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NIH未来医学研究领域及战略 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
周林 《世界科技研究与发展》2005,27(3):93-98
美国国立卫生院(National Institutes of Health,NIH)是当今世界上最著名的医学领域研究和管理机构。2003年9月该机构公布了未来10年能导致生命科学原创发现的重点研究领域和研究战略。重点研究领域包括:1.生物学通道和网络研究,重点是蛋白组学和代谢组学研究。2.建立分子库和分子图像及筛选中心,开展化学信息学研究和分子图像探针合成关键设备研制。3.结构生物学研究领域。4.生物信息学和计算生物学研究领域。5.纳米医学研究领域。研究战略之一是加强未来医学研究队伍建设,重点支持高风险研究,建立多学科交叉研究队伍和建立政府和私人机构的合作联系。研究战略之二是重铸临床研究,重点加快科学发现向临床应用转化的研究,加强临床工作人员的培训和建立临床研究网络。NIH确定的研究领域和研究战略对加速分子医学革命的到来有重要意义,对我国生命科学研究和宏观管理具有极大的参考价值。 相似文献
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Exploratory inquiry has difficulty attracting research funding because funding agencies have little sense of how to detect good science in exploratory contexts. After documenting and explaining the focus on hypothesis testing among a variety of institutions responsible for distinguishing between good and bad science, I analyze the NIH grant review process. I argue that a good explanation for the focus on hypothesis testing—at least at the level of science funding agencies—is the fact that hypothesis-driven research is relatively easy to appraise. I then explore one method by which we might gauge the epistemic merits of different styles of inquiry. 相似文献
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周林 《世界科技研究与发展》2005,27(1):93-99
本文通过研究美国国立卫生院(NIH)基金的资助领域和重点以及管理方式,对了解和把握当前和未来医学研究方向和发展趋势有重要的指导意义,同时为改进基金管理提供依据。研究发现,NIH采用院内和院外资助相结合的方式,既保证了原始创新性项目得到资助,又保证了对国家重要研究项目的资助。在支持常见病、多发病的研究同时,也重视罕见疾病的研究和疾病预防以及普及公民教育,同时对未来医学发展趋势提出了战略性指南。此外,项目管理中的同行评议制度保证了项目的水平和评审客观性,将项目研究经费和行政管理费独立拨付,有利于项目完成和经费管理以及调动承担项目单位的积极性。 相似文献
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严利人 《世界科技研究与发展》2006,(2)
在集成电路制造中,通常采用各电学参数的测试值来衡量和评价工艺效果。一种可能的工艺后果是,出现了测量结果偏离预定目标的第I类工艺缺陷。传统上的基于SPC的工艺控制技术,不含工艺诊断的内容,在寻找造成工艺失效的原因时,存在着巨大的困难。本文对集成电路制造过程中所涉及到的几类重要参数间的关系,进行了详细的分析,由此确定造成诊断问题困难的根本原因,在于测试现象与工艺故障因素之间是多对多的关系。通过正交化的方法,可以将测试参数转化成为一组广义参数。广义参数与故障因素之间存在着一对一的联系。这样就找到了一种有效的,从异常的广义参数值确定失效原因的工艺诊断方法。本文对第I类工艺诊断的技术进行了讨论。在集成电路制造自自治系统中,对于I类工艺缺陷的纠正过程,也就是工艺结果不断向工艺目标趋近的过程。 相似文献
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周林 《世界科技研究与发展》2004,(6)
中美医学科学研究体系与管理有以下特点 :(1)资助和管理的政府机构 ,我国主要有国家科学技术部、国家自然科学基金委员会和国家卫生部 ;美国主要是国立卫生院 (NationalInstitutesofHealth ,NIH)。 (2 )项目的资助模式上 ,我国为“3+ 2”计划体系 ,即三大项目体系 (国家高技术研究发展项目计划 ,国家科技攻关计划和基础研究计划 )和两大科技平台条件建设体系 (研究开发条件建设计划和科技产业化环境建设计划 ) ,不同基金资助基础到产业化研究的不同阶段和类别 ;NIH基金按疾病领域、经费和院内、外研究机构 ,从基础、应用基础和平台条件建设以及产业化整体系统资助。 (3)管理和运行模式上 ,我国有两种模式 ,一是国家部委到地方科委再到高校和科研院所 ,二是国家部委直接到各高校和科研院所 ;NIH直接到高校和各科研院所。 (4)基金的构成特点上 ,我国医学科学研究来自三大项目和两大条件计划体系的每个部分 ,申请项目必须根据项目研究的不同性质和阶段找准计划体系中不同计划的特定资助方向 ;NIH基金系统支持医学研究的各个领域和不同研究阶段。 (5 )经费的投入上 ,我国医学科研经费投入约占总科研经费投入的 2 0 %左右 ,历年投入总和只相当于NIH一年经费的几十分之一。 (6 )规划计划上 ,NIH宏观和微观相结 相似文献
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Qiongbing Wu;Rebel A. Cole; 《Journal of forecasting》2024,43(5):1212-1234
Utilizing a simple time-varying hazard model, we incorporate nationwide and state-level economic variables with banking-industry and bank-level data to examine U.S. bank failures during 1977–2019. We find that bank-level financial conditions are more essential in predicting bank failure, although macro factors affect the failure likelihood of vulnerable banks. We also find that banking-industry market variables are significant predictors. Unlike bank systemic funding cost whose predictive power is subsumed in the presence of macroeconomic variables, banking-industry market performance has a significantly independent predictive power on bank failure. This finding is novel to existing literature of bank-failure forecast and has important policy implications. 相似文献
