衰老大鼠学习行为与海马突触相关蛋白表达的研究

研究衰老大鼠的学习行为与海马内突触相关蛋白的表达．运用Y-迷宫方法对幼年对照组（断乳期）和老年期（22月龄）雄性Sprague—Dawley大鼠进行Y-迷宫空间学习记忆行为训练,之后利用免疫组化和Western blot方法检测2组大鼠海马内突触素（synaptophysin,Syn）、生长相关蛋白（GAP-43）的表达情况．研究结果：（1）2组相比,老年组的学习能力较强,幼年对照组记忆能力较强（P〈0．05）;（2）生长相关蛋白GAP-43在老年组海马内的表达显著高于幼年对照组;而突触素的表达低于幼年对照组（P〈0．01）．提示,GAP-43和突触素可能参与大鼠空间分辨学习记忆的过程,老年大鼠的中枢神经系统保持着潜在的神经元退化修复的功能．     

大鼠坐骨神经切断后经皮低频高强度电刺激相应脊髓节段中GAP-43表达的变化

目的探讨成年Wister大鼠在坐骨神经切断后GAP-43于相应脊髓节段前角运动神经元内的表达变化.方法选取健康成年雄性Wister大鼠60只,将坐骨神经切断,随机分为实验组和对照组,实验组给予经皮低频高强度电刺激,分别于术后1,2,4,8,12,16周处死,取其L4~L6脊髓,利用免疫组织化学技术检测GAP-43在相应脊髓节段中的表达变化,并利用影像分析系统进行统计学分析.结果对照组:1周时前角细胞胞体内GAP-43有明显表达,4周时达到高峰,5~8周时逐渐下调,9~16周时GAP-43在前角细胞胞体内中仍有少量表达,并呈弱阳性.实验组:1周时前角细胞胞体内GAP-43有明显表达,2周时达到高峰,且在4~16周时在神经元中仍有表达,并呈阳性.结论坐骨神经切断可导致成年大鼠相应脊髓节段中前角运动神经元GAP-43表达明显增加,可证明在周围神经损伤后神经元的再生能力增强,但时效很短.而给予低频高强度电刺激疗法后,GAP-43的表达在时长和量上都有明显增加.     

二十二碳六烯酸改善老年大鼠嗅觉记忆行为潜在机制的研究

实验研究二十二碳六烯酸(DHA)对老年大鼠嗅觉辨识记忆行为和嗅球脂肪酸以及GAP-43和PSD-95蛋白表达的影响.实验每天按照180 mg·kg-1灌喂24月龄老年大鼠49 d.在43, 44和45 d进行嗅觉辨识学习记忆行为的训练,第46,47,48 d进行嗅觉辨识学习记忆行为学实验,第49 d处死.实验结果表明: DHA能显著提高老年大鼠嗅觉辨识记忆能力, DHA组老年大鼠嗅球中n3不饱和脂肪酸与老年组相比含量显著提高,嗅球中n6多不饱和脂肪酸与老年组相比含量显著降低.另外,DHA 的含量在DHA组中明显比老年组增高,n3/n6多不饱和脂肪酸的比值也明显增大,但是AA的含量则显著减少.用 Western bolting方法分析生长相关蛋白(GAP-43) 和突触后致密物质95的表达后显示：DHA能提高老年大鼠嗅球GAP-43和PSD-95的表达水平.     

