Combinatorial model of solute transport in porous media

Modeling of solute transport is a key issue in the area of soil physics and hydrogeology. The most common approach (the convection-dispersion equation) considers an average convection flow rate and Fickian-like dispersion. Here,we propose a solute transport model in porous media of continuously expanding scale, according to the combinatorics principle. The model supposed actual porous media as a combinative body of many basic segments. First, we studied the solute transport process in each basic segment body, and then deduced the distribution of pore velocity in each basic segment body by difference approximation, finally assembled the solute transport process of each basic segment body into one of the combinative body. The simulation result coincided with the solute transport process observed in test. The model provides useful insight into the solute transport process of the non-Fickian dispersion in continuously expanding scale.     

多孔球形电极颗粒中的扩散-应力耦合分析

具有良好化学稳定性及较高存储容量的多孔材料在锂离子电池及超级电容器中有广泛的应用,但已有的扩散-应力耦合模型大多忽略多孔材料的微观结构.基于此,建立考虑孔隙率和迂曲度的多孔球形电极颗粒中的扩散-应力耦合模型.针对Mn_2O_4电极进行恒压充电下的数值计算,探讨孔隙率和迂曲度系数对锂离子浓度、径向应力、环向应力及体积应变的影响,并将模型结果与他人结果进行对比.数值结果表明:迂曲度系数越大,电极中锂离子的扩散越差、体积应变越小且径向应力和环向应力越大;孔隙率越大,电极中的锂离子浓度和体积应变越大但径向应力和环向应力越小;多孔电极结构更有利于提高嵌锂能力.因此,应选择孔隙率大且迂曲度系数小的材料作为高存储容量的电极材料.     

Simulation of solute transportation within porous particles during the bioleaching process

A mathematical model, accounting for the sulfuric acid and ferric ions diffusion and the copper sulfide mineral leaching process, was developed for an ore particle by considering its porous structure. It was simulated with the simulation tool COMSOL Multiphysics. The simulation results show that the highest acid and ferric concentrations near the particle surface are apparent, while the concentrations in the central particle increase slightly as the less-porous ore core with low permeability prevents the oxidation from penetrating. The extraction of the mineral near the particle surface is the maximum, mainly because of ample sulfuric acid, ferric ions, bacteria, and oxygen available for the leaching process. Because of low oxidation concentration in the central part of the particle, the reaction rate and copper sulphide conversion are small. The simulation shows good agreement with the experimental results.     

单个粗糙裂隙中水流及溶质运移研究进展

文章回顾了有关单个粗糙裂隙中水流和溶质运移的理论、实验研究和数值模拟的成果,重点评述了对裂隙结构面粗糙度的分形特征、粗糙裂隙中描述水流的模型和溶质运移的弥散系数和穿透曲线,并对反映单个粗糙裂隙中水流特征的“局部立方定理“适用条件和溶质运移所呈现的“非费克”运移机理作了初步分析,在此基础上探讨了今后的研究趋势。     

溶质运移模型数值分析

考虑局部河域某些溶质运移数学模型。首先利用积分变换方法 ,给出在适当条件下的相应模型的解析解的求解表达式 ;然后利用通常的差分格式 ,给出数值解的求解方法 ;在此基础上 ,最后给出逼近解的计算算例。     

均质储层球向渗流模型及其Laplace空间解

针对均质储层中球面径向渗流模型,利用Laplace变换,获得了在考虑井筒储集和表皮系数的井底条件和各种外边界(定压、封闭、无穷大)条件下的无量纲储层压力和井底压力的Laplace空间解,并剖析了解的相似结构和相似核函数的构成和固有特征.相似核函数仅与渗流基本微分方程的2个线性无关的解及外边界条件有关,而与内边界条件无关...     