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Montserrat Manzaneque Domingo GarcíA‐Pérez‐De‐Lema Marcos Antón Renart 《Journal of forecasting》2015,34(4):275-289
The aim of this study was to answer the question of how the economic cycle affects the stability and efficiency of business failure prediction models, using bootstrap replacement method for validation. We analyse 2228 Spanish small and medium‐sized enterprises for the period 2001–2009, and divide it into three different phases of the economic cycle (growth, crisis, recession). We find that the structure and the ability of business failure prediction models are different according to the economic cycle. These findings are relevant for the debate on the most suitable financial ratios when developing business failure prediction models and to pose their accuracy level in these prediction models. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
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Summary Cell and organotypical cultures are used to study the direct effect of serotonin and of ketanserin, a serotonin antagonist, on dermal and epidermal cells of embryonic chick skin. Ketanserin stimulates the increase in cell number and inhibits the differentiation, whereas serotonin stimulates differentiation and inhibits the increase in cell number. 相似文献
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严利人 《世界科技研究与发展》2006,28(3):1-6
集成电路制造过程结束后,对所关心的电特性参数进行测试,测试结果不可避免地存在着或大或小的波动起伏。电学参数方面的过大波动将带来成品率极大下降,造成第II类工艺故障。本文通过一个实例,详细地介绍了一个用于第II类工艺故障诊断的通用性方法。在对诊断实例进行详细分析的基础上,对于诊断方法本身的特点进行了进一步的讨论。基于正交变换的技术,可以将PCM测试参数转化为一组统计不相关的广义参数,作者特别注意到若干广义参数,它们在所有样本点上的测试值保持为常数。本文结束于对不变参数的初步讨论。 相似文献
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P. Gillery F. Coustry J. -P. Pujol J. -P. Borel 《Cellular and molecular life sciences : CMLS》1989,45(1):98-101
Summary Interleukin-1 (II-1) was added to collagen lattice cultures of human skin fibroblasts. No cell division was induced, the ability of fibroblasts to contract the lattices was decreased and a dose-related inhibition of collagen synthesis without effect on non-collagen proteins was found. Indomethacin had no influence on these effects. 相似文献
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利用FLAC模拟了不同围压下圆形巷道围岩岩爆过程中的声发射及能量释放过程。利用8个FISH函数开挖巷道,统计破坏单元数目及破坏单元在应变软化阶段的能量释放总量和能量释放率。模拟分为3步:首先,将静水压力施加在模型上,直到达到静力平衡状态;然后开挖巷道;最后,重新计算,直到达到静力平衡状态或者塑性流动状态。模拟结果表明,当围压较高时,开挖巷道后的围岩的声发射活动呈现间歇式上升特征;而当围压较低时,开挖巷道后的围岩中的声发射活动最终趋于平静;随着围压的增加,能量释放现象出现得早些,声发射累计数、释放的弹性应变能都增加。在开挖巷道后的围岩中,发生剪破坏的单元释放的弹性应变能总量大于发生拉破坏的,最高的剪应变能释放率大于最高的拉应变能释放率。 相似文献
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E. Menegola M. Prati M. L. Broccia R. Ricolfi E. Giavini 《Cellular and molecular life sciences : CMLS》1995,51(4):394-397
Rat embryos of 9.5 or 10 days of gestation were removed from control or streptozotocin-diabetic mothers and cultured in normal rat serum (180 mg% glucose) or in diabetic serum (600 mg% glucose). The development of control embryos in normal serum was adequate. Embryos from normal mothers cultured in diabetic serum showed signs of developmental retardation. The development of embryos obtained from diabetic mothers was severely impaired, regardless of the gestational age or the culture medium. These results suggest that a diabetic maternal milieu produces irreversible effects in the embryo very early in gestation. 相似文献
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E. D. Avner W. E. Sweeney Jr N. P. Piesco D. Ellis 《Cellular and molecular life sciences : CMLS》1986,42(1):77-80
