黄河下游河道对水沙过程变异响应

 近年来黄河下游河道来水来沙量持续减少,河道演变特性发生变化,同时引起黄河下游河道的“小水大灾”、“横河”、“斜河”等问题。针对日趋严重的水灾问题,本文选取黄河下游典型站点分析黄河下游河道对水沙过程变异的响应,得到初步认识：一方面,由于黄河来水量减小,水流挟沙能力降低,致使黄河下游河槽持续淤积抬高、河槽变窄、河道过水断面变小,易引起“小水大灾”;另一方面,由于来水来沙量变异,黄河漫滩概率减小,使黄河下游河型发生缓慢的改变,引起河势变化,原有的部分工程措施因水流流路的改变被迫废弃,甚至产生负作用,形成水灾。     

黄河下游防洪减淤对洪水水沙搭配的要求

本文总结了以往对黄河下游河道冲淤临界条件的研究情况，分析了下游河道淤积严重的水沙搭配情况；利用1960～1999年422场洪水资料建立了黄河下游4个河段洪水排沙比综合水沙与边界系数的关系，该系数包括流量、含沙量、洪峰流量变幅、洪水沿程衰减系数、洪水历时、早滩流量、前期累积淤特别是等因素；利用4个河段的冲淤临界条件勾画出了4个河段洪水冲淤调整与来水来沙搭配之间的关系；被关系可为小浪底水库调度决策以及黄河下游治理提供参考。     

黄河下游湿地景观特征及其对来水来沙的响应

利用黄河下游利津、泺口和花园口1950-2005年水沙数据、1987年和2002年两期下游滩地、河流和坑塘湿地数据,运用景观生态学基本理论,分析黄河下游湿地景观格局的演变,讨论湿地时空变化对来水来沙的反馈效应.结果表明,近20年来,黄河下游湿地大幅缩减,滩地景观减少最多,受人为和自然因素双重作用,景观斑块多样性变化不一.回归分析表明,滩地面积与来沙存在负相关,受来水减少影响,主河道萎缩严重,河口延伸速率减缓.     

黄河水沙过程调控与下游河道中水河槽塑造

笔者以维持黄河健康为目标,以改善黄河不协调的水沙关系为切入点,采用现场调研、实测资料分析、理论分析和水沙数学模型计算等技术手段,对黄河水沙过程变异与洪水过程的作用、黄河下游断面形态与洪水过程的响应关系、下游水沙过程调控对塑造与维持下游中水河槽的作用、塑造与维持中水河槽的影响因素等进行了系统研究,提出了塑造与维持黄河下游4000m^3／s左右中水河槽的方案,为黄河下游河道的治理提供了科学依据．     

黄河口尾闾河道横断面形态调整及其与水沙过程的响应关系

为治理尾闾河道萎缩提供技术支撑,采用实测资料分析与理论探讨相结合的方法,研究了尾闾河道断面形态变化及其与水沙过程的响应关系.结果表明,1986年后,黄河口水沙过程变异,尾闾河道平滩流量和平滩面积大幅度减小,平滩宽深比有所增大,断面形态变的宽浅;2002年后,小浪底水库调水调沙运用,尾闾河道萎缩有所恢复,平滩流量和平滩面...     

黄河下游河道输沙用水量研究

从上游来水来沙状态、下游河道输沙目标、下游河道水流输沙能力和水利枢纽调控调度4个层次分析了黄河下游河道输沙用水效率。根据1950－1997年期间的实测资料，分别讨论了黄河下游不同河段在自然、受控、复杂和异常状态下的输沙用水量。在各种状态下根据河道和输沙特性的差异，分别按照均衡和平衡输沙目标计算了下游河道输沙用水量。在设定输沙目标下，以年内不同时段水流挟沙能力为依据，对比了可能提高输沙用水效率的不同调控方案，例如在汛期或7－8月输送全年泥沙的方案等，以便减少黄河下游输沙用水量并缓解黄河水资源的紧张趋势。这些方案有可能通过水利工程枢纽的调控来实现，为此中给出了不同状态下均衡、平均输沙用水量可调控的阈值。     

浅谈黄河调水调沙

黄河下游河槽淤积的主要原因在于“水少沙多,水沙不平衡”。利用调水调沙,将不协调的水沙关系调节为相协调的水沙关系,是有利于输沙入海、减轻下游河道淤积甚至冲刷的有效途径。本文概述了黄河下游河道淤积情况与黄河水沙不平衡现状,分析了控制下游河道冲刷的控制因素与下游淤积规律,并介绍了前三次调水调沙主要运作方式。     

三盛公水库运用对下游河道输沙的影响

通过建立一维水沙数学模型,分析了不同下泄流量与含沙量条件下三盛公水库下游河道的水沙输移规律,统计了河道的含沙量、累计冲淤量和河段沿程冲淤量,并计算了河道单位长度冲淤量,定量分析了不同河段的冲淤特点。结果表明：流量相同的条件下,进口含沙量越大,河道沿程淤积量和累计淤积量越大,但水库下游100km后水体含沙量逐渐趋于一致,与进口含沙量无关;水库的下泄流量和含沙量对下游河道的冲刷和淤积影响明显,下泄含沙量不大于3kg/m3时,下游河道以冲刷为主;水库至三湖河口河段冲淤变化受上游来水来沙条件影响明显,该河段冲淤平衡来沙系数在0.004kg·s/m6附近。     

黄河调水调沙关键技术

黄河泥沙的不断淤积使其下游近1000km的河道成为"地上悬河",洪水威胁不断增大。要遏制其河道淤积增加趋势,现阶段可采取的有效途径之一是调水调沙,即改变进入下游河道的水沙关系。黄河中游干支流水库的修建为实施调水调沙提供了工程条件。实施调水调沙,必须突破三大关键技术,一是塑造水库异重流,二是确立河道水沙关系,三是遏制洪峰增值。实践证明,掌握了这三大关键技术,可以实现调水调沙的成功运行并取得预期效果。     

黄河调水调沙实践

黄河水少沙多,水沙不协调．通过水库联合调度、泥沙扰动和引水控制等手段塑造协调的水沙关系,有利于下游河道减淤甚至冲刷．开展全程原型观测和分析研究,检验调水调沙调控指标的合理性,进一步优化水库调控指标,探索调水调沙生产运用模式,为黄河下游防洪减淤和小浪底水库运行方式提供重要参数和依据．2002-2007年,黄河水利委员会进行了3次黄河调水调沙原型试验和4次调水调沙生产运行,效果显著,成果丰富,取得了巨大社会效益和经济效益．     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

Design and analysis of generic LBS application developing platform

Location based services is promising due to its novel working style and contents.A software platform is proposed to provide application programs of typical location based services and support new applications developing efficiently. The analysis shows that this scheme is easy implemented, low cost and adapt to all kinds of mobile nework system.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-     

Density Functional Theory for the Response of Periodic Systems to Electric Fields Based on the Vector Potential Approach

正The electronic and nuclear(structural/vibrational)response of 1D-3D nanoscale systems to electric fields gives rise to a host of optical,mechanical,spectral,etc.properties that are of high theoretical and applied interest.Due to the computational difficulty of treating such large systems it is convenient to model them as infinite and periodic(at least,in first approximation).The fundamental theoretical/computational problem in doing so is that