旋流-静态微泡浮选柱浮选某难选钼矿的试验研究

针对某地高氧化率、微细粒不均匀嵌布、易泥化的难选钼矿石,提出粗细粒级分级分选新工艺,即原矿经破磨后将其中粒度小于0．020mm的微细粒级部分利用水力旋流器分离出来,采用高效、节能的微细粒分选设备旋流一静态微泡浮选柱进行分选,解决了该钼矿中微细粒级钼金属回收问题。以煤油为捕收剂,松醇油为起泡剂,水玻璃为分散剂和脉石矿物抑制剂,考察给料量、循环泵工作压力、药剂用量等因素对浮选指标的影响。分别采用一粗二精一扫和一粗二精2种工艺流程对平均钼含量为0．181％的原矿进行连选试验。研究结果表明：采用粗细粒级分级分选、细粒浮选柱回收的工艺流程可获得精矿品位为24．64％,回收率为54．33％的钼精矿,并简化了工艺流程。     

多孔介质中控制释放问题的Galerkin方法

多孔介质中的控制释放由边界积分 常微分方程描述,溶质迁移由带第三类边界条件的对流扩散（含机械弥散）方程描述,构造了这一非线性耦合问题的有限元半离散格式,利用先验估计理论进行了收敛性分析.     

不同雨强下植被对坡地产汇流和溶质运移的影响

以室内试验槽为平台,采用人工模拟降雨试验,研究了在3种雨强下有无植被的试验槽坡面流流速、地面径流以及地面径流中Br-,NH4+和NO3-质量浓度变化.结果表明,随着降雨强度的增大,植被对降雨的截留作用明显减弱,对坡面流流速的延缓作用则呈现先增大后减小的趋势;植被对地面径流中NH4+的质量浓度变化过程影响较大,对NO3-的质量浓度影响较小;Br-质量浓度随着降雨历时的增加呈现幂函数递减趋势,且这种趋势随着降雨强度的增大趋于减缓.     

Production and characterization of ZnO nanoparticles and porous particles by ultrasonic spray pyrolysis using a zinc nitrate precursor

ZnO nanoparticles and porous particles were produced by an ultrasonic spray pyrolysis method using a zinc nitrate precursor at various temperatures under air atmosphere. The effects of reaction temperature on the size and morphology of ZnO particles were investigated. The samples were characterized by energy dispersive spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, and scanning electron microscopy. ZnO particles were obtained in a hexagonal crystal structure and the crystallite shapes changed from spherical to hexagonal by elevating the reaction temperature. The crystallite size grew by increasing the temperature, in spite of reducing the residence time in the heated zone. ZnO nanoparticles were obtained at the lowest reaction temperature and ZnO porous particles, formed by aggregation of ZnO nanoparticles due to effective sintering, were prepared at higher temperatures. The results showed that the properties of ZnO particles can be controlled by changing the reaction temperature in the ultrasonic spray pyrolysis method.     

多尺度裂隙介质中溶质运移研究进展

总结了单裂隙尺度和网络裂隙尺度中溶质运移的基本特点、试验研究成果、裂隙交叉处的混合模式、数学模型以及模拟方法等．分析了裂隙介质中溶质运移试验研究的局限性,评价了各种数学模拟方法在实际应用中的优缺点,指出了溶质运移的研究特别是裂隙几何特征和交叉处的混合模式的研究还有待进一步完善．     

饱和多孔介质中球形空腔的动力响应

以修正的Biot饱和多孔介质理论为基础,应用势函数和Fourier变换,求解了饱和多孔介质的球对称动力问题,并在此基础上,分析了饱和多孔介质中球形空腔的动力响应.     

多孔介质中控制释放耦合问题的有限元方法

多孔介质中的控制释放-迁移含有3个物理过程:溶质透过内边界(薄膜)释放到介质中;介质中流体的流动;溶质在介质中的扩散。控制释放由边界积分-常微分方程描述,溶质迁移由带第三类边界条件的对流扩散(含机械弥散)方程描述,速度场遵循Darcy定律,构造了一非线性耦合问题的混合元 Galerkin有限元半离散格式及全离散格式,利用先验估计理论进行收敛性分析。     

广义球对称带电蒸发黑洞周围时空中标量粒子的能量

利用弯曲时空中标量粒子运动的Hamilton-Jacobin方程,研究广义球对称带电蒸发黑洞周围时空中标量粒子的能量.得到了粒子的能量不仅与粒子的质量有关,还与黑洞的时空结构及视界的变化率有关.给出了发生自发辐射的能量条件.     

