用密闭小室测定建材VOC散发特性

建筑材料散发的有机挥发物(VOC)能影响室内空气品质,为研究建材VOC的散发情况,提出了一种测量建材VOC散发特性(初始VOC平均浓度、分离系数)和对流传质系数的方法.选取了几种常见建材(复合地板、大芯板、地板砖和地毯)的甲醛散发作为测试对象,在密闭不锈钢小室内测量建材的甲醛散发曲线,用穿孔萃取仪测量建材内甲醛的平均浓度,通过拟合测量结果可以得出建材的散发参数.测试方法和测量结果为建材的筛选和VOC散发性能评价提供了参考依据.     

A mass transfer model for predicting emission of the volatile organic compounds in wet building materials

A new mass transfer model is developped to predict the volatile organic compounds （VOCs） from fresh wet building materials. The dry section of wet materials during the process of VOC emission from wet building materials is considered in this new model, differing from the mass transfer-based models in other literatures. The mechanism of effect of saturated vapor pressure on the surface of wet building materials in the process of VOC emission is discussed. The concentration of total volatile organic compounds （TVOC） in the building materials gradually decreases as the emission of VOCs begins, and the vapor pressure of VOCs on the surface of wet building materials decreases in the case of newly wet building materials. To ensure the partial pressure of VOCs on the surface of wet building materials to be saturated vapor pressure, the interface of gas-wet layer is lowered, and a dry layer of no-volatile gases in the material is formed. Compared with the results obtained by VB model, CFD model and the experiment data, the results obtained by the present model agree well with the results obtained by CFD model and the experiment data. The present model is more accurate in predicting emission of VOC from wet building materials than VB model.     

General analytical mass transfer model for VOC emissions from multi-layer dry building materials with internal chemical reactions

A general mass transfer based model was developed for analyzing volatile organic compound (VOC) emissions from dry multi-layer building materials with two emission surfaces.This model adds to an earlier multi-layer model by considering chemical reactions within the materials.Consequently,it can be used to analyze the effect of these chemical reactions on removing VOCs,and for characterizing secondary VOC emissions from the building material.The model was validated with literature data and our experimental results.Some typical secondary emissions were analyzed using this model,and obviously differed from the primary emissions.The model is a useful tool for predicting,analyzing and "designing" the VOC emission characteristics,including secondary emissions,of building materials.     

基于小环境舱测试的实际车内VOC浓度预测

乘用车内饰释放的挥发性有机物（VOC）严重影响车内空气质量. 车内材料中VOC的释放特性主要由3个释放关键参数表征:初始浓度C₀,扩散系数D_m和分配系数K. 文中应用直流舱C-history法测定了几种典型乘用车内饰中6种VOC的释放关键参数,并研究了温度的影响. 此外,建立了预测实际车内多源材料同时释放VOC时浓度变化的多源释放模型,并模拟实际车内环境建立了3 m3试验系统进行验证实验. 实验结果与模型预测结果吻合较好,说明通过小环境舱测定的释放关键参数能够用于预测实际车内多种内饰共存时污染物的释放情况.      

烘焙和通风对室内VOC浓度分布的影响及预测

为了研究烘焙温度和通风量对室内建材散发挥发性有机化合物(VOC)以及室内VOC浓度分布的影响,对现有的VOC散发和传递模型进行了改进.引入温度对建材中VOC的传质系数的影响,并采用文献中的实验数据验证了该模型的正确性.应用该模型计算了建材内部和室内空气中VOC浓度变化.结果表明,换气次数的提高能够加强空气中VOC的稀释,烘焙温度的升高能够加强材料内VOC的传质速率,使VOC向外扩散速率加快,降低建材中剩余VOC的含量,从根源上解决VOC的长期散发问题.从理论上提出和验证了间歇通风烘焙方法是有效降低室内VOC浓度的措施.     

An analytical solution for VOCs emission from multiple sources/sinks in buildings

An analytical solution is presented to describe the emission/sorption of volatile organic compounds （VOCs） from/on multiple single-layer materials coexisting in buildings. The diffusion of VOCs within each material is described by a transient diffusion equation. All diffusion equations are coupled with each other through the equation of mass conservation in the air. The analytical solution is validated by the experimental data in literature. Compared to the one-material case, the coexistence of multiple materials may decrease the emission rate of VOCs from each material. The smaller the diffusion coefficient is, the more the emission rate decreases. Whether a material is a source or a sink in the case of multiple materials coexisting is not affected by the diffusion coefficient. For the case of multiple materials with different partition coefficients, a material with a high partition coefficient may become a sink. This may promote the emission of VOCs from other materials.     

