自蔓延高温合成钙钛矿型人造岩石固化体

采用自蔓延高温合成(SHS)技术制备钙钛矿(CaTiO3)固化体,通过多种现代分析技术研究了钙钛矿固化体的微观组织、浸出率以及其对高放废物的最大包容量.结果表明,固化体样品密度高,孔隙率小,浸出率低,对SrO的包容量可达到35%(质量分数).自蔓延高温合成的钙钛矿人造岩石是固化锶核素的理想固化体.     

SrTiO3固化高放废物浸出性能

研究了钛酸锶(SrTiO3)固化体浸出性能的影响因素. 采用MCC-1浸出法,分析了钛酸锶的浸出率. 实验结果表明:SrTiO3中各种元素的浸出率随时间延长而减小,且都小于0.1g·m-2·d-1,比玻璃固化体浸出率要低2～3个数量级;钛酸锶的化学稳定性好,是比较好的高放废物固化体.     

晶粒生长对铁磷酸盐玻璃陶瓷固化体化学稳定性的影响

铁磷酸盐玻璃陶瓷可用于固化高放核废物。通过改变原料粉末尺寸和热处理的升温速率来控制成核的均匀性和晶核的生长速度,研究了在独居石玻璃陶瓷固化体中晶粒生长对固化体化学稳定性的影响。结果表明：粉末尺寸越小,越有利于形成均匀的晶核,固化体的化学稳定性越好,当粉末粒度小于38μm时浸出率达到最低值;热处理的升温速率越慢,所形成的微晶尺寸越均匀,固化体的化学稳定性越好,当升温速率为1℃／min时,样品的浸出率最低。     

非α中低放废液碱激发胶凝材料固化体性能研究

用碱矿渣胶凝材料对模拟中低放废液进行大体积浇注固化 ,废物包容量 (以硝酸盐计 )可达 1 3 .5 % ,水固比为 0 .3 4,水泥浆体具有良好的流动性和工作性 固化体 2 8d抗压强度为 1 0 .5MPa,孔隙率小于 1 0 % ,在去离子水中 ,固化体Cs 、Sr2 第 42天浸出率 (GB70 2 3 -86,2 5℃ )为2 .5× 1 0 -5、1 .3× 1 0 -6cm·d-1,整个浸出周期累积浸出百分数为 0 .7%和 0 .2 % ;MCC 1P法90℃、2 8dCs 、Sr2 浸出率为 3 .1× 1 0 -4、2 .2× 1 0 -5g·cm-2 ·d-1,浸出百分数为 3 .5 %、0 .2 % ;1 5 0℃时为 5 .6×1 0 -4、3 .0×1 0 -5g·cm-2 ·d-1,浸出百分数为 6.2 %、0 .3 % ,在盐卤溶液中浸出率相差不大 ,表明固化体能有效地持留Cs 、Sr2 ,其他性能均符合大体积浇注的要求     

磷酸盐水泥对137Cs的固化性能

以含95％MgO的重烧镁砂、磷酸盐和硼砂为原料,制备了磷酸盐水泥,研究其对137Cs的固化性能。通过XRD衍射分析、SEM电镜扫描等手段对固化体物相组成及显微结构进行分析,参照国家标准“放射性废物固化体长期浸出试验”（GB7023—86）对固化体进行抗浸出性能试验。结果表明,当以磷酸氢二铵为原料时,137Cs的加入会降低磷酸盐水泥固化体的抗压强度,137Cs的含量越多,强度损失越小;当以磷酸二氢铵为原料时,随着137Cs的加入,强度先减小后增大,掺量为1．6％时强度甚至超过了空白体系;以磷酸二氢钾为原料时,137Cs的加入会使强度减小,减小程度和掺量关系的规律性不明显。以磷酸二氢铵、磷酸二氢钾为原料的固化体抗压强度明显优于以磷酸氢二铵为原料的固化体。以磷酸二氢铵为原料的固化体,137Cs的42d浸出率和累计浸出分数低至2．1×10-4（em·d11）和7．74×10^-3cm,强度值和浸出率均优于国家标准相关要求,表明了磷酸盐水泥对137Cs有良好的固化效果。     

