Microstructure and Element Composition of Shell Plates of Liolophura japonica

The microstructure characteristics of shell plates of chiton Liolophura japonica Lischke were analyzed using environmental scanning electron microscopy (ESEM). The results show that the internal structure of the shell plate of chiton Liolophura japonica is composed of seven calcium layers which were crossed lamellar crystallites, homogeneous structure, granular crystallites, and trabecular type crystallites. The element compositions of shell plates were analyzed using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The results determined by XPS show that the surface chemical states of various layers are different. There are 13 elements (Na, O, N, C, S, P, Ca, Cl, Si, Al, K, Fe, Mg) on the shell plate of chiton L. japonica. Among the 13 elements, 11 are on the outside pigment layer except K and S. Among seven layers of shell plate, there is the largest quantity of elements on the outside pigment layer, and the least quantity of elements is on layer C (Articulamentum auctorum). There are 7 elements on the layer C (Articulamentum auctorum). Besides calcium carbonate, there are some inorganic compounds on the shell plate, such as NaCl, MgO, Al2O3, silicate, sulfate and phosphate. There are some organic chemical components, such as carbohydrate, organic sulfide, and organic nitride on the shell plates.     

Analysis of diversity of CO I gene and system generation of nine species of chitons

Cytochrome c oxidase subunit Ⅰ(COⅠ) genes from 9 chiton species in China’s coast area were sequenced. A phylogeny tree about these gene sequences were reconstructed together with other 4 COⅠgene sequences of chitons from Genbank. The affinity genetic relationship and the taxonomic status of molecular evolution for these 13 chiton species were analyzed. The results show that Liolophura japonica and Onithochiton hirasei belong to Chitonidae, Acanthochiton rubrolineatus and Acanthochiton dissimilis belong to Acanthochitonidae, and Placiphorella japonica and Mopalia retifera belong to the same family Mopliidae. However, Lepidozona coreanica, Ischnochiton comptus, and Ischnochiton hakodadensis are not supposed to be referred to Ischnochi-tonidae according to the genetic distance analysis (L. coreanica, I. comptus, and I. hakodadensis are usually classed as Ischnochitonidae according to their morphological character). Furthermore, I. hakodadensis could not been classed as Ischnochiton, and it is more likely to be treated as a close relative of Lepidozona.     

Articulated Palaeozoic fossil with 17 plates greatly expands disparity of early chitons

Modern chitons (Mollusca: Polyplacophora) possess a highly conserved skeleton of eight shell plates (valves) surrounded by spicules or scales, and fossil evidence suggests that the chiton skeleton has changed little since the first appearance of the class in the Late Cambrian period (about 500 million years before present, Myr bp). However, the Palaeozoic problematic taxon Multiplacophora, in spite of having a more complex skeleton, shares several derived characters with chitons. The enigmatic status of the Multiplacophora is due in part to the fact that its members had an exoskeleton of numerous calcium carbonate valves that usually separated after death. A new articulated specimen from the Carboniferous period (about 335 Myr bp) of Indiana reveals that multiplacophorans had a dorsal protective surface composed of head and tail valves, left and right columns of overlapping valves (five on each side), and a central zone of five smaller valves, all surrounded by an annulus of large spines. Here we describe and name the articulated specimen and present evidence that multiplacophorans were chitons. Thus the highly conserved body plan of living chitons belies the broad disparity of this clade during the Palaeozoic era.     

福建沿海多板类齿舌形态的比较研究

多板纲(Polyplacophora)在软体动物的系统分类中具有重要的地位.应用10%NaOH溶液烧煮齿舌部获得可清晰观察的舌齿带的方法,对福建沿海7种常见多板类软体动物的齿舌(radula)形态作了详细的比较研究,结果表明,多板类齿舌上每一横列舌齿恒为17枚,对称排列,其中以内侧齿端部形态的种间差异显著,在系统分类上具有重要意义.在国内首次根据多板类软体动物的齿舌形态差异及外部形态特征编制福建沿海多板类软体动物分类检索表,并提出与传统分类不同的观点.     

球壳板一次成型切割技术

大型球罐用球壳板为不可展曲面,且厚度往往达30 mm～50 mm,采用传统的下料方法无法得到要求精度的工件,为此大多都采用二次下料切割方法。采用反向法板料成形毛坯设计方法对公司生产中所使用的大型球罐用球壳板材进行了下料设计,建立了数据库,形成完整的球壳板一次成型工艺,有力支持了大型球罐的生产。     

Nano-magnetic material in the radula teeth of chiton Acanthochiton rubrolinestus Lischke

In this note, relationships among the components, structure distribution and easy magnetization direction, structure of magnetic domain of nano-magnetic material in the major mature lateral radula teeth of chiton A. rubrolinestus Lischke are probed by using the high resolution transmission electron microscope (HRTEM), the scanning electron microscope (SEM), the magnetic force microscope (MFM) and the super-conducting quantum interference device (SQUID) magnetometer from the point of view of magnetism to provide a basis for comprehending biologic function of the magnetic radula.     