基于MARS的电地热室内温度影响因素分析

在电地热运行过程中,为了对室内温度影响因素进行分析,引入了多元自适应样条回归模型。使用多元自适应样条算法对室外因素(室外温度、太阳辐射、风速、时间)、不同材料墙体、窗户朝向以及不同楼层等影响因素进行分析研究。通过结果表明：室外因素中对室内温度影响程度最大的是室外温度,其影响系数为0.405;墙体材料的导热系数为0.93时,其保温性越差,对室内温度影响越大,其影响系数为0.530;西向、东向、顶层和底层的房间保温性和隔热性最差,对室内温度影响最大,其影响系数分别为0.706、0.423、0.610、0.580。可见对室内温度影响因素分析,可以为建筑节能减排提供依据。     

建筑空间温度分布特性对交叉扩散水平的影响分析

基于不可逆热力学,分析了建筑室内热量、水蒸气组分和污染气体组分之间交叉扩散耦合特征,并给出了三者之间的交叉扩散传递关系以及温度分布对交叉扩散水平的影响关系,同时针对室内不同湿度和污染气体浓度水平,对温度分布影响下的交叉扩散特征与水平进行了具体讨论.结果表明,当温度梯度和热附加扩散系数正负相同时,交叉扩散作用所形成的水蒸气组分梯度和污染气体组分梯度小于零,反之则大于零;同时,在相同温度梯度和热附加扩散作用下,室内初始湿度和初始污染气体浓度水平越高,所形成的2种组分梯度的绝对值越大,并且初始湿度和初始污染气体浓度水平的影响都具有显著性.     

高层建筑绕流对室内通风系统影响的研究

本文根据相关文献的高层建筑风压系数的分布和高层建筑绕流空气动力特性 ,分析了高层建筑物表面风压随来流和风向发生较大变化的区域和特征 ,提出了高层建筑室内新风、排气系统进排风口设置的相关技术措施及考虑来流和风向影响的高层建筑表面风压的计算方法     

Numerical simulation for volatile organic compound removal in rotating drum biofilter

Rotating drum biofilters (RDBs) could effectively remove volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from waste gas streams. A mathematical model was developed on the basis of mass transport and mass balance equations in an RDB,the two-film theory,and the Monod kinetics. This model took account of mass transfer and biodegradation of VOC in the gas-water-biofilm three-phase system in the biofilter,and could simulate variations of VOC removal efficiency with a changing specific surface area and porosity of the media due to the increasing of biofilm thickness in the biofilter. Toluene was used as a model VOC. This model was further simplified by introducing a coefficient of the gas velocity and ne-glecting the water phase due to the complexity of operating conditions. The equations for the biofilm phase,gas phase,and biofilm accumulation in this model were solved using collocation method,ana-lytic method,and the Runge-Kutta method separately. A computer program was written down as MATLAB to solve this model. Results of numerical solutions showed that toluene removal efficiency in the RDB increased and reached the maximum values of 97% on day 4 after the startup,and then de-creased and remained at 90% after 5 more days of operation. Toluene concentration was high at the outermost layer where more than 70% toluene was removed,and was low at the innermost layer where less than 10% toluene was removed. The dynamic removal efficiencies from this model correlated reasonably well with experimental results for toluene removal in a multi-layered RDB.     

基于经济指标的围护结构生产阶段能耗、?耗、碳排放简化计算的热力学模型

由于我国建材物化能和碳排放等数据缺失,在对围护结构生产阶段进行分析时,往往仅考虑几种主要建材的影响。为了解决这一问题,提出了成本能、成本和成本碳这三个参数;并基于社会经济指标,即工业万元产值能耗,提出了热力学成本综合当量系数这一概念,在此基础上提出了一种计算围护结构生产阶段能耗、耗和碳排放量的热力学模型。与传统的算法相比,提出的热力学模型将建筑造价表中所有建材考虑在内,而采用的万元产值能耗数据可以在政府公开发表的文件中找到。实例计算结果表明,生产阶段的能耗占全寿命期的12.34%,碳排放占到了15.48%;生产阶段单位建筑面积能耗为4.995GJ/m~2,这一结果与国外的研究相符,验证了本模型的可靠性。提出的模型对完善可持续建筑评价体系和制定能源政策具有重要意义。     

建筑污染源的源作用与汇效应特征数值分析

基于室内建筑污染的源作用与汇效应机理,并结合数值方法分析了源作用与汇效应在室内空气环境所对应的实际边界条件下的特征,所选择的反映实际边界条件的因素包括入室新风品质、新风量大小、室内温度水平以及汇与源作用面积比.研究结果表明,入室新风品质降低和新风量增大对材料散发强度与汇效应作用强度具有相反影响,但前者会使室内挥发性有机...     

