Historical evolution and the effects of ecological management in Tarim Basin,China

The Tarim Basin, in northwestern China, is the largest continental basin in the world, and hosts desert landscapes as well as extensive oasis agriculture. Many horticultural products come from this basin. However, since the 1950s, frequent river flow interruptions have occurred in the lower reaches of the Tarim River. Thus, the natural ecology of the basin has undergone significant changes because of recent human economic and social activities. In particular, water resource development and utilization along with climate changes have had a significant impact on the area. To prevent further deterioration of the environment, the Central Government implemented a water conveyance project in 2000. Based on this project, Chinese scientists, together with those from overseas, have conducted extensive research on the historical evolution of the area, and the physiological and ecological responses of the natural vegetation around the Tarim Desert Highway. Progress has been made in the areas of environmental protection and ecological conservation.     

塔里木河干流下游地下水变化分析

塔里木河干流下游,尤其是大西海子至台特玛湖河段是塔里木河流域自然环境最为严酷、生态退化最为严重的地区,其生态问题已引起国内外的广泛关注。本文结合前人研究成果和实际调查资料,重点分析干流下游大西海子至台特玛湖段2004—2008年地下水变化动态以及上中游来水对地下水水位和水质的影响。     

三峡大学沙河生态环境需水量研究综述

河流系统的生态需水是指维持河流正常的生态结构和功能所需要的一定水质最小水量,具有明显的时空变化特征.对河流生态环境需水,在国外已经引起了政府管理部门的重视,并有了一些计算方法.结合三峡大学沙河河道环境需水,介绍了国外的生态环境需水量研究方法.     

石漠化山区农业土地利用模式探讨——以盘县孔官小流域为例

以盘县孔官小流域为例,从土地资源利用现状特点和存在问题入手,在地理信息系统软件ARCG IS和ARCVIEW支持下,选择小流域土地利用、土地石漠化、坡度、土壤、植被、气候等生态因素,按照土地资源自然地带规律、土地适宜性、土地生态系统保护、农业经济多样化相结合,探讨经济效益和生态效益统一的农业土地利用模式,并提出模式实现的保障措施。     

流域生态补偿标准研究——以河南省海河流域为例

在对流域生态补偿标准研究评述的基础上,提出了针对无天然径流、经济发展水平低的流域,上下游进行生态补偿的测算模型,即基于水质和污染物总量的流域生态补偿测算模型,并以水生态恢复成本作为补偿的科学依据.在河南省海河流域水生态现状分析的基础上,定量分析了2008年河南省海河流域上下游之间的补偿金额,为流域生态补偿标准研究提供了途径.     

塔里木河流域水量统一调度自校正模型应用

我国多数流域存在水资源供给不足的问题,全流域水资源统一调度是解决这一问题的重要措施.2000年黄河流域调水引入自适应理论,首次实现了全流域自适应水量调度.塔河流域没有像黄河干流五大水库那样的水量调度大型调节杻纽,全流域水量调度工作难度更大.本文根据模型库思想,综合水文预报、社会经济需水预测、生态需水预测、水量分配和河道径流预报等模型,将自校正技术引入到塔河流域的水量调度工作中,依靠滚动的来水预报数据,动态修正水调目标,开发了塔里木河流域水量统一调度自校正模型.在2004到2005年度的水量调度工作中,将模型结果与现行调度方案进行了对比,实践表明该模型具有更高的灵活性,更能反应水资源的变化.     

Groundwater circulation relative to water quality and vegetation in an arid transitional zone linking oasis, desert and river

In groundwater-dependent ecosystems, groundwater circulation controls the overall water quality and ecosystem dynamics. Groundwater and vegetation across a 30-km groundwater transect linking oasis, desert and river in an extremely arid area were investigated with a series of soil profiles drilled into the unsaturated zone to understand groundwater circulation and its control on groundwater quality and surface vegetation in the extremely arid Lower Tarim River, NW China. Measurements have included water-table depth, water chemistry and water isotopes (2H, 18O, 3H) for 15 water samples, soil moisture and chloride content for 11 soil profiles, and vegetation investigation. Results show that the groundwater in desert zone is characterized by slow recharge rate (pre-modern water), great water-table depth (6.17-9.43 m) and high salinity (15.32-26.50 g/L), while that in oasis (uncultivated land) and riparian zone is characterized by relatively fast recharge rate (modern water), small groundwater-table depth (3.56-8.36 m) and low salinity (1.25-1.95 g/L). Stable isotopes show that secondary evaporation takes place during irrigation in oasis. The vegetation characteristics (coverage, richness, evenness and number of plants) are closely related to soil moisture and water-table depth. Groundwater recharge from irrigation in oasis and from river in riparian zone sustains a better ecosystem than that in the desert area, where lateral and vertical groundwater recharge is limited. The more evapotranspirative enrichment may occur in the vegetated and water-rich riparian zone as compared to desert. This study also demonstrates the effectiveness of environmental tracers in studying ecohydrological processes in arid regions.     

