Microstructure and texture evolution of a near β titanium alloy Ti-7333 during continuous cooling hot deformation

The microstructure and texture evolution during continuous cooling hot deformation(CCHD) in a near β titanium alloy, named Ti-7Mo-3Nb-3Cr-3Al(Ti-7333), were investigated by using the electron backscattered diffraction(EBSD). The results indicate that the precipitation of secondary α phase was restricted by CCHD, and the morphology of primary α phase nearly had no change with the deformation and temperature drop. In contrast, βphase underwent more deformation and the grains tended to refine. This may be due to the dynamic recrystallization(DRX) of β phase, including continuous dynamic recrystallization(CDRX) and discontinuous dynamic recrystallization(DDRX). In addition, the textures of {110} 110 , {225} 520 and{115} 123 transformed to {100} 110 and {001} 100 during CCHD. Among these, the η-fiber component of {001} 100 was the dominant deformation texture in the deformed Ti-7333 alloy. Finally,continuous cooling has an important effect on the work hardening and softening during CCHD, contributing to the different flow behaviors at different cooling rates.     

热轧工艺对409L铁素体不锈钢深冲性的影响

对含有单一柱状晶的409L铁素体不锈钢连铸坯,采用不同终轧温度的热轧工艺,由常规热轧转变为温轧,再经过相同后续工艺;较低终轧温度的成品获得了较高rm值和较低△r值.终轧温度的降低使组织演变发生变化:热轧和冷轧组织中晶界和晶内剪切带增多,变形组织被细化、硬化,尤其是中心层附近的粗大带状晶粒;两者的增多又增加了退火过程中的...     

超纯铁素体不锈钢的组织、织构及深拉伸性能

重点研究了冷轧压下率对冷轧、再结晶织构的影响.结果表明:当终轧温度为750℃时,热轧带退火后以{111}再结晶织构为主.随着冷轧压下量的增加,γ织构减弱,α织构增强,{111}再结晶织构明显增强.当冷轧压下率为84%时,{111}再结晶组分的体积分数达到64.5%,退火板的平均塑性应变比(-R)高达1.69,平面各向异性(ΔR)仅为-0.17,深拉伸性能优良.     

Hot deformation behavior of a Cr-containing low carbon steel in the ferrite range

A low carbon steel with Cr addition of 0.46wt% combined with trace elements of Mn and Ti was studied. The apparent activation energy of deformation and the hot deformation equation of the steel in the ferritic range were determined by means of single hot compression tests. The hot-rolled strip of 3 mm in thickness rolled in the ferritic range was obtained using a laboratory hot rolling mill. The mechanical properties show that the values of yield strength and ultimate tensile strength are 230 and 330 MPa, respectively, and the elongation is 33%. The average r-value is 1.1. Large polygonal ferrite recrystallization grains with about 40 grn in size and the strong { 111 } recrystallization texture can be obtained in the hot-rolled strip.     

Influence of hot-rolling on the microstructure and mechanical properties of a near β-type Ti-5.2Mo-4.8Al-2.5Zr-1.7Cr alloy

In this work, the 90° clock rolling and the uni-directionally rolling processes at high temperature were carried out on the near β-type Ti-5.2Mo-4.8Al-2.5Zr-1.7Cr titanium alloy cutting from an ingot, respectively. The corresponding microstructures were quantitatively characterized, and its effect on the dynamic mechanical properties and fracture mechanism were emphatically investigated. It was found that after 90° clock rolling, the microstructure composed of equiaxed primary α phase(α_p) with an average size of about 2 ?μm and the β transformed regions containing the acicular secondary α phase(α_s) with an average thickness of about 50 ?nm and the separated β phase was obtained. However, in the uni-directionally rolled titanium alloy, no acicular α_s was observed, and the corresponding microstructure consisted elongated lamellar α phase (average thickness: about 1.3 ?μm), few equiaxed α phase (average grain size: about 300 ?nm) and the inlaid β phase. The microstructural difference of the hot-rolled titanium alloys was closely related to the deformation process. Moreover, a great number of α_p and α_s in the 90° clock rolled titanium alloy effectively enhanced the strength, and the dynamic compressive strength reached to 1730 ?MPa. Furthermore, equiaxed α_p was conducive to the homogeneous deformation, which counteracted the localized deformation caused by acicular α_s to a certain extent and made the 90° clock rolled titanium alloy exhibit an acceptable critical fracture strain of about 10.5%. Moreover, the fracture microstructures showed that the main failure mode of the 90° clock rolled and the uni-directionally rolled titanium alloy were ductile fracture and brittle fracture, respectively.     

