过渡金属材料的电化学储能性能研究

超级电容器是一种电化学能量储存设备,具有功率密度高、充放电速率快、寿命长等优点.依照反应机理,电化学电容可以区分为双电层电容和赝电容.赝电容超级电容器的能量密度高于双电层电容器.过渡金属氧化物和氢氧化物是一类重要的赝电容器电极材料.为了提高赝电容器的性能,大量的研究工作集中在设计具有特殊结构和尺寸的过渡金属氧化物和氢氧化物电极材料方面.作者综述了电极材料的设计、制备以及性能等方面的研究进展,总结了过渡金属的氧化物和氢氧化物在超级电容器方面的研究与应用.     

电化学电容器过渡金属氧化物电极材料的制备方法

综述了近年来电化学过渡金属氧化物电极材料电容器制备方法、讨论了这些方法的优缺点.通过对这些方法的比较,指出溶胶凝胶法最适合制备具有准电容特征的电化学电容器金属氧化物电极材料.     

非对称超级电容器电极材料的研究进展

超级电容器以其高功率、长周期使用寿命、快速充放电和环保等特点已成为最有前途的储能系统之一.然而,传统超级电容器固有的低能量密度严重限制了它们的广泛应用,使用两种不同的电极材料组装的非对称超级电容器具有工作电压窗宽的明显优点,从而显著提高了能量密度.综述了近年来在非对称超级电容器领域取得的进展,重点是对其电极材料的广泛研...     

超级电容器复合电极材料研究现状及展望

超级电容器作为一种存贮密度大,功率密度大的能量存贮装置,其性能优于普通电容器和电池,能很好地适用于备用电源系统。电极材料是超级电容器性能的重要影响因素,本文重点介绍了近几年国内外对金属氧化物—碳材料、碳材料—金属氧化物、金属氧化物—金属氧化物、金属氧化物—导电聚合物这四类复合电极材料的研究现状并对今后的发展方向进行了展望。     

电解液浓度对NiCo_2O_4超级电容器电极材料电化学性能的影响

探讨电解液浓度对NiCo_2O_4超级电容器电极材料电化学性能的影响.以泡沫镍为集流体,采用冷压压片法在10MPa压力下制备NiCo_2O_4超级电容器电极材料,通过CHI660E电化学工作站测试样品的循环伏安、恒流充放电和交流阻抗等电化学性能.研究结果表明:高浓度的KOH电解液有利于改善NiCo_2O_4超级电容器电极材料的电化学性能.     

钴镍基二元超级电容器电极材料的电化学性能

以泡沫镍为集流体,采用压片法,在8MPa压力下制备钴镍基一/二元超级电容器电极材料.通过电化学工作站测试样品的循环伏安、恒流充放电和交流阻抗等电化学性能.研究结果表明,钴镍基二元超级电容器电极材料的综合电化学性能高于相应的一元电极材料.     

超级电容器电极材料的研究进展

超级电容器作为一种新型的电化学储能元件,以充放电效率高、循环寿命长等优点引起研究者的大量关注,而电极材料是决定超级电容器性能的一个关键性因素。常见的电极材料主要有:碳材料、金属化合物材料和导电聚合物材料三大类。当它们单独作为超级电容器电极材料时,碳材料展现高功率密度和优异的循环稳定性,但其比电容较低;而金属化合物和导电聚合物材料具有高比电容,但由于它们导电性差,致使其循环稳定性和倍率性能较差。因此,超级电容器电极材料的研究关注点是碳材料与其他材料组成复合材料,以制备出兼具高比电容、良好循环稳定性和倍率性能的超级电容器电极材料。     

弱结晶二氧化锰超级电容器充放电分析

以等物质的量的高锰酸钾和乙酸锰为原料,采用机械化学法制备出弱结晶型α-MnO2超级电容器电极材料.在1.2V电压内,200mA·g-1电流密度下对对称型超级电容器进行恒流充放电测试.采用XRD法、循环伏安及交流阻抗法对充放电前后电极材料的结构以及电化学性能进行表征,首次采用求斜率法对充放电曲线分析.结果表明:超级电容器表现出法拉第电容与双电层电容的双重特征;在循环过程中,电化学惰性物质Mn3O4生成,循环伏安图中氧化还原峰逐渐消失;充放电曲线的法拉第电容特征逐渐消失而接近双电层电容理想曲线;超级电容器的比容量、等效串联电阻发生了对应的变化,其最大电极比容量达到416F·g-1,经过近500次循环后,比容量为220F·g-1.     