大鼠脑损伤后海马GAP-43 mRNA水平的变化

以DIG（Digoxigenin）标记的GAP-43 cDNA片段为探针,使用原位杂交方法,检测了大鼠皮层硬性脑挫伤后GAP-43 mRNA水平的变化。结果表明：海马CA3、CA1和DG区的GAP-43 mRNA水平在损伤后48h明显升高,其中CA3区变化最甚,而且伤侧比对侧显著。1周和2周后表达仍维持较高水平,但不如48h的高,这显示表达的峰值在1周之内。上述结果为研究脑损伤后生理及机能代偿的修复机制提供了有意义的信息。     

GAP-43在锦鲤荒漠沙蜥和雉鸡视网膜内分布的免疫组化研究

GAP-43具有多种功能,主要与神经元轴突的生长、再生、神经递质的释放及膜泡的吞噬有关.本研究用免疫组织化学的方法观察了正常成年锦鲤、荒漠沙蜥和雉鸡视网膜内GAP-43分布.结果显示GAP-43主要分布在内网层,另外,在内核层、外网层、光感受器细胞层因动物不同也呈现不同的分布特点,而在节细胞层中3种动物均未发现GAP-43阳性染色.在锦鲤视网膜中GAP-43主要分布在内网层和内核层的无长突细胞;在荒漠沙蜥视网膜中GAP-43主要分布在内网层和外网层,在雉鸡视网膜中GAP-43主要分布在内网层、外网层、外核层和光感受器外节,其中在雉鸡视网膜外核层和光感受器外节中发现阳性分布是在脊椎动物此层发现GAP-43的首次报道.     

Cdk5及p35在NGF撤退诱导的已分化PC12细胞凋亡中的作用研究

目的:探讨Cdk5及p35在神经生长因子(NGF)撤退诱导的PC12细胞凋亡中的作用机制.方法:建立NGF撤退诱导的已分化PC12细胞凋亡模型,Western blotting检测Cdk5及p35在凋亡过程中表达变化情况,利用Cdk5特异性抑制剂Roscovitine预处理已分化PC12细胞,检测其对NGF撤退诱导的凋亡作用影响,向已分化PC12细胞转染真核表达质粒pCMV-p35-IRES-Cdk5,检测过表达CdkS/p35对PC12细胞凋亡的影响.结果:NGF撤退36h会引起已分化PC12细胞出现典型的DNA Ladder凋亡特征,MTT检测结果也显示,NGF撤退对PC12细胞的损伤呈时间依赖性;Roscovitine预处理已分化PC12细胞可以抑制NGF撤退诱导的细胞凋亡率,但不影响Cdk5/p35蛋白表达水平;向已分化PC12细胞中转染真核表达质粒后,能检测到Cdk5/p35蛋白的过表达,并引起PC12细胞出现凋亡样改变.结论:Cdk5及p35的活化与NGF撤退诱导的已分化PC12细胞凋亡过程密切相关,抑制Cdk5的活化有抑制细胞凋亡保护神经元的作用.     

菟丝子提取物对小脑中Bcl-2和Bax蛋白表达的影响

利用免疫组织化学超敏SP法检测SD大鼠摘除卵巢前后及菟丝子提取物治疗后小脑中Bcl-2和Bax蛋白表达的变化,探讨菟丝子提取物对大鼠小脑皮质和深层核团中Bcl-2和Bax蛋白表达的影响.结果,摘除双侧卵巢,小脑皮层及小脑深层核团中Bax阳性细胞数及其表达强度不同程度上升,而Bcl-2阳性细胞数及其表达强度不同程度降低;菟丝子提取物治疗后,Bax和Bcl-2的表达不同程度地恢复.结论:中药菟丝子提取物能够不同程度地下调小脑皮层及小脑深层核团中Bax蛋白的表达,上调Bcl-2蛋白的表达,从而对小脑神经元具有保护作用.     

中华大蟾蜍生长相关蛋白（GAP-43）编码序列的克隆与生物信息学分析

通过RT-PCR技术获得了中华大蟾蜍(Bufo gargarizans)脑组织生长相关蛋白(GAP-43)编码序列,将该序列及其推导的氨基酸序列与其它13个物种已知的相应序列进行同源性和遗传距离分析,并构建系统进化树.结果表明:中华大蟾蜍GAP-43编码序列大小是654 bp,比非洲爪蟾(Xenopus laevis)大6 bp,二者GAP-43编码序列同源性为76.6%;中华大蟾蜍与除斑马鱼(Danio rerio)外的其它12个物种在GAP-43编码序列两端具有保守性,与非洲爪蟾遗传距离最近,为0.234;尽管中华大蟾蜍与哺乳动物氨基酸序列间存在明显差异,但其钙调素结合位点、磷酸化位点和N端质膜结合位点等功能域仍具有保守性;GAP-43氨基酸序列构建的进化树符合传统动物分类学特点.     