大体积浇注碱矿渣水泥中低放废液固化研究

用高掺量沸石碱矿渣水泥对模拟中低放废液进行大体积浇注固化,废物包容量(以硝酸盐计)为13.5%,水固比为0.34,水泥浆体具有良好的工作性.在去离子水中,固化体Cs+、Sr2+第42 d浸出率(GB7023-86、25℃)为2.5×10-5、1.3×10-6cm@d-1,整个浸出周期累积浸出百分数为0.7%和0.2%;MCC-1P法90℃28 d Cs+、Sr2+浸出率为3.1×10-4、2.2×10-5g@cm-2@d-1,浸出百分数为3.5%、0.2%;150℃时为5.6×10-4、3.0×10-5g@cm-2@d-1,浸出百分数为6.2%、0.3%,在盐卤溶液中浸出率相差不大,表明固化体能有效地持留Cs+、Sr2+,其他性能均符合大体积浇注的要求.     

城市垃圾焚烧飞灰的水洗脱氯与水泥固化技术

利用水洗脱氯和水泥固化对垃圾焚烧飞灰进行固化/稳定化处理,研究了液固比对焚烧飞灰中氯和重金属的脱除效果的影响,以及水泥添加量和养护时间对固化体密度、抗压强度和重金属浸出毒性的影响。结果表明：水洗过程对氯离子的脱除率为60.11-74.64%,当液固比L/S=20 mL/g时,氯离子的脱除率达到最高的74.64%,但重金属Cr、Cu、Ni 和Zn在水洗过程的脱除率都小于2%。随着水泥添加量和养护时间的增加,固化体密度和抗压强度呈逐渐增大趋势。当水洗焚烧飞灰含量为10-70%时,固化体中重金属Cr、Cu、Ni 和Zn的浸出浓度远低于GB5085.3-2007规定的浸出阈值。     

微波辅助芬顿试剂降解放射性阳树脂及水泥固化研究

以001×7型阳树脂为研究对象,Sr(Ⅱ)为模拟元素,开展微波辅助芬顿试剂法降解研究,在1 h内阳树脂降解率达98. 5%,实现了树脂的高效降解。对降解液体成分和核素分布分析表明:废液中无固体残余,主要为有机小分子,冷凝液中存在较低的核素,气体主要成分为O_2,SO_2,CO_2,基本无Sr(Ⅱ)存在。针对降解液开展了水泥固化研究,评估了水泥固化体的抗压强度、抗冻融性及抗浸出性等理化性能。研究发现降解液的pH值对固化体性能影响较大,较低的COD值对水泥固化体的性能影响较小。经调节p H值后降解液水泥固化体养护28 d后抗压强度大于30 MPa,抗冻融性能良好,42 d浸出率和累计浸出分数分别为6. 34×10~(-3)cm·d~(-1)和3. 15×10~(-2)cm。     

锆英石基三价锕系模拟核素固化体的性能

为研究锆英石基三价锕系模拟核素固化体的性能,利用Eu^3＋作为三价锕系核素模拟替代物质,以ZrO2、SiO2和Eu2O3粉体为原料采用高温固相法成功制备了包容Eu^3＋为20％（以摩尔计,下同）的锆英石基固化体。利用粉末x射线衍射仪、扫描电子显微镜和电感耦合等离子体质谱仪对固化体的物相、结构、微观形貌及模拟核索的浸出率进行了研究。结果表明：固化体中虽包容有20％的Eu^3＋,但其主物相仍以锆英石物相为主,与标准样品相比晶胞参数发生10^-5～10^-4 nm量级的微弱变化。固化体的粒度主要集中在2～3μm,以板块状为主,在pH=6．5的HCl浸出液中Eu^3＋的平衡浓度小于0．4μg／L。     