构型配分函数的简化计算与讨论

统计物理教材中分子构型配分函数的计算,一般是将双矢量积分化简为单矢量积分。文章对该双矢量积分进行了详细推导,并采用Lennard—Jones势模型进行数值计算,分析讨论了构型配分函数简化计算的适用范围。     

室内空气中挥发性有机物污染的研究

挥发性有机物（VOCs）是主要的室内空气污染物。根据调查结果和资料分析，探讨了室内VOCs的污染种类和常见组分、污染途径和污染源强；评价了室内VOCs的污染现状；分析了室内VOCs的污染特征和污染规律；并提出我国在室内VOCs污染研究中现存问题和发展方向。     

住宅建筑建材准备阶段能耗和碳排放灰色分析——以合肥地区为例

建筑生命周期内,尤其是建材准备阶段的能耗和碳排放统计数据相对较少,缺乏精度高且可操作性强的模型.将非等间距灰色系统预测模型应用于合肥地区住宅建筑建材准备阶段能耗和碳排放的分析预测,获得住宅建筑建材准备阶段能耗和碳排放的预测公式,经后验差检验显示预测结果具有足够的精度水平.在此基础上,提出以标准煤作为参考指标的单位碳排放条件下能源利用能力的评价指标.通过对比发现,建材准备阶段单位碳排放条件下的能源利用能力具有较大的提升空间.     

Effect of partition coefficient on microsegregation during solidification of aluminium alloys

In the modeling of microsegregation, the partition coefficient is usually calculated using data from the equilibrium phase diagrams. The aim of this study was to experimentally and theoretically analyze the partition coefficient in binary aluminum-copper alloys. The samples were analyzed by differential thermal analysis (DTA), which were melted and quenched from different temperatures during solidification. The mass fraction and composition of phases were measured by image processing and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) equipped with an energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) unit. These data were used to calculate as the experimental partition coefficients with four different methods. The experimental and equilibrium partition coefficients were used to model the concentration profile in the primary phase. The modeling results show that the profiles calculated by the experimental partition coefficients are more consistent with the experimental profiles, compared to those calculated using the equilibrium partition coefficients.     

纳米MHSN掺量的沥青混合料路用性能研究

为进一步提高沥青路面的路用性能,提出将多孔中空二氧化硅纳米颗粒（MHSN）作为沥青烟（VOC）的吸附剂,掺入到沥青混合料中,测定改性沥青的路用性能。通过扫描电子显微镜（SEM）、透射电子显微镜（TEM）和Brunauer-Emmett-Teller（BET）等测试手段对水热法制备的纳米MHSN进行表征,并测定MHSN改性沥青的流变性能和VOC的排放量。结果表明：MHSN表面的孔径大部分连续分布在0到50 nm之间;MHSN的掺入降低了沥青的针入度和提高了软化点,提高了沥青的复合剪切模量,使沥青的相位角略有减小,可以提高沥青混合料的高温抗车辙性能;MHSN的掺入可以显著降低沥青VOC的总排放量,对沥青VOC中各组分的排放有不同程度的抑制作用。由此可见,纳米MHSN掺量的沥青混合料路用性能表现优越,可用于道路施工中,并且经济效益和社会效益明显。     

上海市建筑碳排放核算研究

为有效实现建筑业的节能减排,实现碳达峰和碳中和,对建筑碳排放核算方法进行研究。以生命周期理论为基础建立了城市层面的建筑碳计算模型,并以上海市住宅及非住宅建筑为研究对象核算出上海市建筑领域碳排放。对比上海市住宅建筑及非住宅建筑碳排放量,研究上海市建筑碳排放趋势。研究结果表明,2010—2020年,上海市建筑领域碳排放持增长态势,其中建材生产阶段和建筑运行阶段是对建筑总体碳排放量贡献最大的两个阶段。从不同建筑材料碳排放量占比来看,钢材的碳排放量是建材碳排放量中最高的,所占比例超过了50%,其次是水泥、铝材。在建筑减碳路径方面,结合建筑各生命周期阶段的碳排放核算结果,提出了对应的减排对策。     

Indoor decorating and refurbishing materials and furniture volatile organic compounds emission labeling systems: A review

The volatile organic compounds (VOC) emitted from indoor decorating and refurbishing materials and furniture is recognized as one of the main causes of bad indoor air quality,which has resulted in serious economic losses.In European countries and the U.S.,labeling systems for indoor decorating and refurbishing materials and furniture were established to address this issue with good effect.This paper is a review of these existing labeling systems.The basic principle of the labeling systems is introduced.The technical,policy and operational parts of the labeling systems are then discussed.The research concentrates on target pollutants,their threshold values and the testing methods employed.Some problems were uncovered in these labeling systems:too many VOCs were targeted;the method to determine the threshold values was not very rigorous;the testing time was too long (7-28 d).Some China’s special features in developing such system are stated.Therefore,as the world’s largest national producer and consumer of wood based panels and furniture,China should learn from foreign experience of establishing labeling systems as much as it can.However China should not simply copy the foreign approaches but develop its own scientific labeling system for indoor decorating and refurbishing materials and furniture.     

PLC控制的GRC轻型隔墙板生产线设计

本文介绍了一种ＰＬＣ控制的新型自动化轻型隔墙板生产线的工作原理,并详细讨论了主要结构与控制系统的特点．该生产线的完成将为新型建材生产的现代化提供一项新技术