蒲公英生物碱提取工艺的研究

对蒲公英生物碱的提取工艺进行优化.溶剂提取法的最佳条件为:乙醇浓度:80%,料液比(miv):1:12,提取2次,提取时间/次:2.5h,提取温度:50℃.在该条件下,蒲公英生物碱的提取率为0.063%.超声波提取法的最佳条件为:超声波频率:60Hz,提取时间/次:35min,提取2次,料液比(m/v):1:9,提取温度:50℃,乙醇浓度:70%,在该条件下蒲公英生物碱提取率为0.380%,比溶剂提取法的提取率至少提高了503%.     

超声波和微波辅助法提取茵陈总黄酮的条件研究

以70%乙醇为提取溶剂,分别用超声波和微波辅助法提取茵陈黄酮类化合物,以总黄酮提取率为考察指标,通过正交实验设计优选最佳工艺条件.结果表明:超声波辅助提取的最佳条件为提取时间60min、温度60℃、5g原料使用溶剂125mL、超声波功率200W;微波辅助提取的最佳条件为提取时间24 min、5g原料使用溶剂125mL、微波功率350W.最佳提取条件下,超声波辅助提取率(3.29%)略高于微波辅助提取率(3.09%),微波辅助提取法能明显节省提取时间.     

超声波辅助提取见血青总生物碱工艺研究

利用超声波辅助提取见血青(Liparis nervosa(Thunb.)Lindl.)总生物碱,研究了液料比、提取时间、乙醇体积分数、提取温度这4个因素对总生物碱提取率的影响,通过正交试验确定见血青中总生物碱的最佳提取工艺.结果表明,超声波辅助提取的影响因素顺序为提取温度>提取时间>乙醇体积分数>液料比.该研究得到了最佳的提取工艺为提取温度60℃,超声时间60min,乙醇体积分数80%,液料比1∶9,为见血青总生物碱工业化生产工艺的建立提供依据.     

超声波辅助有机溶剂法提取大蒜蒜辣素

采用超声波辅助有机溶剂法提取大蒜中的蒜辣素,选取超声波功率、作用时间、作用温度和有机溶剂提取温度、提取时间、蒜泥质量(g)与乙醇体积(mL)配比(料液配比)6个因素,采用L18(37)正交实验优化工艺条件,定硫法计算蒜辣素质量。结果表明,最佳提取条件为:大蒜泥45℃自身酶解1.0 h后,600 W超声波30℃作用5min,在料液配比=1∶3时加入乙醇(φ=80%)40℃提取1.5 h,蒜辣素的提取率达2.86%。影响提取的因素为:有机溶剂提取时间>超声波作用温度>料液配比>有机溶剂提取温度>超声波作用时间>超声波作用功率。     

微波辐射溶剂回流法提取石蒜中石蒜碱、力可拉敏和加兰他敏

采用微波辐射溶剂回流提取法(PM IRE)提取石蒜中的石蒜碱、力可拉敏和加兰他敏生物碱,研究了微波功率、辐射时间等因素对生物碱提取率的影响,比较了传统溶剂回流法(SRE)和密闭微波辅助提取法(CMAE)对生物碱的提取率。结果表明,采用PM IRE法后3种生物碱的提取率明显提高,样品放大提取试验结果令人满意。方法简单,操作方便。采用电子扫描显微镜(ESM)观察样品表面结构,发现微波辐射后石蒜细胞发生了破壁。     

脉冲超声辅助提取双低菜籽蛋白的试验

以传统菜籽加工工艺制得的脱脂双低菜籽饼粕为原料,用脉冲超声辅助提取技术制备双低菜籽蛋白,由单因素试验和正交试验确定的最佳提取工艺参数为:pH=12,超声功率875 W,料液比1∶35 (g/mL),提取时间85 min,料液温度48±3 ℃,脉冲超声工作时间3 s,间歇时间2 s.在此条件下,菜籽蛋白的提取率为83.97%.在pH=4.5的条件下进行菜籽蛋白的沉淀,测得提取产物的得率为52.18%,产物中蛋白的质量分数为68.18%.与传统碱法相比,在提取液的pH值、温度和料液比取值相当的情况下,脉冲超声辅助提取蛋白的提取率提高了38.04%,得率提高了94.56%,提取时间缩短了15%,提取物中蛋白质质量分数显著优于传统碱法.提取产物中硫甙质量分数为0.06%,远远低于国家相关标准(w(硫甙)＜1.85%).     

3种方法对板栗壳多糖提取的比较

分别采用超声波提取法、水提取法、碱提取法提取板栗壳中多糖.在单因素实验的基础上进行正交试验,分别研究了3种方法对板栗壳多糖的提取率.结果表明,3种方法中超声波提取法的提取率较高,为9.15%;其次是水提取法,为5.99%;碱提取法最低,为4.72%.通过SPSS软件分析发现3种方法提取率之间存在显著差异(p<0.01).     

