峰值波长为365 nm的UV光辐照预处理NaClO_2溶液,并基于模拟烟气系统和喷淋反应器开展脱硝实验,实验研究了UV辐照预处理时间、溶液浓度、溶液初始pH值等不同影响因素对NaClO_2溶液脱硝效果的影响。结果表明:UV辐照预处理可以明显强化NaClO_2溶液对NO转化率。与无UV辐照预处理相比,浓度为2 mmol/L、初始pH值为3的NaClO_2溶液经10 min UV辐照预处理,可使NO转化率从26.14%提高至83.86%,并对可能的反应机理进行了讨论分析。     

原位预处理甘蔗糖蜜对耐高温酿酒酵母突变株Saccharomyces cerevisiae AQ生产乙醇的影响

【目的】探讨和分析原位预处理糖蜜促进酿酒酵母生长和乙醇生产的原因,开发一条绿色、低成本糖蜜乙醇生产途径。【方法】先在不同温度和初始糖浓度条件下,考察酿酒酵母原始菌株Saccharomyces cerevisiae A及其突变株Saccharomyces cerevisiae AQ的生长和乙醇生产性能差异,再以原位预处理前后糖蜜为发酵底物,测定突变株Saccharomyces cerevisiae AQ在不同培养基中的生长量、出芽率、乙醇产量、胞内超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶、细胞质内ATP酶和线粒体内ATP酶活力,研究原位预处理糖蜜对其生理特性的影响。【结果】在高温发酵糖蜜过程中,突变株Saccharomyces cerevisiae AQ较原始菌株Saccharomyces cerevisiae A表现出更好的生长和乙醇发酵稳定性。当以原位预处理糖蜜作为Saccharomyces cerevisiae AQ唯一碳源时,其胞内SOD酶、过氧化物酶、细胞质内ATP酶和线粒体内ATP酶活力较以糖蜜原料为唯一碳源时分别提高2.51倍,0.92倍,1.80倍和1.45倍,乙醇收率为31.07%,较以糖蜜原料为唯一碳源时提高36.26%。【结论】突变株Saccharomyces cerevisiae AQ较原始菌株Saccharomyces cerevisiae A更适用于糖蜜发酵生产乙醇体系,且新型的原位预处理方法能通过增强Saccharomyces cerevisiae AQ在糖蜜培养基中的呼吸作用,提高菌株活力,从而进一步提高乙醇收率。     

玉米秸秆发酵产氢研究

传统能源储量日益减少以及能源需求的不断增长使21世纪的能源问题面临巨大的挑战,人们越来越认识到可再生能源的巨大潜力和发展前景。利用农业固体废弃物和污泥联合厌氧发酵制氢,既可解决农业废物和污泥的环境污染问题,又可制备清洁的燃料能源,因此具有非常重要的研究价值。以厌氧活性污泥为接种物,以玉米秸秆为发酵底物进行发酵产氢实验,研究了不同秸秆粒径、预处理方法、发酵液pH值和金属离子对玉米秸秆发酵产氢速率以及产氢气量的影响。结果表明：玉米秸秆粒径越小越利于发酵产氢;经过H2SO4预处理后,玉米秸秆单位总产氢量大于经NaOH预处理样品;pH值为6左右可以提高玉米秸秆的发酵产氢气速率;Fe2＋和Mg2＋对发酵产氢效果有一定的影响。     

Hydrogen production by draTGB hupL double mutant of Rhodospirillum rubrum under different light conditions

To increase H2 yield of Rhodospirillum rubrum in two-stage hydrogen production process, two deletion mutants were constructed. One is single mutant designated R. rubrum UR801 that deleted hupL gene encoding the large subunit of uptake hy- drogenase, and the other is a double mutant desig- nated R. rubrum UR805 lacked both draTGB encod- ing regulators for the activity of nitrogenase and hupL. Comparing H2 yields of two mutants with R. rubrum UR2 (wild type) and UR472 (ΔdraTGB) under differ- ent light conditions, the results showed that the H2 yield of R. rubrum UR801 under continuous light is the highest (5700 mL of H2 per liter culture), and it is 1.56, 2.24 and 2.32-fold that of R. rubrum UR2, UR472 and UR805, respectively. However, the total H2 yield of R. rubrum UR805 in two-stage hydrogen production process is the highest (4303 mL/L), and it is 1.35, 1.21 and 1.04-fold that of R. rubrum UR2, UR801 and UR472, respectively. Thus, R. rubrum UR805 might be a valuable strain to produce a large amount of hydrogen in two-stage hydrogen produc- tion process.     

