微波辐射降解多氯联苯的实验研究

采用微波辐射降解多氯联苯,对影响多氯联苯降解的反应温度、反应时间、试剂加入量、搅拌方式等因素进行了考察和优化,结果表明：在反应温度为50℃、反应时间为10min、充分搅拌的条件下,溶液中多氯联苯的降解率可达99．99％,达到国际处理标准．对多氯联苯的降解产物进行了初步分析,为无毒的烃类、碳、氯离子和水等物质．     

我国降解有机污染物研究获得重大突破

残留在自然界中的农药、染料、二恶英等有毒的有机污染物，向来都是让世界各国科研与环保机构头疼的大难题，而最近由中国科学院化学研究所研究员赵进才与其合作者进行的一项名为“有毒难降解有机污染物光催化降解机理”的研究使它得到解决。该研究荣获2005年度国家自然科学二等奖。     

壳聚糖降解方法研究进展

低分子量壳聚糖具有优良的生理活性和药用价值,可以通过降解天然高分子壳聚糖来生产低分子量壳聚糖.降解方法主要包括化学法、物理法和生物酶法等.     

生物降解材料的研究进展

高分子材料在国民经济各部门已经得到普遍应用，但同时又带来严重的环境污染，文章主要介绍目前研究的几种可生物降解的高分子材料（包括淀粉基基降解材料、聚乳酸类降解材料、聚酸酐、可降解聚氨酯、PET／PEG可降解材料）的合成、性能等。     

双酚A的降解方法研究进展

双酚A是一种典型的环境内分泌干扰物,其危害也随着使用的扩大而日益受到人们的重视。本文介绍了双酚A的理化性质,危害和应用,以及通过生物、化学、物理等方法对双酚A的降解和去除的研究及影响因素,并说明了未来的研究方向。     

壳聚糖的降解及其结构表征

文章综述了壳聚糖的降解方法，分子量与分子量分布的测定，以及红外光谱和核磁共振波谱在壳聚糖结构研究中的应用状况。     

两株苯酚降解菌的初步鉴定及培养特性

通过驯化、筛选和富集，从南充炼油厂生化曝气池的活性污泥中分离到2株能以苯酚作为唯一碳源和能源生长的菌株，编号为S1，S2，菌种初步鉴定分别为芽孢杆菌属（Bacillus）和假单孢杆菌属（Pseudomonas sp.）。由正交实验得出两菌株的最适培养条件为：S1温度30℃，pH值7，纱布层数6层；S2温度25℃，pH值7.2，纱布层数4层。研究发现混合培养对菌株的生长有一定的促进作用。     

热失重方法研究聚丁二烯聚氨酯降解动力学

用热重分析的方法，研究了一系列以端羟基液体聚丁二烯为软段的聚氨酯和尿氨酯的降解反应。在空气氛中，温度高于４００℃时有一急剧失重现象，致使得不到完整的失重曲线。在氮气氛中，降解反应分两个阶段进行。对降解的第一阶段，求出了有关热重数据。利用求得的降解反应表现活化能，比较了不同异氰酸酯结构和不同扩链剂样品的热稳定性。发现基于ＭＤＩ（４，４＇──二苯基甲烷二异氰酸酯）的样品热稳定性最好，基于ＴＤＩ（甲苯二异氰酸酯）的次之，基于ＨＤＩ（六次甲基二异氰酸酯）的样品，对热最不稳定。胺扩链的样品热稳定性较醇扩链的样品为好。     

有毒生物难降解有机污染物的研究进展

对有毒生物难降解有机污染物（Persistent Toxic Substances,简称PTS）的特性、分布、迁移及来源进行了介绍,综述了目前对PTS的分析和控制处理方法,对光催化高级氧化技术处理PTS进行了阐述.     

