鹅绒藤属植物甾体成分及其药理作用研究进展

鹅绒藤属植物在我国分布广泛,且大部分具有药用价值.甾体皂苷,该属植物的主要成分,表现出极大的结构多样性.化学结构多样性体现在母核(甾体苷元)、母核取代基、糖链长度、单糖种类、绝对构型(D或L)以及糖链中糖苷键的类型(α或β),特别是在同一个糖链中同时存在D-糖和L-糖的情况在其它天然产物中并不多见,糖链长度多达7个单糖的结构在糖苷类化合物中也十分罕见.从母核和其取代基的角度将2007-2014年从该属植物中分离出来的新甾体皂苷共119个,归纳为5种17亚种.同时也对该属植物甾体皂苷的生物活性如抗肿瘤、抗病毒、神经保护和杀虫等进行了综述.     

利用里氏木霉生物转化制备黄姜薯蓣皂甙元的清洁新工艺

基于清洁生产和资源综合利用的理念, 提出一种从盾叶薯蓣根茎中提取薯蓣皂甙元的新工艺。该工艺由两部分组成, 第一部分利用淀粉酶和糖化酶分离黄姜根茎中的淀粉, 第二部分利用里氏木霉转化糖渣 中的皂苷制备薯蓣皂甙元。研究表明, 与直接酸水解相比, 新工艺可以提取约 98.7%薯蓣皂甙元, 并以还原糖 的形式回收98. 0% 淀粉, 降低生产废水中 99. 4%COD, 100% SO^2-₄ 和100% 酸。在酸水解废水中检测到24 种有机物, 其中邻苯二甲酸二丁酯和邻苯二甲酸-2-乙基己酯属于美国环保局优先控制污染物。而新工艺废水中仅检测到两种有机物(17β-羟基雄甾-5-烯-3-酮和邻苯二甲酸二异丁酯) 。本研究为皂素清洁生产提供了一种新方法。     

(异)螺甾烷型甾体皂苷元的选择性开环反应研究

利用一种全新的甾体皂苷元E/F全开环体系,即室温下,加入催化量的无水AlCl3,以CH3COCl作开环试剂、CH2Cl2作溶剂的开环体系,以良好的收率及选择性实现了甾体工业重要基础原料薯蓣皂苷元、剑麻皂苷元的E/F全开环,提出了可能的开环反应机理.开环产物具有胆甾烷的完整碳骨架并在C16,C22,C26位引入了具有良好衍生能力的多个官能团,该产物为一系列高活性甾体化合物的简捷合成提供了原料.     

RCE-4结构改造及其抗肿瘤活性的研究

RCE-4是一种甾体皂苷,具有良好的抗肿瘤活性.水解RCE-4可得到一种新的甾体皂苷元,利用SOCl2和吡啶体系进行氯代产率较高,两个产物产率共达92%,利用PCC氧化也得到两个产物,共计5个新化合物.利用核磁、红外、质谱等对他们进行了结构表征,并测试了其抗肿瘤活性.探讨了皂苷的糖和苷元上不同取代基对其活性的影响,为同类天然产物的结构修饰和构效关系研究提供了一定的科学基础.     

怀山药与同属植物甾体成分差异性比较研究

采用HPLC、GC-MS等技术手段,对怀山药块茎甾体成分进行了分析.结果在怀山药中未检测到薯蓣皂苷及其苷元,而检测到大量的植物甾醇;同时对薯蓣属植物进化次序与甾体成分差异之间的关系进行了分析,指出甾体皂苷是一类原始成分,植物甾醇是一类进步成分,其差异性主要由参与生物合成的关键酶的差异所致.研究结果为山药的开发利用及薯蓣属植物的分类提供了参考.     

开口箭根茎中甾体类化合物的研究

目的：研究开口箭根茎中甾体成分,寻找新的抗肿瘤活性物质.方法：运用反相常压柱色谱和制备高效液相对其甾体成分进行分离,通过理化性质和波谱分析方法鉴定其结构.结果：从开口箭根茎的乙醇提取物中分离得到6个甾体皂苷及2个甾体皂苷元,其结构分别为1β,2β,3β,4β,5β-五羟基-螺甾-△25（27）-烯-5-O-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖苷（1）,1β,3β-二羟基-5β-孕甾-△16（17）-烯-20-酮-3-O-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖苷（2）,1β,2β,3β,4β,5β,6β,7α-七羟基-5β-呋甾-△25（27）-烯（3）,1β,2β,3β,4β,5β,7α-六羟基-6-氧化-螺甾-△25（27）-烯（4）,3-O-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖基-（25S）-1β,3β,5β,26-四羟基-5β-呋甾-△20（22）-烯-26-O-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖苷（5）,3-O-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖基-（25S）-1β,3β,5β,22α,26-五羟基-5β-呋甾-26-O-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖苷（6）,3-O-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖基-（25S）-1β,3β,26-三羟基-5β-呋甾-26-O-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖苷（7）和3-O-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖基-（25R）-1β,3α,26-三羟基-△5（6）-烯-5β-呋甾-26-O-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖苷（8）.结论：化合物1和2为首次从该属植物中获得.     