3%Si无取向硅钢异步轧制织构的演变

对无取向硅钢常化态板材经过异步轧制,轧制速比为1.06,经过一次冷轧到0.5 mm厚,压下率为77.3%,并在保护气氛下进行再结晶退火,考察了异步冷轧织构和再结晶织构形成及演变.常化态板材的初始织构组分以{110}和{113}织构为主,异步冷轧织构主要是由α织构和γ织构组成,快慢辊侧的织构类型没有变化,但慢辊侧α织构和γ织构的取向密度明显高于快辊侧;再结晶退火后α织构取向密度明显减弱,而γ织构的变化主要是{111}〈110〉织构组分的取向密度减弱,{111}〈112〉织构组分的取向密度加强.     

应用铁素体区热轧工艺开发超低碳热轧深冲板

研究了铁素体轧制工艺条件对一种Ti-IF钢的性能,特别是深冲性能的影响.采用铁素体区润滑轧制和高温卷取,r值最高为1.38,延伸率达到50%以上.而奥氏体轧制条件下r值低于1.0.织构分析证实在润滑轧制条件下,强的{111}再结晶织构沿厚度方向较均匀分布,剪切织构较弱,而在无润滑轧制条件下,{111}再结晶织构很弱,并且形成了较强的{110}剪切织构.为获得具有良好深冲性能的热轧板,要求加热温度在1 100-1 150℃之间,终轧温度在750-800℃之间, 卷取温度大于650℃.     

Phase formation,texture evolutions,and mechanical behaviors of Al0.5CoCr0.8FeNi2.5V0.2 high-entropy alloys upon cold rolling

The cold rolling (CR) reduction dependence of microstructure evolutions and mechanical properties for Al_0.5CoCr_0.8FeNi_2.5V_0.2 high-entropy alloy (HEA) were investigated. The HEA remains FCC structures consisting of nanoscale ordered L1₂ phase, confirming the phase formation prediction. With increasing CR reduction, the textures transform from random ones to FCC rolling ones accompanied by dense slip bands and deformation twins. Under a 50% CR reduction, the deformation textures started to become evident and were governed by typical {111}<112>F, {110}<100>Goss and {112}<111>Cu texture components. When the CR reduction approached 90%, the deformation textures mainly contained the {110}<111>A, {114}<110>X, and {112}<111>Cu texture components. As a result, both Vickers hardness and ultimate strength increased, but the ductility decreased roughly. The enhanced strength should be attributed to the anisotropy and work hardening behavior from textures. The plastic deformation for the samples under low CR reductions was dominated by deformation twins and slip bands. However, under high CR reductions, the textures severely impeded the further propagation of pre-existing slip bands, leading to the rapid decrease of ductility. Therefore, the CR reduction should be carefully designed before optimal heat treatments to enhance the strength and ductility synergy.     

Microstructure evolution of Ti–6Al–4V under cold rolling + low temperature nitriding process

A new nitriding process modifying both the surface and the matrix is proposed to improve the poor wear resistance and low hardness of the titanium alloy surface. The treatment of solid solution treatment, cold rolling and low temperature nitriding was used for surface modification. The results showed that the microstructure of the Ti–6Al–4V(TC4) titanium alloy sample changed from the original α+β phase to the residual α phase, metastable β phase and martensite α′ phase after solution treatment. The results of cold rolling experiments indicated that with the increase of rolling amount, many defects generated, and the grains were first elongated and then partially broken. During the process of low-temperature nitriding the recrystallization occurred, which effectively avoided the problem of coarse matrix structure. It has been found that after low-temperature nitriding, thin strip-like α-phase with dispersed distribution, which is a typical aging structure, formed. The XRD test results indicate that steady state nitrides Ti₂N formed on the surface of the sample, but the content of Ti₂N was relatively low. Based on the morphology of content of the surface and cross-section it is believed that a special type of nitriding layerformed after low-temperature nitriding. The mechanical performance test results indicate that the wear resistance and hardness of the alloy increased significantly.     

异步轧制无取向硅钢的再结晶织构演变

在无取向硅钢冷轧过程中采用同步轧制和速比为1.06,1.125,1.19的异步轧制,以考察异步轧制对冷轧和再结晶织构的影响.研究发现,异步轧制减弱冷轧织构中{001}～{112}〈110〉组分,增强{111}〈112〉并减弱{111}〈110〉组分.{111}〈112〉和{111}～{225}〈110〉形变晶粒内剪切带处分别形成η(〈001〉∥RD)及偏离其15°的η′(Ψ=75°,θ=0～45°,φ=0°)再结晶晶粒,η′因晶核尺寸优势发展成为主要织构组分.异步轧制下形变织构的变化有利于改善再结晶织构特征及性能,其影响随速比增大而增强.     