Nano-magnetic material in the radula teeth of chiton Acan-thochiton rubrolinestus Lischke

In this note, relationships among the components, structure distribution and easy magnetization direction, structure of magnetic domain of nano-magnetic material in the major mature lateral radula teeth of chiton A.rubrolinestus Lischke are probed by using the high resolution transmission electron microscope (HRTEM), the scanning electron microscope (SEM), the magnetic force microscope (MFM) and the super-conducting quantum interference device (SQUID) magnetometer from the point of view of magnetism to provide a basis for comprehending biologic function of the magnetic radula.``     

乌龟卵壳结构的研究

本文对乌龟卵壳在扫描电镜下的微观结构进行了研究.乌龟卵壳主要由钙质层与壳膜组成.钙质层由霰石状态的碳酸钙晶体组成,可分为许多个壳单位,每个壳单位由同一中心辐射出来的针状晶体构成.卵壳的外表面具有一定的饰纹,有些部位还分布有纵横交错的有机纤维和块状的有机物质.壳膜由多层网状纤维组成,没有内、外壳膜之分.龟卵在孵化过程中不形成气室.同时对孵化前后龟卵壳的结构进行了对比研究.     

水下爆炸载荷下充水多壳体结构动态响应计算方法

海军潜艇结构中,采用多壳体结构是一种新的结构设计形式.多壳体结构由轻外壳和多个耐压壳结构组成.当其遭受水下爆炸冲击时,由于舷间流体和多耐压壳结构的存在,使得冲击载荷的传播机理更加复杂,至今尚未建立合理可行的工程化方法进行描述.针对该复杂传播过程,在2阶双重渐进近似方法（DAA2）基础上,对内流场采用空化声学元（CAFE）,推导出其流固耦合控制方程,然后采用经典充水3维球壳问题进行验证,精度良好.最后,开展多壳体结构舱段动响应试验验证,分别从速度、加速度和冲击环境进行计算和试验数据比对,研究结果表明精度良好,验证了计算方法的正确性.      

金银花对RNA病毒蛋白酶活性的影响

基于分子对接和实验验证分析金银花不同溶剂提取物及主要成分抗RNA病毒蛋白酶的活性。利用TCMSP(traditional Chinese medicine systems pharmacology)构建金银花小分子配体库,采用药物分子设计模拟SYBYL 2.1.1软件分析金银花与HIV-1蛋白酶和Cathepsin L蛋白酶结合情况。通过荧光法验证金银花不同溶剂提取物(水提物、30%醇提物、60%醇提物和85%醇提物)抗HIV-1和Cathepsin L蛋白酶的活性。收集金银花22个化学成分,其中21个活性成分与HIV-1蛋白酶有较好的结合,金银花抗HIV-1蛋白酶活性强于Cathepsin L蛋白酶。金银花水提物、30%醇提物、60%醇提物和85%醇提物具有抗HIV-1的活性,IC₅₀分别为0.14、0.015、0.05、0.121 mg/mL,其中30%醇提物具有较好的抗HIV-1的活性。金银花不同溶剂提取物未发现有强烈抑制组织蛋白酶的活性,实验结果和计算机筛选结果具有一致性。初步明确金银花抗HIV-1蛋白酶和Cathepsin L蛋白酶活性,为抗病毒药物的开...     

加筋双层壳流固耦联振动数值分析

本文用有限元分析了双层加筋壳体的流固耦联振动特性.利用达朗贝尔原理和哈密顿变分原理推导出系统运动方程;对双层加筋壳体的动力特性进行了系列计算,并与实测值进行了比较.     

聚合物包覆的氧化锌纳米晶体的制备和表面标定

纳米晶体的性质不仅由表面原子所占的大的组分决定, 而且由晶粒表面的晶相结构决定, 因此对纳米晶体的表面的晶相结构的了解是很有必要的. 氧化锌具有独特的物理和化学性质, 所以它被认为是一种比较有应用前景的3维有序组装结构的基本构造单元. 利用胶体化学法和尺寸选择制备了4～5 nm大小的PVP包覆的氧化锌纳米晶体. 用X射线衍射(XRD), 高分辨透射电镜(HR-TEM), 选区电子衍射(SAED), 紫外可见吸收光谱(ABS)和荧光光谱(PL)对氧化锌的晶体结构和表面晶相结构进行表征, 发现氧化锌晶体是结晶     