硅基底铜基材料电极制备及其储能特性研究

【目的】以过渡金属氧化物、硫化物、氢氧化物为代表的赝电容材料由于其良好的比电容容值、高功率密度和低成本等优势，被广泛用于宏观常规超级电容器的电极中。然而，当前对于过渡金属电极的研究多采用非常温下合成，辅以导电剂、粘合剂固定的加工工艺，制约了其在以硅基底为主的微型超级电容器(micro-supercapacitor, MSC)中的应用。【方法】在硅基底上沉积了钛集流体和铜薄膜，通过兼容微加工工艺的常温原位氧化法制备了氢氧化铜纳米线，并进一步通过浸泡硫化钠溶液实现了原位硫化。【结论】测试结果表明，在1 mA/cm²的电流密度下，硅基底硫化铜的比电容为166.98 mF/cm²,较氢氧化铜电极提升了6.68倍，500次充放电循环后电容保持率为74.2%,展现了其在硅基微型超级电容器方面广阔的应用前景。     

氧化锰超级电容器电极材料的电化学性能

采用压片法制备超级电容器电极材料,通过扫描电镜和电化学工作站对MnO电极材料进行形貌和电化学表征.结果表明,在KOH电解液中,MnO电极材料具有良好的循环伏安、充放电以及交流阻抗等电化学特性,且具有较高的循环稳定性和比电容保持率.     

超级电容器极化电极材料的研究进展

超级电容器作为储能元件，具有重要的战略意义，与常规的电解电容器相比，明显地提高了比容量、比能量；而与电池相比，虽然比能量较低，但其比功率却是电池的数量级倍数。目前用于制备超级电容在的极化电极材料主要分为碳素材料、金属氧化物材料和导电聚合物材料。简要地介绍了这三类材料的制备、结构、改性、工作原理以及电化学特性，评述了这三类材料的研究进展，这三类材料制作的电容器具有超大功率，长循环寿命等特点，为电动车（EV）以及其他储能器的发展奠定了基础。     

Linear and non-linear pseudocapacitances with or without diffusion control

Pseudocapacitance is an important reversible charge storage mechanism in many electrode materials. Although the concept was first proposed in early 1960s, it has been more widely studied following the observation of rectangular cyclic voltammograms (CVs) when testing some transition metal oxides and electronically conducting polymers, and the association with supercapacitor. However, interpretation of pseudocapacitance is inconsistent in the literature. Although all agree that materials are pseudocapacitive if they undergo Faradaic reactions and exhibit rectangular CVs, some have regarded any surface confined Faradaic reactions which may present non-rectangular or even peak-shaped CVs to be pseudocapacitive. In the case of rectangular CVs, the amount of charge stored in the electrode is a linear function of the electrode potential, whilst for non-rectangular or peak-shaped CVs, the relationship is non-linear. It is shown in this article that only linear pseudocapacitance is of relevance to supercapacitor, but non-linear pseudocapacitance may find applications in rechargeable battery and supercapattery. Further, it is clarified that the equation i ​= ​k₁v ​+ ​k₂v^1/2 is useful in analysis of electrode kinetics in terms of surface confinement and diffusion control. However, this kinetic equation is blind to the thermodynamically determined charge storage mechanisms as shown by experimental evidence, and should not be used to differentiate non-capacitive Faradaic processes from pseudocapacitance, either linear or non-linear.     

富镍三元层状过渡金属氧化物正极材料的改性方法研究综述

富镍三元层状过渡金属氧化物正极材料因具有比容量高、价格低廉以及对环境友好等特性而备受关注,但受锂镍混排、相变反应、产气、微裂纹、过渡金属溶出、表面结构等影响,材料本身存在循环容量衰减等问题。针对正极材料循环容量衰减过快、高温性能不佳等问题,总结了近年来国内外关于富镍三元层状过渡金属氧化物正极材料的改性方法,包括表面包覆材料合成、元素掺杂材料制备、核壳结构材料开发、浓度梯度材料设计等优化方法,指出高镍层状过渡金属氧化物正极材料的应用需要从不断完善材料制备方法、改变材料性状、降低材料成本等方面入手,开发高能量密度的锂离子电池,使富镍三元层状过渡金属氧化物正极材料在动力电池领域尽早得到广泛应用。     

Room-temperature facile synthesis of MnO2on carbon film via UV-photolysis for supercapacitor

A facile UV-photolysis method has been developed to synthesize birnessite-type MnO_2 nanosheets on carbon film at room temperature for supercapacitor electrode materials. The results clearly demonstrated that the specific capacitance of carbon/MnO_2 composite electrodes was controlled by the adjustable UV-photolysis reaction time in KMnO_4 solution. For the optimized composite electrode obtained after 2 h reaction, a superior specific capacitance of 277 Fg~(-1) was achieved at current density of 0.2 Ag~(-1). This finding suggests that UV-photolysis is a potential method to fabricate MnO_2 on carbon film for supercapacitor.     