Correlation of morphological anisotropy and Lankford value of deep drawing sheets hot-rolled by compact strip production

Cold-rolled steel sheets in automotive applications require an excellent deep draw ability, which is characterized by the Lankford value (r-value). In this study, a correlation was identified between r-value and pancake-shaped grain flatness which is indicated as the ratio of grain diameter in the rolling direction (RD) and normal direction (ND) of sheets (d_r/d_n). A mathematical model (r=e0.345(d_n-1/2-d_r-1/2)) was developed to calculate r-value by the microstructure of steel sheets hot-rolled by compact strip production (CSP). It is shown that the r-value is higher, if the microstructure of steel sheet is of pancake-shaped grains elongated in the rolling direction. The calculated r-value is confirmed to fit exactly to the measured one from the large-scale production.     

Effect of particle size distribution on the microstructure,texture, and mechanical properties of Al–Mg–Si–Cu alloy

The effect of particle size distribution on the microstructure, texture, and mechanical properties of Al–Mg–Si–Cu alloy was investigated on the basis of the mechanical properties, microstructure, and texture of the alloy. The results show that the particle size distribution influences the microstructure and the final mechanical properties but only slightly influences the recrystallization texture. After the pre-aging treatment and natural aging treatment (T4P treatment), in contrast to the sheet with a uniform particle size distribution, the sheet with a bimodal particle size distribution of large constituent particles and small dispersoids exhibits higher strength and a somewhat lower plastic strain ratio (r) and strain hardening exponent (n). After solution treatment, the sheet with a bimodal particle size distribution of large constituent particles and small dispersoids possesses a finer and slightly elongated grain structure compared with the sheet with a uniform particle size distribution. Additionally, they possess almost identical weak recrystallization textures, and their textures are dominated by CubeND {001}<310> and P {011}<122> orientations.     

冷轧工艺对铁素体不锈钢成形性能的影响

为了研究冷轧工艺对新型铁素体不锈钢19Cr2Mo1W成形性能的影响,采用XRD,EBSD技术以及平均塑性应变比与粗糙度测量等手段,研究了不同压下率冷轧及随后退火过程中的织构演变和微观组织变化,并讨论了织构和微观组织对成形性能的影响.结果表明:随着冷轧压下率的增加,铁素体不锈钢中的α和γ纤维织构均有所增强,且α和γ纤维织构最终稳定取向分别为223〈110〉和111〈011〉.冷轧板α纤维织构中223〈110〉组分越强,退火后γ再结晶织构强度越高.冷轧板在1050℃退火时,薄板的γ再结晶织构强度高,再结晶组织均匀且尺寸较小,表面粗糙度最小,综合成形性能最佳.     

锻造方式对 Ti--6Al--4V 合金组织及取向分布的影响

在快锻液压机上对 Ti-6Al-4V 合金进行了锻造变形,采用扫描电镜、背散射电子衍射技术以及 X 射线衍射技术研究了不同锻造方式下合金组织及晶粒取向的变化规律。在单向镦拔和换向镦拔两种不同锻造方式下,难变形区、小变形区及大变形区中α相及β相的分布差别不大,组织均匀性基本一致,两种变形方式下锻坯不同区域的应变稍有差别。进一步对不同变形区域形变织构的定量分析可知：在应变较小的边缘区域,变形主要以{0001}基面滑移为主,形成基面织构;在应变较大的内部区域,织构明显转向{112     

Microstructure and texture evolution of TRC A8006 alloy by homogenization

The microstructure and texture evolution of twin-roll cast A8006 alloy by homogenization were characterized using scanning and transmission electron microscopy, and the microhardness was tested as well. According to the relationship between dendritic arm spacing and cooling rate the cooling rate of the as-cast twin-roll cast A8006 sheet of 6 mm in thickness was estimated as 1.48×103 K·s?1. It is found that the grains and the nanostructural precipitates of the twin-roll cast sheet become coarser after homogenization at 580℃ for 4 h in comparison with those after homogenization at 500℃ for 8 h. The textures formed after cold rolling and became weaker during homogenization. The increase in hardness of the as-cast twin-roll cast sheets is related to the supersaturated α-Al solid solution and fine microstructure, but the decrease in hardness after homogenization can be attributed to the coarsening of grains and Al₆Fe(Mn) precipitates.     