沸石基地聚合物固化核素Sr~(2+)的性能及机制

"沸石原位转化地聚合物固化核素"可实现中低放射性核废液"吸附浓缩-固化"处置的一体化。该文在研究水玻璃模数、碱灰比和偏高岭土掺量对沸石基地聚合物抗压强度影响的基础上,探讨了沸石基地聚合物固化模拟核素锶Sr2+的性能及机制。研究结果表明,水玻璃模数在0.8~1.5时有利于制备出高强度的地聚合物;偏高岭土中硅铝成分活性大于4A沸石,但添加过量偏高岭土使反应体系硅铝比减小,反而导致其强度降低;地聚合物固化体性能优良,28d抗压强度为19 MPa;固化体在酸性和中性介质中42 d的浸出率和累积浸出分数均低于国家标准。X射线衍射(XRD)分析表明,Sr2+取代部分原料中的Na+进入地聚合物中,发生了吸附固化和胶凝相的物理包裹。红外(IR)分析表明,模拟核素锶可能通过化学键的形式进入地聚合物的三维网络结构实现固化。X射线光电子能谱(XPS)分析进一步表明,锶与含硅官能团发生了反应,促进了硅酸的聚合作用。     

Combustion characteristics of aluminium-iron oxidein SHS-gravitational process

In order to get high quality of products, the combustion of aluminium-iron oxide thermite in SHS-gravitational process must be under control. The effects of thermite filling density, hole in thermite and inclined angle of pipe on combustion rate were studied. It shows that the combustion rate decreases with the decrease of filling density. The thermite combusts downwards the pipe much more quickly if there are holes in the thermite. And the combustion rate increases with the increase of the inclined angle of pipe. The experiment results show that the combustion of thermite is predominantly controlled by gas phase reaction, which is attributed to the high temperature of the thermite combustion.     

爆炸载荷下多孔材料中理论初始冲击波特性

目的 研究爆炸载荷下初始孔隙度对多孔材料中初始冲击波的影响特性理论,方法 从经典爆轰理论出发,结合多孔材料冲击Ｈｕｇｏｎｉｏｔ方程,建立多孔材料中初始冲击波参数理论模型,结果 初始孔隙地多孔材料中初始冲击波影响特性的理论计算结果与实验吻合较好,结论采用理论模型可有效预估爆炸载荷下多孔材料中的初始冲击性。     

瓦斯爆炸事故有毒有害气体传播规律研究及危险区域划分

对矿井瓦斯爆炸事故有毒有害气体传播规律进行了研究,建立了有毒有害气体在无风巷道扩散数学模型及有毒有害气体在通风网络中传播数学模型,并划分了瓦斯爆炸产生有毒有害气体传播的死亡区、重伤区、轻伤区,为瓦斯爆炸事故救援和安全评价提供了理论基础.     

铝热焊接在熄焦车轨道改造中的应用

介绍了熄焦车轨道改造前存在的问题,对铝热焊接进行了理论分析,阐述了铝热焊接行车轨道的社会效益及经济效益。     

镁合金表面反应热喷涂陶瓷涂层制备及性能

采用SHS反应火焰喷涂技术,把Al-CuO系铝热剂引入到喷涂材料中,在AZ91D表面成功制备了Al2O3基复相陶瓷涂层.试验结果表明,SHS反应热喷涂层抗热震性明显优于普通热喷涂层,热震次数可达40次左右,若辅以Ni-Al打底,喷后重熔工艺可使涂层热震到50次时仍完好无损;喷涂试样耐蚀性随着致密性的增大而提高,反应热喷涂层耐蚀性比基体提高36倍;Ni-Al打底,喷后重熔后可提高至基体的160倍:清漆封孔后几乎不发生腐蚀,耐蚀性最好.     