闽江流域生态安全问题及建议

介绍了生态安全与区域生态安全的基本概念,结合闽江流域的基本概况,分析了闽江流域存在的水土流失严重、自然灾害频繁、森林资源破坏与结构不合理、流域水体污染加剧、生物多样性退化等生态安全问题的原因,提出改善闽江流域生态安全的建议,以促进福建省经济的可持续发展,保护其生态经济安全.     

浙西山区水土流失成因分析

本文就浙西山区土流失现状及其成因，进行了分析研究。近二十多年来，本区水土失加剧，表现在河流含沙量和输沙量增加，流域侵蚀量成倍增大，导致土质沙化，土壤肥力减退，河床淤高，水库淤积，生态环境日趋恶化。穷苦原因有自然因素和人为因素两方面。只有在一定的地质、地形、气候和植被等自然条件下，才能产生水土流失。但它相对于人为因素而言，是较稳定且变化缓慢，通常不会造成生态环境的剧烈变化。而人类对山区的自然、经济规     

塔里木河下游公益林植物群落分类及其群落特征研究

对塔里木河下游公益林30个样地的实际调查资料,运用二元指示种分析（TWINSPAN）对该区植物群落进行了分类,采用物种多样性指数、丰富度和均匀度指数对塔里木河下游的天然植被的物种多样性进行了分析。结果表明,研究区内的植物区系组成贫乏,群落结构简单,多样性指数和丰富度指数均较低,TWINSPAN程序将30个样地划分为9个群落类型。     

小流域水土流失的数学模型及数值模拟

为了描述小流域水土流失的水量、含沙量过程线,实现水土流失动态模拟,通过对小流域整个水土流失过程数学模型的建立及计算程序的编制,实现了对小流域整个水土流失过程的数值模拟.并通过有限的野外实验研究来校正模型中的参数:通过改变模型中的参数和输入值,可以模拟、预测不同条件(包括地形坡度)下的水土流失情况,有助于揭示水土流失因子之间的相互作用机制,探讨不同耕作方式和水保措施下水土流失的规律,为水土流失防治、减轻地质灾害、合理使用耕地和保护生态环境提供科学依据.     

关于河道一维非恒定流水温预测模型的研究

作者在全面地分析影响河道水温变化各种因素的基础上，根据大渡河流域实测资料所推荐的有关计算纵向离散系数的经验公式．确定了一种适宜于河道一维非恒定流水温的预测模型．作者运用此模型预测了水库下泄低温水、火电厂温排水对下游水环境的影响及其应用价值，其结果可为制定水库生态用水调度方案和流域开发的环境影响评价提供科学依据．     

塔里木河流域生态环境演变概念模型

塔里木河流域绿洲－荒漠交错带是生态环境变化的敏感区域,也是我国生物多样性保护及全球变化研究的关键区域之一。受自然因素及人为因素的影响,水资源的时空分布发生了明显变化,导致了河湖水质咸化、土壤盐渍化、草场退化以及土地沙漠化的普遍发生。同时,风沙灾害、洪水灾害和干旱等自然灾害严重地影响着流域社会经济的全面发展。以此为基础,构建塔里木河流域生态环境演变概念模型,并在ＧＩＳ等技术支持下,探索塔里木河流域生     

干旱内陆河流域景观生态的空间格局分析——以黑河流中游地区为例

干旱内陆河流域景观的空间结构受水土资源开发利用程度制约．通过划分景观分区和选取景观空间格局指标,分析研究了黑河流域中游地区景观的空间格局特征及其与人类活动及自然环境的关系,结果表明：１．土地资源开发程度高的区域,景观多样性、均匀性和破碎度值较大,景观优势度和分离度值则较小;２．研究区中部及南部耕地已成为主要景观类型．土地开发利用程度高,但中部绿洲区退化景观已具相当规模,且随沿山洪积扇区土地开发程度的提高,中下游生态环境退化趋势将加剧．     

基于多源遥感的和田河流域生态补水对流域植被变化影响研究

利用Landsat遥感影像和MODIS数据集,得到和田河流域沙漠段河流水面面积和植被覆盖面积的时空分布特征．进一步分析归一化植被指数（NDVI）的季节变化特征与景观格局指数,得到和田河流域沙漠段生态环境的空间变化特征．结果表明:生态补水措施增加了流域的水体和植被面积,缓解了生态环境;并且生态补水后河流曲折系数下降,平均水面宽度增加,河流逐步朝平流化方向发展;NDVI的空间分布呈现河流两端植被覆盖量高,中间覆盖量低的特点．分析景观格局指数得到,生态应急补水使和田河流域沙漠段水体景观和植被景观分布呈现聚集分布,有效地缓解了生态环境．      

