低磷洗涤剂开发前景广阔

水质污染是困扰许多国家的一个难题。近年来，科学家发现，造成水生物减少、藻类丛生、鱼类死亡、水质变臭的一个主要“元凶”是污水中的磷含量过高，理论上将这种现象称为水质过肥化或富营养化。据有关专家介绍，我国有近半数的湖泊存在水质富营养化问题。污水中磷的来源有多种染道，其中洗涤剂废水中的磷是生活污水的污染源之一。据中国环境科学研究院调查，在我国，洗涤剂废水带入的磷占生活污水中磷负荷的40％－50％，在城市湖泊中占28％左右。目前，世界上已经有40％左右的国家限磷、禁磷。减轻磷污染有两个措施，一是建三级污水处理厂…     

胡图族与图西族:积怨何时了?

历史上受殖民列强统治,当前争夺权力,矮个民族和高个民族冲突连绵不绝……布隆迪的两大部族胡图族与图西族的冲突在不断升级。3月11日,能源和矿业部长卡布含梅耶(胡图族人)被暗杀。3月24日,两族武装在首都四个街区发生目1972年以来最激烈的战斗,局势迅速恶化。两族冲突已造成数百人死亡,数以万计的难民潮水般涌向邻国扎伊尔。继卢旺达的两族大仇杀之后,布隆迪的两族仇杀也一触即发。许多国家撤回在布隆迪的侨民。人们担心,卢旺达大悲剧会在邻国布隆迪重演。胡图族与图西族究竟怎么了?原本无怨仇卢旺达、布隆迪同属非洲中东部赤     

卢旺达和布隆迪

今年7月1日,非洲地图上又出现了两个新独立的国家——卢旺达共和国和布隆迪王国。发展农牧业的好地方卢旺达和布隆迪位于非洲的中部高原,是两个紧邻的国家。卢旺达在北,面积为26.338平方公里,首都是基加利。布隆迪在南,面积稍大,为27,834平方公里,首都是乌松布拉。两国境内山脉棉亘,有许多高耸入云的山峰,最高的达四千五百米以上。西部土地肥沃,东部则是红土质的大草原。这里有许多天然的牧场,特别是卢旺达高原,是非洲最好的牧场之     

布隆迪剪影

布隆迪究竟有多少个山丘,大概无人作过精确统计,但称之为“千山之国”确是不假的。这个地处非洲心脏的国家,面积只有2.8万平方公里,人口却有450万,人口密度达每平方公里160多人,在非洲仅次于卢旺达而居第二位。布隆迪人主要信奉天主教,官方语言为法语,居民大都讲布隆迪语。     

人类活动对浅水湖泊的影响

分析东太湖盲目发展围网养殖带来湖泊的水质污染、沼泽化等环境问题.对围网养殖的定位研究表明，湖泊不同的围网养殖类型和格局，其单位面积和产量产生的污染负荷量差异显著；指出东太湖污染总体源自于湖区沿岸的池塘污水和湖泊内部的养殖；提出保护东太湖生态环境，必须明确东太湖的功能定位、减少污染源、科学调控、合理放养.同时应加强对水生植被的保护，完善湖泊生态系统结构，促进湖泊生物多样性，恢复良性生态.     

布隆迪:重建教育

布隆迪是全世界最贫困的10个国家之一。全国人口600万。面积27000平方公里,小于比利时;人口密度在非洲居第二位,仅次于邻国卢旺达。1993年10月,布隆迪总统贝彻尔·恩达达耶遇刺,引发了图西族与图图族之间的流血冲突。根据联合国难民事务高级专员公署的统计,至少有15万人在这场内战中丧生。对于力图恢复国力的布隆迪,难民问题成了一个难以承受的负担。它的本国难民就达47万,分别栖身于275处难民营;除此以外,还要养活30万坦桑尼亚难民。     

蓝藻水华治理应放宽控氮、集中控磷,以大幅度降低污水处理成本

湖泊富营养化及随之暴发的蓝藻水华成为中国以及世界许多国家面临的重大环境问题。普遍认为,除控磷处理外,富营养化治理需要严格控制氮的排放,并投入巨资开展污水脱氮处理。然而,我们对长江流域40多个湖泊进行了多年比较研究,发现无论总氮浓度高低,湖水总磷浓度都是限制浮游藻类生长的最重要     

惨烈的布隆迪部族冲突

令人发指的部族冲突,有现实背景,也有历史渊源,布隆迪在鲜血中面临严峻考验,国运难测。"布隆迪的大地已被鲜血染成了红色。"这是西方记者对8月的布隆迪部族冲突最简洁的描述。布隆迪总统布约亚不久前在一次记者招待会上宜布,在这场胡圈人和图西人的冲突中有5千人丧生。     

用化学法去除污水中的磷

湖泊磷的富营养化近些年来已越来越多地引起了人们的重视，为了有效控制和去除湖泊内部富集的磷，可以将钙试剂投加入湖水中使之发生化学沉淀反应，生成磷酸盐沉淀来降低磷的浓度，降低水污染．该法适用于处理水量不大，对设备要求不高的情况．本文就探讨了利用这种化学方法处理了污水中磷的过程，实验结果满足去除湖泊水中磷的要求，达到了预期目标，为治理吉林省长春市南湖水的磷污染寻找了技术出路．     

湖泊沉积物中重金属污染评价及生物修复方法的研究进展

近几十年来,由于经济迅速发展及人口剧增,大量工业废水、农业径流及生活污水被直接或经河流排入湖泊、海洋等,水环境日益恶化。对湖泊重金属污染的研究有利于对湖泊环境的保护及进一步治理。本文阐述了重金属对湖泊的影响,介绍了国内重金属在湖泊沉积物中的污染评价方法,总结了国内外生物修复湖泊环境方法。     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

Design and analysis of generic LBS application developing platform

Location based services is promising due to its novel working style and contents.A software platform is proposed to provide application programs of typical location based services and support new applications developing efficiently. The analysis shows that this scheme is easy implemented, low cost and adapt to all kinds of mobile nework system.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-     

Density Functional Theory for the Response of Periodic Systems to Electric Fields Based on the Vector Potential Approach

正The electronic and nuclear(structural/vibrational)response of 1D-3D nanoscale systems to electric fields gives rise to a host of optical,mechanical,spectral,etc.properties that are of high theoretical and applied interest.Due to the computational difficulty of treating such large systems it is convenient to model them as infinite and periodic(at least,in first approximation).The fundamental theoretical/computational problem in doing so is that