Effect of the withdrawal rate on the microstructure and thermal durability of a third-generation single crystal superalloy

Single crystal Ni-based superalloys are the typical structural materials for high-pressure turbine blades, and their microstructure is critical in determining their mechanical properties. The withdrawal rate is a key parameter affecting the microstructure during the single crystal growth process. In the present work the effect of the withdrawal rate on the microstructure of a third-generation single crystal superalloy containing 6.8 ?wt% Re has been investigated, and the creep resistance of the alloy determined. The results showed that increased withdrawal rate refined the dendritic structure, reduced dendritic arm spacing, promoted the growth of secondary tertiary dendrites and decreased solidification segregation with a reduced size of γ′ phase. The porosity density of the as-cast alloy first decreased and then increased with the withdrawal rate, while the minimum porosity densityoccurred when the alloy was under the solidification condition of withdrawal rate of 4.5 ?mm/min. The maximum creep rupture life of 326.4 ?h of the heat-treated alloys under the test condition of 1100 ?°C/140 ?MPa also appeared at the alloys under the withdrawal rates of 4.5 ?mm/min. It is believed that the minimum porosity density and reduced size of the γ′ phase may be the main reasons for the enhanced creep rupture life of the alloys with withdrawal rates of 4.5 ?mm/min. This investigation provides theoretical support and a practical basis for the development of third-generation single crystal superalloys.     

Mechanical properties and fracture toughness of rail steels and thermite welds at low temperature

Brittle fracture occurs frequently in rails and thermite welded joints, which intimidates the security and reliability of railway service. Railways in cold regions, such as Qinghai-Tibet Railway, make the problem of brittle fracture in rails even worse. A series of tests such as uniaxial tensile tests, Charpy impact tests, and three-point bending tests were carried out at low temperature to investigate the mechanical properties and fracture toughness of U71Mn and U75V rail steels and their thermite welds. Fracture micromechanisms were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) on the fracture surfaces of the tested specimens. The ductility indices (percentage elongation after fracture and percentage reduction of area) and the toughness indices (Charpy impact energy A_k and plane-strain fracture toughness K_IC) of the two kinds of rail steels and the corresponding thermite welds all decrease as the temperature decreases. The thermite welds are more critical to fracture than the rail steel base metals, as indicated by a higher yield-to-ultimate ratio and a much lower Charpy impact energy. U71Mn rail steel is relatively higher in toughness than U75V, as demonstrated by larger A_k and K_IC values. Therefore, U71Mn rail steel and the corresponding thermite weld are recommended in railway construction and maintenance in cold regions.     

Risk-analysis-based research and application of land use planning

The establishments which produce,store and use kinds of inflammable,explosive or toxic materials may induce accident,such as fire,explosion or poisonous gas dispersion,etc. Therefore,there is a need to locate these establishments appropriately and conduct land use planning in the vicinity of these establishments based on risk analysis. Consulting advanced experience which obtained from land-use planning in European countries,this paper studied on locating hazardous establishment based on risk index,land-use...     

铝热剂中铝粉保护膜受热失效的实验研究

对铝热剂中铝粉保护膜受热失效机制进行了实验研究.在空气中加热铝粉,铝粉柱电阻由无穷大降至金属级,500℃和600℃附近点为2个突降域;温度430℃时铝粉形貌变化微小,670℃时已完全破裂;铝热剂粉末在600℃加热后仍为粉末,700℃加热后凝结为坚固的块体.实验结果表明,铝热剂中粒径约30μm铝粉的保护膜在约100℃时已被胀裂,500℃时因膜的相变收缩使开裂程度陡然加剧而部分失效;铝熔化后保护膜完全失效,铝液流动铺展到相邻铝粉和氧化铁粉表面.     

混料工艺对Al+Fe2O3铝热剂燃烧特性的影响

从热力学和动力学的角度研究了铝热剂的压坯及离心-SHS燃烧特性,结果表明,混料工艺改变了铝热剂的性能及颗粒结构,影响了铝热剂燃烧放热和燃烧模式,进而影响压坯与离心-SHS的点燃和燃烧过程.