新型季铵盐的合成及其缓蚀性能研究

介绍了一种新型季铵盐固体DZ－1的合成方法,初步研究了季铵盐作为单组分缓蚀剂对碳钢在盐酸酸洗液中的缓蚀性能,讨论了缓蚀剂浓度,酸液浓度,温度和Fe3 浓度等因素对缓蚀效果影响,实验结果表明,新型季铵盐固体DZ－1具有合成方法简单,不燃不爆,用量低,缓蚀性能好的优点,可直接用作温度低于70度,浓度小于10％的盐酸酸洗缓蚀剂。     

咪唑啉季铵盐的合成及其在CO2腐蚀环境中的缓蚀性能

分别使用硫酸二乙酯、氯化苄和冰醋酸三种季铵化试剂对由油酸、二乙烯三胺合成的咪唑啉进行季铵化，使用动态失重法对比了它们在CO2腐蚀环境中对Q235钢的缓蚀性能，并用电化学方法研究了缓蚀机理。结果表明：使用硫酸二乙酯合成的咪唑啉季铵盐BMI-D比其他两种咪唑啉季铵盐具有更好的缓蚀效果；BMI-D与烷基酚聚氧乙烯醚的最佳质量分数配比为2∶1时可制得复合缓蚀剂BMI-DA，当BMI-DA质量浓度为100mg/L时，缓蚀率可达到97.55%；BMI-DA是以控制阳极过程为主的混合型缓蚀剂。     

双咪唑啉季铵盐缓蚀剂的合成及性能研究

将月桂酸、二乙烯三胺、碳酸二甲酯等作为原料合成一种双子咪唑啉季铵盐类化合物,并在3.5%Na Cl溶液中通过静态失重法测定该缓蚀剂对马口铁片的缓蚀能力,考察了缓蚀剂浓度、温度等因素对其缓蚀性能的影响。通过Tafel曲线和交流阻抗的测定,对其缓蚀性能进行进一步考察。结果表明双子咪唑啉缓蚀剂在3.5%NaCl溶液的腐蚀环境中对马口铁片具有好的缓蚀效果。当温度T为30℃,缓蚀剂浓度为50 mg/L时,其缓蚀率最大可到91.25%。Tafel曲线表明缓蚀剂浓度增加,其腐蚀电位会向正电位方向移动,且自腐蚀电流密度也在很大程度上随之降低,缓蚀率在增加。从交流阻抗谱的阻值半径可知当缓蚀剂浓度为50 mg/L时得到的阻抗谱半径最大,说明在这一浓度下,腐蚀速率最小,缓蚀效果最优。     

磷基马来酸-丙烯酸共聚缓蚀剂DZ-1的合成与应用

用马来酸酐、丙烯酸及次亚磷酸钠合成了一种磷基马来酸-丙烯酸共聚物缓蚀剂DZ-1,并采用正交试验方法研究了合成该缓蚀剂的最佳条件。红外光谱分析表明合成产物与实验设计的相符。合成缓蚀剂在缓速酸中有较好的缓蚀效果,添加0.5% KI及0.2%非离子表面活性剂的DZ-1在90℃下对缓速酸的缓蚀率可达到99.95%。     

新型高温酸化缓蚀剂SJ-1的制备及性能研究

为进一步增强酸化缓蚀剂在高温深井中的缓蚀效果,本实验以氯甲基萘为季铵化中间体,与双曼尼希碱反应,合成得到一种双曼尼希碱季铵盐,通过单因素分析法优选复配分散剂和增效剂得到高温酸化缓蚀剂SJ-1,使用失重法和电化学法评价其缓蚀性能。研究结果表明,高温酸化缓蚀剂SJ-1在180℃下,加量仅为3%时,就能使N80钢片在20%盐酸和土酸中的腐蚀速率分别达到70.15 g/(m2·h)和65.32 g/(m2·h),均小于SY/T 5405—2019中的一级指标;高温酸化缓蚀剂SJ-1是以抑制阳极过程为主的混合控制型缓蚀剂;量子化学计算结果表明,以氯甲基萘为中间体合成的双曼尼希碱季铵盐缓蚀性能优于以氯化苄为中间体合成的。     

松香改性油酸基咪唑啉季铵盐的缓蚀性能

以不同配比的油酸和松香作为原料酸,在一定条件下与二乙烯三胺合成咪唑啉中间体,并用氯化苄进行季铵化得到松香改性油酸基咪唑啉季铵盐.利用红外光谱对产品的结构进行分析,并用静态质量损失法测定产物在盐酸介质中对Q235钢的缓蚀率.结果表明,合成高性能的咪唑啉季铵盐所用的最佳工艺条件为:原料酸中松香摩尔分数20%、二乙烯三胺与酸的摩尔比1.4～1.5、反应温度170～180℃、回流时间4h;当咪唑啉季铵盐作为缓蚀剂加入质量分数达到0.3%～0.4%时,可发挥其最佳缓蚀性能.     