非等温条件下土体固结变形及溶质运移规律分析

为探究非等温条件下黏土垫层固结变形及溶质运移规律,将综合考虑力学固结、化学-渗透固结及热固结影响的热-水-力-化(THMC)全耦合模型与水-力-化(HMC)耦合模型进行对比分析,研究了温度差对孔隙水压力、土体变形及溶质运移进程的影响.结果 表明,垫层上下边界温度差可加快负孔隙水压力消散,增大土体沉降峰值及回弹量,提高溶质运移速率.随着黏土垫层上下边界温度差的增加,温度差对孔隙水压力、土体变形及溶质运移进程的影响程度进一步加大.当模拟时间为50 a,温度差为40℃时,与HMC模型相比,THMC模型所对应的负孔隙水压力峰值减小42％,土体沉降回弹量扩大5.4倍,溶质击穿时间缩短11.4 a.该研究可为填埋场防渗垫层设计及服役性能评估提供参考.     

琼胶粒子为致孔剂制备多孔壳聚糖功能膜的研究

利用琼脂粉末为致孔剂,制备多孔壳聚糖功能膜。通过红外光谱、电镜扫描等技术对其进行表征,研究多孔壳聚糖功能膜的吸水性、小分子渗透性。研究结果表明,以琼胶作为致孔剂制备的多孔壳聚糖功能膜具有良好的吸水性和渗透性。     

Insights on cellulose hydrolysis in the porous structure of biomass particles using the lattice Boltzmann method

Lignocellulose biomass has been recognized as one of the most promising sources of low-cost and renewable biofuels, and its conversion into alternative fuels and valuable platform molecules has attracted widespread attention. The porous solid residue from lignocellulose biomass, which was pretreated by steam-stripping, is catalyzed by dilute sulfuric acid to form levulinic acid (LA). The process includes porous media diffusion, multicomponent reactive transport, liquid-solid interface reaction, and cellulose dissolution. Understanding the interactions between these complex physicochemical processes is the basis for optimizing the performance of the hydrolysis reaction. In this study, a porous reaction transport model based on the lattice Boltzmann method (LBM) was established to simulate the conversion of cellulose to LA which was catalyzed by dilute acid. The simulation results were compared with the existing experimental results to verify the accuracy of the model. The simulation results showed that temperature has a significant effect on hydrolysis and the highest carbon yield was obtained at 180 °C. Without considering the lignin reaction, the higher the sulfuric acid concentration, the better is the hydrolysis efficiency in the range of 4% – 8%. The influence of cellulose content and steam-stripping the residue porosity on the dissolution rate of cellulose was also evaluated. The average dissolution rate of cellulose is the highest within 75 min, when the porosity is 0.7 and the cellulose content is 50%.     

Ultralow-threshold Raman laser using a spherical dielectric microcavity

The ability to confine and store optical energy in small volumes has implications in fields ranging from cavity quantum electrodynamics to photonics. Of all cavity geometries, micrometre-sized dielectric spherical resonators are the best in terms of their ability to store energy for long periods of time within small volumes. In the sphere, light orbits near the surface, where long confinement times (high Q) effectively wrap a large interaction distance into a tiny volume. This characteristic makes such resonators uniquely suited for studies of nonlinear coupling of light with matter. Early work recognized these attributes through Raman excitation in microdroplets-but microdroplets have not been used in practical applications. Here we demonstrate a micrometre-scale, nonlinear Raman source that has a highly efficient pump-signal conversion (higher than 35%) and pump thresholds nearly 1,000 times lower than shown before. This represents a route to compact, ultralow-threshold sources for numerous wavelength bands that are usually difficult to access. Equally important, this system can provide a compact and simple building block for studying nonlinear optical effects and the quantum aspects of light.     

三维槽道两相湍流的大涡模拟

利用基于动态粘性亚网格模型的大涡模拟方法,分别模拟计算了Ret=180的三维槽道湍流内的三种颗粒的运动状况．统计得到的流体的平均速度、脉动速度等结果与有关文献中的DNS结果一致,不同的颗粒在流场中(特别是近壁区)表现出不同的行为,并再现了颗粒在壁面附近局部富集的现象．     

多孔介质球向渗流的渗透率分形模型

基于分形理论与技术,该文研究了牛顿流体在多孔介质中球向渗流问题,提出了牛顿流体球向渗流渗透率模型,分析了多孔介质的微结构参数对球向渗透率的影响.研究结果表明,球向渗透率随孔隙面积分形维数和孔隙度的增加而增加,随迂曲度分形维数和径向距离r的增加而减小;本模型预期结果与Chang和Yortsos的模型相比较吻合较好,证实了球向渗透率分形模型的正确性.