Determination of dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls in soil and moss from Fildes Peninsula,Antarctica

Dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls(PCBs) are a class of toxic and persistent chemicals that are often found in the environment.The determination of dioxin-like PCBs in Fildes Peninsula,Antarctica,is reported in this paper.Dioxin-like PCBs were widely distributed in Antarctic soil and moss with concentration of 2.23-27.2 pg/g in soil and 10.4-812 pg/g in moss.The highest concentrations were found in the Ardley Island area and the lowest concentrations on the west coast.The contribution of PCB-118 to the ∑12PCBs ranged from 36.0% to 69.6% in soil,and 17.2% to 43.4% in moss.The congener specific patterns in soil and moss were similar.Long-range atmospheric transport is thought to be the main source of PCBs detected on King George Island.The ∑12PCBs toxic equivalent(TEQ) in soil was 0.400×10?3 to 516×10?3 pg(TEQ)/g with a mean value of 147×10?3 pg(TEQ)/g.PCB-126 had the largest contribution(81.1%) to the ∑12PCBs TEQ in soil.The ∑12PCBs TEQ in moss ranged from 2.90×10?3 to 1.19 pg/g with a mean value of 0.482 pg/g.PCB-126 was also the largest contributor(91.4%) to the ∑12PCBs TEQ in moss.The mean TEQ in moss was about 40 times that in soil.     

Sexual difference in gonadal development of embryonic chickens after treatment of polychlorinated biphenyls

Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are ubiquitous, persistent and lipophilic environmental endocrine disrupters that can be biomagnified in human and animals including birds and thus to affect reproductive functions. Poultry meat and eggs contain a great deal of fat and possibly concentrate higher PCBs and other environmental contaminants such as dichlorodiphenyl-trichloroethane (DDT). In order to identify the adverse effects of PCBs and possible sexual difference on chicken gonadal development, Aroclor 1254 was injected into fertilized Hyline chicken eggs before incubation. Four groups of eggs received yolk injection of either peanut oil as control, 1, 10 or 100 mg/egg of Aroclor 1254 as treatment group, respectively. After hatching the gonads were removed for histological examination. Testicular structure was apparently changed and exhibited dramatic decrease in area of the transverse sections (1 mg/egg, P＜0.01; 10 and 100 mg/egg, P＜0.001), diameter (10 and 100 mg/egg, P＜0.05) and relative area of the testicular tubules (10 mg/egg, P＜0.05; 100 mg/egg, P＜0.01). Most testicular tubules of the highest dose group degenerated and even disappeared. The differentiation of germ cells was retarded in all groups treated with Aroclor 1254. Some germ cells were irregular in shape, with vacuolated cytoplasm and hyperchromatism nucleus (pyknosis) in 1 and 10 mg/egg groups and almost all germ cells in 100 mg/egg group. In contrast, the area of the left ovarian transverse sections increased dramatically (10 and 100 mg/egg,P＜0.001), the ovarian cortex manifested a significant increment in thickness (1, 10 and 100 mg/egg, P＜0.001) and a higher number of oocytes was observed (1, 10 and 100 mg/egg, P＜0.001) in the female chickens treated with Aroclor 1254 compared with the control group. A few oocytes with vacuolated cytoplasm and hyperchromatic nucleus were also observed in ovarian cortex after PCBs exposure. These results showed that PCBs interfered with gonadal development with a sex-specific pattern and retarded differentiation of spermatogonia into spermatocytes but accelerated differentiation of oogonia into oocytes in the embryonic chickens.     

超临界CO2流体萃取——气相色谱法测定土壤中的类二癋英类多氯联苯

利用超临界CO2流体萃取(SFE CO2)及气相色谱技术，建立了土壤中12种类二癋英类多氯联苯（PCBs）的分析测定方法. 对SFE CO2的萃取条件进行了优化，其最佳萃取条件为：压力25?MPa，温度100?℃，静态萃取时间20?min，动态萃取时间45?min，收集溶剂丙酮，CO2流量2.5?mL/min，改性剂10%（质量分数）二氯甲烷. 12种PCBs的加标回收率为73.0%～129.0%，相对标准偏差（RSD）为1.0%～10.5%. 测定麦田土壤样品中12种类二癋英类多氯联苯，共检出8种PCBs，质量比为77～667?pg/g，其他4种未检出.     