改性天然高分子酸缓蚀剂的长效缓蚀性能研究

文中研究了吡啶季铵盐接技天然高分子技术,制取的药剂（FNP－C）是性能良好的酸缓蚀剂,而且在1mol／L．的盐酸中具有长效缓蚀性能．同时采用色谱一质谱联用仪分析了FNP－C在酸中的降解规律,探索了其长效缓蚀作用机理     

咪唑啉季铵盐缓蚀剂的合成及应用性能评价

以腐蚀速率为评价指标,以原料配比、反应时间、催化剂加量为考察因素,采用正交实验设计,得到了咪唑啉季铵盐缓蚀剂的最佳合成条件:苯甲酸与三乙烯四胺物质的量比为2∶1,先在140～160℃经缩合脱水反应2 h,再升温至220～250℃环化脱水反应2 h,得到咪唑啉中间体;然后使中间体与氯化苄在90℃左右反应4 h,得到咪唑啉季铵盐缓蚀剂主剂.将主剂与表面活性剂和溶剂复配,得到酸化缓蚀剂.采用静态挂片失重法和电化学方法考察了该缓蚀剂的缓蚀性能.结果显示:缓蚀剂质量分数为1%时,N80钢在90℃体积分数为15%的HCl介质中,缓蚀率为97%;缓蚀剂是以抑制阳极为主的混合型缓蚀剂.     

耐高温酸化缓蚀剂GC-203L的开发及评价

喹啉季铵盐和曼尼希碱季铵盐复配物作为缓蚀剂母体,通过复配增效剂,制备出了耐高温酸化缓性剂GC-203L。通过测定不同温度、不同加量以及不同酸液类型及酸液浓度下GC-203L的动态腐蚀速率,对其缓蚀性能进行了评价,并对其缓蚀机理进行了探讨。GC-203L在20%盐酸、土酸中,150℃下钢片的动态腐蚀速率分别为3.2g/(m2·h)、45.3 g/(m2·h),耐温可达180℃,具有良好的缓性性能。     

锌-空电池中性电解液的研究

用循环伏安法和恒电流扫描法及X射线衍射法研究了不同成份和浓度的中性电解液中的锌电极的电化学行为,并通过向中性电解液中添加季铵盐缓蚀剂,考察缓蚀剂在锌电极反应中的缓蚀作用,探讨锌电极的反应机理.试验结果发现在NH4Cl(浓度为4 mol/L)+KCI(浓度为1 mol/L)混合溶液中添加季铵盐缓蚀剂后既可抑制锌电极的阳极溶解,又可提高其析氢过电位和析氢电流密度,是有效改善锌-空电池性能的途径之一.     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

海南岛地体及其毗邻陆缘晚中生代—新生代古地磁研究和构造演化

本文叙述了对海南岛及其毗邻大陆边缘白垩纪到第四纪地层岩石进行古地磁研究的全部工作过程。通过分析岩石中剩余磁矢量的磁偏角及磁倾角的变化,提出海南岛白垩纪以来经历的构造演化模式如下:早期伴随顺时针旋转而向南迁移,后期伴随逆时针转动并向北运移。联系该地区及邻区的地质、地球物理资料,对海南岛上述的构造地体运动提出以下认识:北部湾内早期有一拉张作用,主要是该作用使湾内地壳显著伸长减薄,形成北部湾盆地。从而导致了海南岛的早期构造运动,而海南岛后期的构造运动则主要是受南海海底扩张的影响。海南地体运动规律的阐明对于了解北部湾油气盆地的形成演化有重要的理论和实际意义。     

An Index mechanism for multi-scale view in spatial databases

There are numerous geometric objects stored in the spatial databases. An importance function in a spatial database is that users can browse the geometric objects as a map efficiently. Thus the spatial database should display the geometric objects users concern about swiftly onto the display window. This process includes two operations:retrieve data from database and then draw them onto screen. Accordingly, to improve the efficiency, we should try to reduce time of both retrieving object and displaying them. The former can be achieved with the aid of spatial index such as R-tree, the latter require to simplify the objects. Simplification means that objects are shown with sufficient but not with unnecessary detail which depend on the scale of browse. So the major problem is how to retrieve data at different detail level efficiently. This paper introduces the implementation of a multi-scale index in the spatial database SISP (Spatial Information Shared Platform) which is generalized from R-tree. The difference between the generalization and the R-tree lies on two facets: One is that every node and geometric object in the generalization is assigned with a importance value which denote the importance of them, and every vertex in the objects are assigned with a importance value,too. The importance value can be use to decide which data should be retrieve from disk in a query. The other difference is that geometric objects in the generalization are divided into one or more sub-blocks, and vertexes are total ordered by their importance value. With the help of the generalized R-tree, one can easily retrieve data at different detail levels.Some experiments are performed on real-life data to evaluate the performance of solutions that separately use normal spatial index and multi-scale spatial index. The results show that the solution using multi-scale index in SISP is satisfying.     

《Chinese Science Bulletin》SUBJECT INDEX TO VOLUME 59(2014)

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Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

The elongation method,originally proposed by Imamura was further developed for many years in our group.As a method towards O(N)with high efficiency and high accuracy for any dimensional systems.This treatment designed for one-dimensional(ID)polymers is now available for three-dimensional(3D)systems,but geometry optimization is now possible only for 1D-systems.As an approach toward post-Hartree-Fock,it was also extended to