微藻生物质暗发酵产氢气和甲烷的研究

微藻生物质厌氧消化生产氢气和甲烷效率低下,本研究报道了一种新型微藻处理工艺即两段式暗发酵提高氢气和甲烷产量。结果表明微藻生物质的最佳有机负荷为10 g/L,相应的氢气产量为18.6 mL/g (每克挥发性有机质产气量)。进一步研究表明蛋白酶预处理能进一步提高水解酸化相中氢气的产量至35.5 mL/g,反应pH最低为6.0。同时,蛋白酶预处理能够提高产甲烷相中甲烷产量,并且最大产量为251 mL/g,显著高于空白对照组。机理研究表明两段式消化分别为水解酸化相和产甲烷相提供最佳环境。     

预处理温度对玉米秸秆暗发酵制氢性能的影响

为了比较不同预处理温度对玉米秸秆暗发酵制氢性能的影响,在不同温度（40、80、120、160 ℃和200 ℃）下,采用1% H₂SO₄和2% NaOH两种试剂分别对玉米秸秆进行预处理,再进行中温暗发酵实验,接种物来源于以猪粪为原料的厌氧消化后的沼液。结果表明：最佳的预处理条件为80 ℃下,采用1% H₂SO₄对玉米秸秆预处理60 min,其单位总固体（TS）产氢量达到27 mL/g,比未预处理玉米秸秆提高了56.27%,且最大产氢速率最高可达到15.42 mL/h,比未预处理玉米秸秆的最大产氢速率提高了83.57%。玉米秸秆产氢最适宜的pH值范围为5.0~5.5,不同预处理温度会对产酸量和产酸的组分造成影响,发酵类型均为丁酸型发酵。因此,预处理温度是影响暗发酵制氢性能的一个重要因素。     

Degradation of the antibiotic sulfamonomethoxine sodium in aqueous solution by photo-Fenton oxidation

In this study, photo-Fenton oxidation was applied to degradation of sulfamonomethoxine sodium (SMMS) in aqueous solution. The operation parameters of pH, temperature, and concentrations of H2O2, Fe2+ and SMMS were investigated. The optimum conditions for the photo-Fenton process were determined as follows: [SMMS]=4.53 mg/L, pH 4.0, [H2O2]=0.49 mmol/L, [Fe2+]= 19.51 μmol/L and T=25°C. Under these conditions 98.5% of the SMMS degraded. The kinetics were also studied, and degradation of SMMS by the photo-Fenton process could be described by first-order kinetics. The apparent activation energy was calculated as 23.95 kJ/mol. Mineralization of the process was investigated by measuring the chemical oxygen demand (COD), and the COD decreased by 99% after 120 min. This process could be used as a pretreatment method for wastewater containing sulfamonomethoxine sodium.     

Photocatalytic degradation of trace-level of MicrocystinLR by nano-film of titanium dioxide

The occurrence of toxic water bloom of cyanobacte-ria algae, widely reported in eutrophic freshwater, hasbeen a serious pollution problem in recent years[1]. Mi-crocystins (MCs), the most common cyanobacteriatoxin with a cyclic heptapeptide structure (Fig…     

玉米秸秆稀酸-蒸汽爆破预处理和水解糖化的试验研究

考察了玉米秸秆经1%(w/w)稀硫酸和水分别浸泡后在不同汽爆压力(分别确定研究压力为1.5 MPa,1.8 MPa和2.0 MPa)和保压时间(分别为4 min,6 min和8 min)下进行蒸汽爆破预处理的处理效果。分析了预处理后固体和液体部分的主要成分和含量。通过考察预处理后固体部分经过纤维素酶作用后所得到的葡萄糖得率,确定了最佳的稀酸-蒸汽爆破预处理工艺。在1%稀硫酸预浸12 h后,采用1.8 MPa汽爆条件保压8 min,经过预处理玉米秸秆的最大葡萄糖得率为26.9 g/100g原料;在该条件下,预处理后过滤液中总糖得率最高为34.5 g/100 g原料。     