雌激素和菟丝子提取物对大鼠小脑中Bcl-2和Bax蛋白表达的影响

利用免疫组织化学超敏SP法检测SD大鼠摘除卵巢再用17β-雌二醇和中药菟丝子提取物治疗后小脑中Bcl-2和Bax蛋白表达的变化.结果,摘除双侧卵巢,小脑皮质及深层核团中Bcl-2表达不同程度降低,而Bax的表达出现不同程度的上升;给予外源性雌激素及菟丝子提取物治疗后,两种蛋白的比例基本恢复正常,而且两者之间差异不显著.结果表明,雌激素和中药菟丝子提取物都能够不同程度地下调小脑皮质及小脑深层核团中Bax蛋白的表达,上调Bcl-2蛋白的表达,从而对小脑神经元具有保护作用,中药菟丝子提取物可以部分代替雌激素抑制和延缓神经元凋亡.     

西红花苷快速抗抑郁作用及其调节mTOR-BDNF信号通路的研究

探讨不同浓度西红花苷(Crocin)的抗抑郁作用及可能机制.建立皮质酮(CORT)诱导的PC12细胞损伤模型;不同浓度(1、10、30μmol/L)西红花苷预处理细胞,CCK-8法检测细胞活力,在荧光显微镜下观察细胞突触形态;Western Blot检测细胞BDNF、mTOR蛋白的表达;体外研究中,将40只小鼠分成5组...     

Development of neuronal polarity: GAP-43 distinguishes axonal from dendritic growth cones

Outgrowth of distinct axonal and dendritic processes is essential for the development of the functional polarity of nerve cells. In cultures of neurons from the hippocampus, where the differential outgrowth of axons and dendrites is readily discernible, we have sought molecules that might underlie the distinct modes of elongation of these two types of processes. One particularly interesting protein is GAP-43 (also termed B-50, F1 or P-57), a neuron-specific, membrane-associated phosphoprotein whose expression is dramatically elevated during neuronal development and regeneration. GAP-43 is among the most abundant proteins in neuronal growth cones, the motile structures that form the tips of advancing neurites, but its function in neuronal growth remains unknown. Using immunofluorescence staining, we show that GAP-43 is present in axons and concentrated in axonal growth cones of hippocampal neurons in culture. Surprisingly, we could not detect GAP-43 in growing dendrites and dendritic growth cones. These results show that GAP-43 is compartmentalized in developing nerve cells and provide the first direct evidence of important molecular differences between axonal and dendritic growth cones. The sorting and selective transport of GAP-43 may give axons and axonal growth cones certain of their distinctive properties, such as the ability to grow rapidly over long distances or the manner in which they recognize and respond to cues in their environment.     

A membrane-targeting signal in the amino terminus of the neuronal protein GAP-43

Neurons and other cells, such as those of epithelia, accumulate particular proteins in spatially discrete domains of the plasma membrane. This enrichment is probably important for localization of function, but it is not clear how it is accomplished. One proposal for epithelial cells is that proteins contain targeting signals which guide preferential accumulation in basal or apical membranes. The growth-cone membrane of a neuron serves as a specialized transduction system, which helps to convert cues from its environment into regulated growth. Because it can be physically separated from the cell soma, it has been possible to show that the growth-cone membrane contains a restricted set of total cellular proteins, although, to our knowledge, no proteins are limited to that structure. One of the most prominent proteins in the growth-cone membrane is GAP-43. Basi et al. have suggested that the N-terminus of GAP-43 might be important for the binding of GAP-43 to the growth-cone membrane. Skene and Virag recently found that the cysteines in the N-terminus are fatty-acylated and that this post-translational modification correlates with membrane-binding ability. We investigated the binding of GAP-43 to the growth-cone membrane by mutational analysis and by laser-scanning confocal microscopy of fusion proteins that included regions of GAP-43 and chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT). We found that a short stretch of the GAP-43 N-terminus suffices to direct accumulation in growth-cone membranes, especially in the filopodia. This supports a previous proposal for the importance of this region of GAP-43 in determining the membrane distribution of GAP-43.     