重楼地上部分薯蓣皂苷含量的HPLC分析

为评价重楼地上部分薯蓣皂苷的药用价值,用超声法提取了地上部分的甾体皂苷,采用Venusil XBP C18色谱柱(4.6 mm×250 mm,5μm),乙腈和水梯度洗脱为流动相,在210 nm波长处检测了薯蓣皂苷含量.结果建立了有效的分离薯蓣皂苷色谱条件,果皮、外种皮、叶片、地上茎、种子提取物中仅叶片、果皮中含有薯蓣皂苷,分别约为8.610 mg/g和4.679 mg/g.说明重楼地上部分的果皮和叶片具有药用开发价值.     

薯蓣皂苷元及其维吉尼链霉菌IBL-14转化产物体外抑制人乳腺癌细胞Bcap37的作用研究

通过维吉尼链霉菌(Streptomyces virginiae)IBL-14对薯蓣皂苷元进行生物转化,得到一系列新的代谢产物;用四唑蓝(MTT)比色法测定薯蓣皂苷元及其衍生物对Hela、Bcap37、KB-3-1、SW1990 4种肿瘤细胞的体外抑制作用;用Hoechst 33258细胞核荧光染色来观察薯蓣皂苷元及其衍生物对Bcap37细胞形态学上的改变;采用流式细胞计量法测定薯蓣皂苷元及其衍生物对Bcap37细胞的凋亡作用。结果表明:薯蓣皂苷元及其3个衍生物在一定浓度范围内,对上述4种肿瘤细胞均有抑制生长的作用,其中对人乳腺癌细胞Bcap37的抑制效果相对显著。在薯蓣皂苷元及其衍生物的影响下,人乳腺癌细胞Bcap37细胞呈现典型的细胞凋亡特征,包括细胞形态的变化和DNA片段的变化。薯蓣皂苷元及相关衍生物能对Bcap37细胞产生抑制增殖的作用,并能诱导使之发生细胞凋亡。     

响应曲面法优化酸/盐催化玉米芯产糖的工艺

将生物质水解转化成可发酵糖是生物转化利用的重要途径。本研究以玉米芯为原料,在传统单酸催化剂水解的基础上,研究了H2SO4/Fe2(SO4)3催化剂对玉米芯水解产糖的影响,结果表明:当单独采用H2SO4或Fe2(SO4)3催化玉米芯水解时,总糖产率均低于40%;而将H2SO4、Fe2(SO4)3混合后催化水解时,总糖产率高于使用2种单催化剂所得总糖产率之和。采用响应曲面法优化了H2SO4/Fe2(SO4)3催化玉米芯水解的工艺条件,通过验证实验得到:当H2SO4浓度为0.7 mol/L,Fe2(SO4)3浓度为2.0 mol/L,反应温度为150℃,时间为47 min时,玉米芯水解所得的总糖产率最高,为79.98%。本研究通过对玉米芯水解条件的优化,提高了玉米芯水解制糖的产率,为玉米芯的高值化利用奠定应用基础。     

离体大鼠肠内菌群对知母甾体皂苷代谢研究

目的：观察大鼠肠内菌对知母主要活性成分甾体皂苷的代谢及对相应代谢产物进行鉴定。方法：离体培养大鼠肠道菌群,用LC/MS/MS法检测离体肠内菌对甾体皂苷样品的代谢产物。灌胃给予大鼠甾体皂苷样品15 mg.kg-1,于给药后不同时间采集尿样及粪样,用LC/MS/MS法检测甾体皂苷样品的代谢产物。对主要代谢物M1进行结构鉴定。用合成的方法制备代谢物M1标准品进行LC/MS/MS法分析并与大鼠离体和在体样品对比。结果：甾体皂苷样品容易被大鼠消化道菌群代谢,代谢速率很快,其主要代谢产物为代谢物M1,随着代谢时间的延长,代谢物M1的量逐渐增多,而甾体皂苷样品的量则下降迅速。结论：甾体皂苷可被大鼠肠内菌迅速代谢。     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-     

Density Functional Theory for the Response of Periodic Systems to Electric Fields Based on the Vector Potential Approach

正The electronic and nuclear(structural/vibrational)response of 1D-3D nanoscale systems to electric fields gives rise to a host of optical,mechanical,spectral,etc.properties that are of high theoretical and applied interest.Due to the computational difficulty of treating such large systems it is convenient to model them as infinite and periodic(at least,in first approximation).The fundamental theoretical/computational problem in doing so is that     

On the Thermodynamic Limit for Responses to Static Electromagnetic Fields

For molecular systems,the quantum-mechanical treatment of their responses to static electromagnetic fields usually employs a scalar-potential treatment of the electric field and a vector-potential treatment of the magnetic field.Although the potential for each field separately is associated with the choice of an(unphysical)origin,the precise choice of the origin for the electrostatic field has little consequences for the results.This is different for the