Catalytic oxidation of phenol in wastewater-A new application of the amorphous Fe78Si9B13 alloy

The amorphous Fe78Si9B13 alloy was used as a heterogeneous Fenton catalyst in the process of phenol degradation.The influences of main operating parameters such as reaction temperature,catalyst amount,hydrogen peroxide dosage and initial pH of solution on phenol degradation rate were investigated.The maximum mineralization of phenol was achieved at 60°C,6 g/L Fe78Si9B13, 0.31 mol/L hydrogen peroxide,with an initial pH of 2.5.More than 99%of phenol was completely removed under the optimum conditions within 10 min for a solution containing 1000 mg/L of phenol.Batch experiments for solutions containing phenol con- centrations ranging from 50 to 2000 mg/L were investigated under the above conditions and the same excellent degradation rate was obtained.The Fe78Si9B13 showed better catalytic activity than iron powder and Fe 2+ .Addition of n-butannol(hydroxyl radical scavenger)decreased the degradation rate of phenol,which demonstrates that hydroxyl radicals were mainly responsible for the removal of phenol.We demonstrated that phenol may be degraded by hydroxyl radicals decomposed by hydrogen peroxide on the surface of Fe78Si9B13 and illustrated the reaction mechanism for this process.This amorphous alloy exhibited high stability in recycling experiments and showed excellent reuse performance even after continuous operations of 8 cycles.     

酸碱预处理对稻草秸秆发酵产氢的影响

随着环保要求的日益严格和化石能源的日益短缺,氢能作为清洁高效的可再生能源受到人们的普遍重视。厌氧发酵生物制氢是利用生物技术分解有机废弃物制备氢气,该工艺设备简单、操作容易、成本低廉等优点。以稻草秸秆为发酵底料,以厌氧活性污泥为接种物,研究酸碱预处理对秸秆发酵产氢的影响。结果表明,H2SO4预处理为最佳的预处理方式;稻草秸秆经1%的H2SO4预处理后发酵气中氢气的最大含量、最高比产氢速率和最高氢气产率分别为47.68%、4.67mL/(h.g)和59.21 mL/g;经1%的NaOH预处理后发酵气中氢气的最大含量、最高比产氢速率和最高氢气产率分别为41.92%、3.24 mL/(h.g)和42.02 mL/g;发酵液相中主要产物为乙醇、乙酸和丁酸。     

Photocatalytic degradation pathways and adsorption modes of H-acid in TiO2 suspensions

Effect of adsorption mode on photodegradation of H-acid in TiO2 suspension was studied using DFT calculation,UV-Vis spec-troscopy,FTIR,and ionic chromatography.At pH 2.5,H-acid was adsorbed on TiO2 surfaces by one dissociated sulfonic group.The adsorbed sulfonic group was attacked by surface ·OH,resulting in the production of SO42-and the cleavage of the naphtha-lene ring.At pH 5.0,H-acid was adsorbed on TiO2 surfaces by two sulfonic groups.The two adsorbed sulfonic groups were sim-ultaneously attacked by surface ·OH,leading to a faster initial production of SO42-and initial degradation rate of H-acid than those under pH 2.5.Microscopic adsorption structures may be more important than adsorption amount in controlling the photo-degradation pathways of organic pollutants.     

Study on screening and cultivation conditions of xylanase-producing alkalophilic bacterial

Xylanisthemajorcomponentofplantcellwallsandthemostabundantpentosaninnature.Xylancontainsβ 1,4 linkedd xylosebackboneswitharabinose,4 O methyl d glucuronicacid,andaceticacidsubstituents[1 ] .Thexylan degradingen zymesincludeendoxylanase(1,4 β d xylanxylanohydrolase;EC3.2 .1.8)and β xylosidase (1,4 β d xylanxylanohydrolase;EC 3.2 .1.37) .xylanasedegradesthexylanbackboneintoxylo bioseandxylooligosaccharides,whileβ xylosidasereleasesxylosylresiduesfromthenonreducingendsofxylooligosaccha…