超临界CO_2流体萃取——气相色谱法测定土壤中的类二噁英类多氯联苯

利用超临界CO2流体萃取(SFE-CO2)及气相色谱技术,建立了土壤中12种类二英类多氯联苯(PCBs)的分析测定方法.对SFE-CO2的萃取条件进行了优化,其最佳萃取条件为:压力25 MPa,温度100℃,静态萃取时间20 min,动态萃取时间45 min,收集溶剂丙酮,CO2流量2.5 mL/min,改性剂10%(质量分数)二氯甲烷.12种PCBs的加标回收率为73.0%~129.0%,相对标准偏差(RSD)为1.0%~10.5%.测定麦田土壤样品中12种类二英类多氯联苯,共检出8种PCBs,质量比为77~667 pg/g,其他4种未检出.     

福建兴化湾沉积物中多氯联苯的残留和风险评价

利用GC - MS对福建兴化湾15个表层沉积物样品中多氯联苯(PCBs)的含量进行了定量分析,并探讨了其在沉积物中的空间分布与来源.结果表明:PCBs的含量范围为:23.81～37.18 ng/g,平均值为27.85ng／g.主成分分析表明,PCBs同系物组成以3～5氯为主,占总PCBs含量的80％左右,这与中国PC...     

孔雀草修复重金属-多氯联苯复合污染土壤的实验研究

迄今为止,鲜有利用花卉植物修复土壤中重金属-有机物复合污染土壤的相关报道。本研究应用盆栽实验的方法,利用花卉植物孔雀草修复重金属镉（Cd）-多氯联苯（PCBs）复合污染土壤,考察孔雀草对复合污染的耐受性及其对污染物的去除率。结果显示,相对空白对照组,当PCBs初始浓度为100 μg kg-1时,植物量最高可提高27.76%,植物体地上部分对Cd的吸收量超过100 mg kg-1,其植物体内对Cd的吸收有显著性提高,PCBs的降解率也提升了42.72%。孔雀草在复合污染土壤中显示出极强的耐受性和修复潜能。 关键词 植物修复 孔雀草 污染土壤 镉 多氯联苯     

通辽地区农田土壤中多氯联苯分布特征及生态风险评价

为揭示污灌区农田土壤中多氯联苯(PCBs)的污染水平,解析不同再生水对土壤中PCBs的影响,选取通辽地区6个不同灌区,分析土壤样品中的48种PCBs,采用环境质量标准和毒性当量因子法进行生态风险评价.结果表明:PCBs总浓度为0.36~2.44ng獉g-1,7种指示性PCBs浓度范围在0.05~0.38ng獉g-1,其中处理后工业废水灌溉区PCBs污染程度最大.土壤中PCBs同系物组成以三、四氯联苯所占比例最高,其次是二氯联苯及五氯联苯.土壤样品中PCBs浓度呈现深层土壤低于表层土壤的趋势.主成分分析发现,污灌农田土壤主要来源于变压油的泄漏及大气的干湿沉降.从整体上看,通辽农田土壤污染水平或毒性当量处于较低生态污染水平,生态环境评价结果表明,研究区域生态风险小,但污水的长期灌溉会增大土壤的生态风险.     

Levels and distribution of polychlorinated biphenyls in the atmosphere close to Chinese Great Wall Station,Antarctica: Results from XAD-resin passive air sampling

Antarctica is an important research region for assessing persistence and long-range atmospheric transport (LRAT) of persistent organic pollutants (POPs). In this study, XAD-resin passive air sampling was conducted near the Chinese Great Wall Station, Antarctica, during a one-year sampling period in 2009-2010. The air concentrations of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) were at a very low level, with total PCBs in the range of 26.74-45.08 pg m 3. PCB profiles were dominated by tetra-PCBs, tri-PCBs and di-PCBs, indicating LRAT was responsible for the pollutants in the Antarctic atmosphere. The sampling site near the Chinese Great Wall Station did not show higher PCB levels than the other sites, suggesting that PCB sources associated with the Great Wall Station were negligible. PCB-11 is a non-Aroclor congener, which has specific sources compared to other Aroclor PCB congeners. PCB-11 was observed in all air samples, with an average concentration of 1.22 pg m 3. To our knowledge, this study is the first investigation of PCB levels and distribution in the atmosphere around the Chinese Great Wall Station, Antarctica.