局部双层去顶网壳参数化设计与力学分析

为研究局部双层去顶球面网壳力学性能,进而选出适用于大跨度露天结构的网壳类型,应用ANSYS软件的程序设计语句APDL(ANSYS parametric design language),研制了6类局部双层去顶网壳的参数化模型设计程序,并对6类网壳的静力性能及影响要素做出对比分析.研究结果表明:该模型设计程序简单实用,为结构在不同几何参数下的力学性能分析带来了极大便利;结构几何参数对其力学性能影响较复杂,且网壳最顶圈为结构薄弱部位;联方型在6类网壳中受力性能相对最好,可在大跨度露天结构中优先考虑.     

约束屈曲支撑在落地球形网壳中的减震效果分析

利用非线性有限元理论,对屈曲约束支撑在落地球形网壳中的减震性能进行研究.假设钢材为理想弹塑性,通过大型有限元分析软件ANSYS进行参数化建模并对算例进行具体分析.模型中的结构杆件采用Beam188单元,支撑部件采用Link8单元.在罕遇地震作用下对结构进行动力响应分析.根据约束屈曲支撑的力学性能对其进行10种方式的布置,并对10种布置方式的减震效果进行分析,得出较为合理的支撑布置方式,在最优布置下的减震效果可以达到20％.     

钢板件考虑损伤的滞回性能分析

在结构钢弹塑性各向异性损伤本构模型的基础上，采用U.L格式的壳体大挠度双重非线性有限元分析方法，对四边简支板件进行面内拉压循环荷载作用下的滞回性能分析，结合GBJ17－88塑性设计中对箱型截面翼缘宽厚比限值的规定，提出新的建议。     

无拉力Winkler地基上板弯曲问题求解的广义协调元法

为求解无拉力 Winkler地基上厚、薄板受任意荷载作用板弯曲问题 ,以广义协调理论为基础 ,从板 -地基接触系统的分区广义势能泛函出发 ,通过建立和分析板单元区、地基单元区和连接板 -地基的接触单元区的势能泛函 ,提出求解板 -地基接触问题的广义协调元法 ;并构造了两个广义协调矩形板 -地基接触单元 FZC11和 FZC12。应用单元 FZC11和 FZC12的数值计算验证了按文中方法构造单元分析无拉力 Winkler地基上板弯曲问题是有效的。     

南海七种海藻的多糖组成分析

采用3种不同的柱前衍生化方法分别对海藻多糖的水解产物进行前处理,并用GC-MS法分析该海藻多糖的单糖组成.比较可知,糖腈乙酸酯衍生化法的效果最佳.应用该前处理方法对海带、亨氏马尾藻、孔石莼、刺松藻、小石花菜、龙须菜和蜈蚣藻等7种海藻多糖的单糖组成及含量进行了分析可知,以上海藻多糖均含有半乳糖,大多数含有木糖,且海带、亨氏马尾藻和蜈蚣藻多糖含有岩藻糖.     

用日本蟹壳生产优质甲壳素的工艺研究

研究用日本蟹（Charybdisjaponica）壳提取优质甲壳素的生产工艺,结果表明：采用文献报道的生产方法,日本蟹壳生产的甲壳素与其它原料不同,其上有一层毛状物,导致产品质量不能符合要求;日本蟹壳厚而硬,应采取二酸二碱的生产工艺;一般的化学方法难以将这层毛状物去除;采用回流水洗可将其磨去从而提高产品的质量。     

日本七鳃鳗体态变型的观测研究

为进一步揭示日本七鳃鳗由以两背鳍相分离为特征的非产卵态体型变为产卵时(含产后)两背鳍相连接的产卵态体型这一体态变型现象,选取了27项体态特征可量性状,对从日本海回归 内河的日本七鳃鳗性成熟产卵群体不同时季3种类群共116尾(♀♀55,♂♂61)标本进行了系 统测量。对每一性状均用统计处理数据按类群分雌雄进行了统计学差异显著性检验对比,从而揭示出了日本七鳃鳗溯入内河时至翌春产卵前特别是产卵活动体态变型时躯体各部位具体 的变化情形。     

剪切非线性对轴向受压下复合材料层合板和壳稳定性的影响

本文应用 Ｈ·Ｔ·Ｈａｈｎ和 Ｓ·Ｗ·Ｔｓａｉ提出的考虑剪切非线性效应的复合材 料本构关系．讨沦了剪切非线性对轴压下层合板和圆柱壳的稳定性的影响，通过数例 分析指出剪切非线性不仅对板和壳体的屈曲载荷有不同程度的影响，而且使失稳的波 形也发生改变．