坡体中地下水运动及水平排水效果研究

本文从研究边坡中地下水运动规律入手,分析坡体中的浸润线位置过高对边坡稳定的影响。提出了采用水平排水技术疏干坡体,防治滑坡的技术措施。通过现场试验,证明水平排水可迅速排除地下水,大幅度地降低浸润线,并有效地防止在雨季由于降雨入渗而使浸润线又重新上升。起到防治滑坡的作用。水平排水技术施工方便,费用少,可在粘性土质边坡中推广使用。     

Assessment of waterrecharging based on ecological features of riparian forest in the lower reaches of Tarim River

The occurrence and development of riparian forests which are mainly dominated by mesophytes species relate closely with surface water. Since there is no water discharge to the lower reaches of Tarim River in past 5 decade years, the riparian forests degrade severely. Based on the analyses of the monitored data of Yingsu, Argan and Luobuzhuang in 2002 and 2003, the effect of water-recharging is discussed. The water-recharging project neglects the fact that that it is flooding that controls the process of Populus euphratica colonizing on the bare surface, but focuses on groundwater influence on vegetation. The flooding control deviates Inherent laws of riparian forests development, so the natural regeneration of riparian forests is checked. The response scope of riparian plants on groundwater uplift is extremely narrow, and most riparian communities have not been optimized. No seedlings of dominant species are found in flooding areas because their physio-ecological characteristics are ignored. The vegetation changes in vicinities of stream only reflect the demand of mesophytes species on the shallow groundwater, however, the water-recharging fails to provide suitable habitats for the seedlings establishment of riparian plants. The present water-recharging scheme is difficult to realize vegetation restoration.     

Assessment of water-recharging based on ecological features of riparian forest in the lower reaches of Tarim River

The occurrence and development of riparian forests which are mainly dominated by mesophytes species relate closely with surface water. Since there is no water discharge to the lower reaches of Tarim River in past 5 decade years, the riparian forests degrade severely. Based on the analyses of the monitored data of Yingsu, Argan and Luobuzhuang in 2002 and 2003, the effect of water-recharging is discussed. The water-recharging project neglects the fact that that it is flooding that controls the process of Populus euphratica colonizing on the bare surface, but focuses on groundwater influence on vegetation. The flooding control deviates Inherent laws of riparian forests development, so the natural regeneration of riparian forests is checked. The response scope of riparian plants on groundwater uplift is extremely narrow, and most riparian communities have not been optimized. No seedlings of dominant species are found in flooding areas because their physio-ecological characteristics are ignored. The vegetation changes in vicinities of stream only reflect the demand of mesophytes species on the shallow groundwater, however, the water-recharging fails to provide suitable habitats for the seedlings establishment of riparian plants. The present water-recharging scheme is difficult to realize vegetation restoration.     

基于水文要素变化特征的浑河干流生态需水量计算

将浑河干流划分为4个区域进行生态需水量计算.根据浑河干流特点,将其生态需水分为河流基本生态需水、河流稀释自净需水、输沙需水和蒸发需水.根据浑河水文要素变化特征确定各类生态需水量的计算方法,并对各类生态需水进行类型整合.计算结果表明:北口前站全年的生态需水量为0.55×108 m3,抚顺站为9.59×108 m3,沈阳站为6.93×108 m3,邢家窝棚站为10.55×108 m3,并给出了逐月变化,以利于浑河干流水资源优化配置.结合浑河干流水文要素变化特征,对其生态需水量特征进行了分析,并提出相应建议.     

基于Landsat 5 TM的祁连山区蒸散发遥感估算——以青海祁连县为例

蒸散发的估算在区域能量平衡和水分循环研究中具有重要意义.本研究利用Landsat 5TM数据和能量平衡模型相结合,通过遥感数据获取各参量,对祁连山区的日蒸散发进行估算,研究表明估算值与实测值基本一致,相对误差为4.23%,基本上满足了该区域蒸散发研究的精度要求.通过对蒸散结果的分析发现,该区域的日蒸散发空间分布受气候特征、地形因素、土壤供水条件及土地利用类型的影响比较严重,其分布趋势主要在空间上表现出随海拔的降低而降低,阳坡蒸散量大于阴坡,在土地利用类型上呈现按照"林地沼泽地水域草地耕地城乡工矿居民用地"的类型而降低的规律,而永久性冰川雪地以及裸土裸岩石砾地的蒸散发则随冰川面积的缩小而减小.