Microtextural evolution of different TRC AA8006 alloy sections with homogenization

Grain microtexture evolution in twin-roll cast AA8006 alloy sheets subjected to different treatments was investigated using electron backscatter diffraction. The textures of rolling-transverse and normal-transverse sections were characterized in original as-cast twin-roll casting and cold-rolled samples as well as samples homogenized at 500℃ for 8 h and at 580℃ for 4 h. It is found that grains on both the rolling-transverse and normal-transverse sections of cold-rolled samples are made finer by rolling deformation and coarsened after homogenization. Annealing temperature has a stronger effect on the microstructural evolution than annealing time. The grain growth direction is parallel to the normal-transverse section, while grain deformation is more stable on the rolling direction than on the normal direction. The rolling orientations display more obvious anisotropy on the normal-transverse sections than on the rolling-transverse sections. Grain recrystallization and growth occur much easier on the normal-transverse section than on the rolling-transverse section for samples homogenized at 500℃ for 8 h. A special misorientation relationship between cold deformation texture, such as S orientation {123}<634> and cube orientation <110>‖X_axis[cubic], and recrystallization texture after homogenization, such as R orientation {124}<211> and P orientation {011}<122>, is observed.     

铁素体区热轧IF钢冷轧退火时织构的形成与演变

通过金相观察和织构ODF分析,系统地研究了铁素体区热轧IF钢织构的形成机制及其在冷轧和退火过程中织构转变的特点和机理.结果表明:铁素体区热轧IF钢时,在交滑移机制的作用下,主要得到纤维状的形变组织和较强的α丝织构和较弱的γ丝织构,同时有少量的再结晶晶粒存在;冷轧过程中,在位错滑移、晶粒转动以及晶内剪切带的共同作用下,形成典型的纤维状组织,α丝织构和γ丝织构都明显得到加强;退火时,再结晶组织和织构的形成主要受很强的定向形核机制和弱的选择长大机制控制.     

Influence of different rolling processes on microstructure and strength of the Al–Cu–Li alloy AA2195

The influence of different rolling processes on precipitation behaviour, crystallography texture, grain morphology, and their consequent effects on tensile properties for Al–Cu–Li alloy AA2195 was investigated in the present work. The H-T8 samples (hot rolled ?+ ?T8) presented better tensile strength and ductility (with serious strength anisotropy) than the HC-T8 samples (hot rolled ?+ ?cold rolled ?+ ?T8), due to their different microstructures and textures. The higher dislocation density was found in the H-T8 samples, which promoted the nucleation of main strengthening phase T₁ in the matrix and suppressed the grain boundary precipitation, resulted in better strength and ductility. The increase of the dynamic recovery (DRV) during hot rolling enhanced the generation of Brass texture, and brought serious strength anisotropy. The cold rolling was performed after the hot-rolling process for the HC-T8 samples which increased deformation energy and resulted in full recrystallization of the deformed microstructure during the following solution treatment. The formation of recrystallized microstructure reduced the dislocation density and the heterogeneous precipitate nucleation positions which limited the strengthening phase precipitation in matrix and accelerated the precipitation along grain boundaries, resulted in fewer T₁ precipitates, coarse grain-boundary precipitates (GBPs), and wider precipitate-free zones (PFZs). The localized strain may be concentrated on the grain boundary to induce the dislocation pile-up, breaking of the GBPs, and intergranular fracture during stretching.     

IF钢生产过程中的织构演变

对IF钢生产过程中热轧、冷轧及退火试样的织构演变进行研究.分别借助EBSD和XRD测定和计算了热轧、退火及冷轧试样的取向分布函数及相关织构组分的体积分数.结果发现,热轧板在变形过程中发生了动态再结晶,晶粒为细小的等轴晶,为后续组织发展提供了基础;热轧后试样中的织构很弱,不会影响冷轧织构组分及含量.冷轧过程是织构形成的主要过程,试样中含有4种主要的织构组分:{001}〈110〉、{111｝〈110〉、{111}〈112〉和{112}〈110〉.退火过程中发生再结晶,4种冷轧织构组分在退火过程中均分别转变为{111｝面织构.     

电场退火对冷轧工业纯锌板再结晶织构的影响

借助于X射线衍射的三维取向分布函数(ODF)研究了电场退火对70%,80%和90%冷轧变形量的工业纯锌板在160℃分别保温1,3,5,10,15,30min条件下再结晶织构的影响.ODF分析结果表明:电场并没有改变工业纯锌板退火过程中再结晶织构的形成机制,而电场显著提高了3种冷轧压下量工业纯锌板退火样品再结晶织构的强度.电场明显促进了冷轧{1 0 1 8}面织构向再结晶{1 0 1 3}〈1 0 1 1〉板织构的演变,其中以70%冷轧变形量样品最为明显.