CNTs/TiO2 composites and its elect rochemical properties after UV light irradiation

Due to the unique structure and special physical and chemical properties, carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have potential applications in supercapacitors. Recently, CNTs and their composites as a kind of supercapacitor electrode material have been made many achievements. In this paper, a CNTs/TiO2 composite was prepared successfully with hydrothermal method, and was used as a supercapacitor electrode material. After the tests on surface chemistry and electrochemical property, it was found that: (1) the capacitance of the CNTs/TiO2 composite electrode increased by 56%, compared with pure CNTs electrode, (2) after UV light irradiation pretreatment, due to the special photoelectric effect of TiO2 which improves the interfacial property and electrochemical property of the composite electrode, the capacitance further increased by 53% when compared with the electrode without the pretreatment, and meanwhile, the cycle life also increased significantly, i.e., the capacitance was up to 97%, after 100 cycles of charge and discharge, (3) due to the improvement of the interfacial property, the ion transport in the composite electrode became smoother, and the pore utilization was also effectively enhanced during high-current charge and discharge, and (4) due to the generation of a large amount of oxygen-containing groups on the TiO 2 surface after UV pretreatment, the CNTs/TiO2 composite electrode earned extra large pseudo capacitance, and therefore the capacitance of the composite electrode was further increased. Based on the experimental results in the present study a new process to improve surface character and electrochemicalproperty of the electrode has been developed by using a metal oxide as both pseudo capacitive material and surface modification material of the composites with a UV light irradiation.     

不同活化方式制备碳电极材料的电化学性能

以碳化后的中间相沥青为原料,分别采用化学活化和物理-化学联合活化工艺制备了超级电容器用活性炭电极材料,对不同活化方式制备的活性炭电极材料的微晶结构、孔径分布、比电容量、循环伏安和交流阻抗特性进行了比较.实验结果表明:采用物理-化学联合活化工艺制备的活性炭电极材料具有更理想的微晶结构和中孔含量.活性炭电极材料的结构与孔隙分布对电性能有明显影响,采用联合活化方式制备的电极材料具有较高的面积比容量、较好的功率特性及较理想的电容特性.     

Ba1-xSrxTiO3(BST)/钙钛矿型氧化物超导薄膜异质结构的研究及发展

钛酸锶钡(Ba1-xSrxTiO3(BST))铁电薄膜材料在集成铁电器件领域具有很大的优势和潜力,BST与铂(Pt)等贵金属电极材料的界面特性限制了BST的实际应用,氧化物超导薄膜代替贵金属材料做底部电极取得了不少突破性的进展,综述了国内外研究人员对Ba1-xSrxTiO3(BST)/钙钛矿型氧化物超导薄膜异质结构和基本介电性能等方面的研究及成果。     

Low-dimensional catalysts for oxygen reduction reaction

Developing highly efficient electrocatalysts to facilitate the sluggish cathodic oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) is a key challenge for high-performance fuel cells. Low-dimensional materials have attracted great attention recently because of their unique structure and properties. In this review, the application of zero-dimensional (0D), one‐dimensional (1D), and two‐dimensional (2D) materials in ORR are discussed and particular attention is given to the relationship between their structure and the ORR activity. Graphene-based materials, transition metal dichalcogenides, transition metal oxide, nanotubes, nanoribbons, nanowires, and single-atom ORR catalysts are introduced and classified by their geometric dimension.     

沸石咪唑骨架衍生空心纳米电极材料可控制备及其电化学性能研究

超级电容器是介于可充电电池和传统电容器之间的一种新型储能器件。它具有高功率密度、快速充放电和环境友好等优点。在众多应用于超级电容器的电极材料中,金属有机骨架材料因具有大的比表面积,可灵活调控的组成和结构,是十分理想的电极材料之一,又由于其易于合成、独特的结构和反应特性,也是制备纳米结构电极材料的理想模板之一。以沸石咪唑骨架（zeolitic lmidazolate framework,ZIF）-67为前驱体,采用二水合钼酸钠盐溶液刻蚀的方法成功制备了空心CoMo 层状双金属氢氧化物（layered double hydroxides, LDH）纳米笼结构,同时还讨论了钼酸钠的用量对最终产物形貌和性能的影响。当用作超级电容器电极材料时,所制备的空心Co₁Mo₅ LDH在1 A/g的时候最多可提供578 F/g的比电容,当电流密度增加到10 A/g时,比电容保持在346 F/g。与活性炭组装成非对称超级电容器后,该储能器件在功率密度750 W/kg时,能量密度最大可达到21.25 W·h/kg。在5 A/g的电流密度下,经过15 000次充放电循环后,仍保持了90%的初始容量。