Summary Cystic kidneys from the mutant CPK strain of C57BL/6J mice were cultured in serum-free organ culture. During 120 h of incubation in chemically-defined medium, CPK cystic tubular changes underwent complete regression. Environmental factors regulate the expression of genetically determined polycystic kidney disease in this model. 相似文献
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看门的狗技术是计算机控制系统抗干扰设计的一个主要措施。本文分析了在实际应用中看门狗存在的自身失效问题和由于看门狗复位对微机系统的影响问题,探讨了问题发生的机理并提出了相应的解决方案。实例证明本文提出的措施可有效增强微机控制系统的运行稳定性。 相似文献
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大容量、高转速水泵水轮机主轴密封相对常规水轮机主轴密封更容易发生故障。分析3种典型水泵水轮机主轴密封即平衡式流体静压径向双端面机械密封、非平衡水压自调整轴向式分瓣机械型平面密封、弹簧复位式浮动型双端面机械密封的结构、工作原理和故障发生原因,提出了这3种水泵水轮机主轴密封的故障处理方法。 相似文献
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研究了一个不可靠混杂双设备生产线系统。对此系统而言,每台设备可以出现多种故障模式,并且缓冲区也可能发生故障。在离散模型的基础上,分析了系统状态概率的变迁情况,给出了相应的求解方法及算法,探讨并发展了一种评价多故障混杂生产线系统性能的近似解析方法。仿真结果证明了该方法的有效性。 相似文献
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Case‐based reasoning (CBR) is considered a vital methodology in the current business forecasting area because of its simplicity, competitive performance with modern methods, and ease of pattern maintenance. Business failure prediction (BFP) is an effective tool that helps business people and entrepreneurs make more precise decisions in the current crisis. Using CBR as a basis for BFP can improve the tool's utility because CBR has the potential advantage in making predictions as well as suggestions compared with other methods. Recent studies indicate that an ensemble of various techniques has the possibility of improving the performance of predictive model. This research focuses on an early investigation on predicting business failure using a CBR ensemble (CBRE) forecasting method constructed from the use of random similarity functions (RSF), dubbed RSF‐based CBRE. Four issues are discussed: (i) the reasons for the use of RSF as the basis in the CBRE forecasting method for BFP; (ii) the means to construct the RSF‐based CBRE forecasting method for BFP; (iii) the empirical test on sensitivity of the RSF‐based CBRE to the number of member CBR predictors; and (iv) performance assessment of the ensemble forecasting method. Results of the RSF‐based CBRE forecasting method were statistically validated by comparing them with those of multivariate discriminant analysis, logistic regression, single CBR, and a linear support vector machine. The results from Chinese hotel BFP indicate that the RSF‐based CBRE forecasting method could significantly improve CBR's upper limit of predictive capability. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
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Summary Galactosamine, a selective hepatotoxin, produces in rats histologic alterations, which show the characteristics of severe human viral hepatitis. In the present study the efficacy of two different cofactor regimens (coenzyme A, NAD, alpha lipoic-acid, cocarboxylase) in rats with fulminant galactosamine hepatitis were tested. The results showed an improvement of the short-term survival with a short-term treatment and definitely better survival with a long-term regimen with cofactors. 相似文献
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本文研究栅极动态信号在功率器件故障预测上的应用.首先介绍了功率器件栅极动态信号反映的相关失效机制,并分析了栅极动态信号的老化特征及影响因素.提出了老化特征提取方法,选定动态过程时间,动态过程面积比率作为老化特征.使用降频错位采样的方法还原高频采样下计算的老化特征,降低利用动态信号进行故障预测的采样频率,以提高方法可行性.通过NASA公布的数据集进行实验验证,提取的老化特征明显,降频采样达到了预期效果. 相似文献