JAK-STAT/survivin通路对过氧化氢预处理诱导的适应性细胞保护作用的影响

为了探讨H_2O_2预处理对存活素(survivin)表达的影响及JAK-STAT/survivin通路在H_2O_2预处理的适应性细胞保护中的作用,用PC12细胞建立H_2O_2预处理对抗H_2O_2诱导细胞凋亡的实验模型,应用甲氮甲哇蓝(MTT)法检测细胞存活率,碘化丙啶(PI)染色流式细胞术检测细胞凋亡率,Hoechst染色检测细胞凋亡的形态学改变,免疫印迹法(Western blot)测定survivin表达水平.结果显示:用100μmol/L H_2O_2预处理PC12细胞90min可明显地抑制300μmol/L H_2O_2作用12 h后引起的细胞毒性和细胞凋亡,并可以显著地促进PC12细胞survivin的表达;JAK_2抑制剂AG-490不仅可以抑制survivin的表达.而且能拮抗H_2O_2预处理的适应性细胞保护作用.研究表明,survivin是JAK-STAT通路的靶基因,JAK-STAT/survivin通路在H_2O_2预处理诱导的适应性细胞保护机制中起着重要的作用.     

NGF诱导PC12细胞神经元样细胞分化

目的:建立PC12细胞的神经元样细胞分化模型,并探讨ERK蛋白在PC12细胞神经元样细胞分化中的可能机制.方法:以10、20、50 g/L的NGF(NGF溶于PBS,培养基中PBS的终浓度不超过2%)培养PC12细胞,应用倒置相差显微镜、显微镜测微尺及流式细胞仪鉴定PC12细胞的分化,以确定NGF使用剂量.运用免疫印迹检测不同浓度、不同作用时间时ERK蛋白在PC12细胞中的表达,并进行统计学分析.结果:随NGF剂量的升高,PC12细胞的体积、最长突起长度和突起数目均会增大或增多。统计学分析证明50 g/L的NFG作用48 h足以诱导PC12细胞的交感神经样改变。尽管ERK总蛋白水平在NFG作用前后无明显改变,但在NFG作用5 min后磷酸化的ERK蛋白水平即显著升高,达到峰值,并持续约1 h.50 g/L的NFG作用于PC12细胞48 h可使细胞发生明显的G1期阻滞.结论:PC12细胞可在NGF作用下出现交感神经样改变,并且细胞的分化程度依赖于NGF的使用剂量和作用时间.在NGF诱导的PC12细胞神经元样分化中ERK蛋白的磷酸化对NGF呈现剂量和时间依赖性,提示ERK蛋白在分化的早期发挥重要作用.     

Differentiation of PC12 phaeochromocytoma cells induced by v-src oncogene

PC12 rat phaeochromocytoma cells are a model system that can be used to study both neuronal differentiation and the mechanism of action of nerve growth factor (NGF). PC12 cells respond to NGF protein by shifting from a chromaffin-cell-like phenotype to a neurite-bearing sympathetic neurone-like phenotype. Here we present data on the effect of infection of PC12 cells with retroviruses carrying the src oncogene of Rous sarcoma virus. Previous studies have demonstrated that the expression of src severely affects the synthesis and accumulation of differentiated cell products in a variety of cell types. We show that in the PC12 cell system, expression of v-src appears to have an inductive effect on differentiation that resembles the action of a 'physiological' growth factor.