正交设计法优选浙贝母总生物碱提取分离工艺

为了优化浙贝母中生物碱提取条件,比较了影响生物碱提取率诸因素,并利用数理统计学中的正交试验法优化提取条件.实验结果表明,用浙贝母粉末重量30倍的55%乙醇（W/V）为提取溶剂,结合摇床振荡法,振荡速度为150r/min,提取24h,经氯仿萃取,生物碱的提取率最高.用D1300大孔树脂,95%乙醇溶液作为洗脱剂,上样pH为9.0,原液浓度为0.1 mol/L时为最佳纯化条件.本试验筛选提取方法可作为贝母中生物碱提取的一种较好选择.     

响应面法优化桐粕残油的超声波辅助提取工艺

【目的】优化超声波辅助提取冷压榨桐粕中残余桐油的工艺条件。【方法】采用响应面法即中心组合(Boxbehnken)实验设计,建立超声波辅助提取残油的二次多项数学模型,并分析液固比、提取温度、提取时间和超声功率等4个主要因素对残油得率的影响成分。【结果】响应面法统计分析预测的超声波辅助低温提取残油的较佳工艺条件为提取时间24.77min,提取温度37.18℃,超声功率159.66 W,液固比(mL/g)3∶1,预测残油得率为6.30%,验证实验显示在较佳条件下残油得率为(6.45±0.2)%;色谱分析结果显示,超声波辅助提取的桐油与传统溶剂提取成分一致。【结论】响应面法实验设计统计分析能有效预测超声波辅助提取残余油脂的较佳工艺条件,也进一步证明超声波辅助法提取的桐油品质良好。     

半仿生及超声波辅助半仿生法提取杜仲叶黄酮

探讨半仿生法及超声波辅助半仿生法提取杜仲黄酮的实验条件.半仿生法考察提取温度、提取时间、料液比对黄酮提取率的影响.以半仿生法提取在超声波协同作用的基础上,采用正交试验、单因素考察超声时间、超声温度、料液比对黄酮提取率的影响.结果表明,半仿生法在提取时间1.5 h,提取温度60 ℃,料液比1∶20（g∶mL）时,黄酮提取率高达325.0 mg/g;超声波辅助法提取的最佳条件为时间50 min,温度65 ℃,料液比1∶40（g∶mL）,黄酮提取率为264.4 mg/g.     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

Design and analysis of generic LBS application developing platform

Location based services is promising due to its novel working style and contents.A software platform is proposed to provide application programs of typical location based services and support new applications developing efficiently. The analysis shows that this scheme is easy implemented, low cost and adapt to all kinds of mobile nework system.     

橡胶颗粒沥青混合料低温抗裂性试验研究

以AC-13级配为基础,将橡胶颗粒代替部分集料掺入混合料中,以低温弯曲试验为评价方法对不同橡胶颗粒掺量下沥青混合料的低温抗裂性进行研究,并引入应变能密度值对混合料的低温抗裂性进行综合评价.试验结果表明:橡胶颗粒沥青混合料试件的破坏微应变均超过2 300,满足冬寒区的技术指标;无论是否掺加橡胶颗粒,随着温度的下降,沥青混合料破坏时的最大弯拉强度增大,弯拉应变降低,劲度模量增大;弯曲应变能密度在胶粒掺量为1%左右时具有较大的弯曲应变能密度值,此时橡胶颗粒沥青混合料具有较好的低温抗裂性.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

Quantitative trait loci （QTLs） for quality traits related to protein and starch in wheat

Quality traits in wheat （Triticum aestirum L.） were studied by quantitative trait locus （QTL） analysis in a recombinant inbred line （RIL） population, a set of 131 lines derived from Chuan 35050 × Shannong 483 cross （ChSh）. Grains from RILs were assayed for 21 quality traits related to protein and starch. A total of 35 putative QTLs for 19 traits with a single QTL explaining 7.99-40.52% of phenotypic variations were detected on 10 chromosomes, 1D, 2A, 2D, 3B, 3D, 5A, 6A, 6B, 6D, and 7B. The additive effects of 30 QTLs were positive, contributed by Chuan 35050, the remaining 5 QTLs were negative with the additive effect contributed by Shannong 483. For protein traits, 15 QTLs were obtained and most of them were located on chromosomes 1 D, 3B and 6D, while 20 QTLs for starch traits were detected and most of them were located on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B. Only 7 QTLs for protein and starch traits were co-located in three regions on chromosomes 1D, 2A and 2D. These protein and starch trait QTLs showed a distinct distribution pattern in certain regions and chromosomes. Twenty-two QTLs were clustered in 6 regions of 5 chromosomes. Two QTL clusters for protein traits were located on chromosomes 1D and 3B, respectively, three clusters for starch traits on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B, and one cluster including protein and starch traits on chromosome 1D.