具有良好可再生性的新型二氧化硅磁性氧化石墨烯纳米复合材料

Graphene oxide (GO) wrapped Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles (NPs) were prepared by coating the Fe₃O₄ NPs with a SiO₂ layer, and then modifying by amino groups, which interact with the GO nanosheets to form covalent bonding. The SiO₂ coating layer plays a key role in integrating the magnetic nanoparticles with the GO nanosheets. The effect of the amount of SiO₂ on the morphology, structure, adsorption, and regenerability of the composites was studied in detail. An appropriate SiO₂ layer can effectively induce the GO nanosheets to completely wrap the Fe₃O₄ NPs, forming a core-shell Fe₃O₄@SiO₂@GO composite where Fe₃O₄@SiO₂ NPs are firmly encapsulated by GO nanosheets. The optimized Fe₃O₄@SiO₂@GO sample exhibits a high saturated adsorption capacity of 253 mg·g?1 Pb(II) cations from wastewater, and the adsorption process is well fitted by Langmuir adsorption model. Notably, the composite displays excellent regeneration, maintaining a ~90% adsorption capacity for five cycles, while other samples decrease their adsorption capacity rapidly. This work provides a theoretical guidance to improve the regeneration of the GO-based adsorbents.     

微波预处理对复杂铜矿磨矿及浮选动力学的影响

The effect of CaCO₃, Na₂CO₃, and CaF₂ on the reduction roasting and magnetic separation of high-phosphorus iron ore containing phosphorus in the form of Fe₃PO₇ and apatite was investigated. The results revealed that Na₂CO₃ had the most significant effect on iron recovery and dephosphorization, followed by CaCO₃, the effect of CaF₂ was negligible. The mechanisms of CaCO₃, Na₂CO₃, and CaF₂ were investigated using X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive spectrometry (SEM–EDS). Without additives, Fe₃PO₇ was reduced to elemental phosphorus and formed an iron–phosphorus alloy with metallic iron. The addition of CaCO₃ reacted with Fe₃PO₇ to generate an enormous amount of Ca₃(PO₄)₂ and promoted the reduction of iron oxides. However, the growth of iron particles was inhibited. With the addition of Na₂CO₃, the phosphorus in Fe₃PO₇ migrated to nepheline and Na₂CO₃ improved the reduction of iron oxides and growth of iron particles. Therefore, the recovery of iron and the separation of iron and phosphorus were the best. In contrast, CaF₂ reacted with Fe₃PO₇ to form fine Ca₃(PO₄)₂ particles scattered around the iron particles, making the separation of iron and phosphorus difficult.     

不同硅饱和系数水榴石的碳酸化分解动力学

Carbonated decomposition of hydrogarnet is one of the vital reactions of the calcification–carbonation method, which is designed to dispose of low-grade bauxite and Bayer red mud and is a novel eco-friendly method. In this study, the effect of the silica saturation coefficient (x) on the carbonation of hydrogarnet was investigated from the kinetic perspective. The results indicated that the carbonation of hydrogarnets with different x values (x = 0.27, 0.36, 0.70, and 0.73) underwent two stages with significantly different rates, and the kinetic mechanisms of the two stages can be described by the kinetic functions R3 and D3. The apparent activation energies at Stages 1 and 2 were 41.96–81.64 and 14.80–34.84 kJ/mol, respectively. Moreover, the corresponding limiting steps of the two stages were interfacial chemical reaction and diffusion.     

一种超重力燃烧合成制备高性能高熵合金的新方法

A new method of high-gravity combustion synthesis (HGCS) followed by post-treatment (PT) is reported for preparing high-performance high-entropy alloys (HEAs), Cr_0.9FeNi_2.5V_0.2Al_0.5 alloy, whereby cheap thermite powder is used as the raw material. In this process, the HEA melt and the ceramic melt are rapidly formed by a strong exothermic combustion synthesis reaction and completely separated under a high-gravity field. Then, the master alloy is obtained after cooling. Subsequently, the master alloy is sequentially subjected to conventional vacuum arc melting (VAM), homogenization treatment, cold rolling, and annealing treatment to realize a tensile strength, yield strength, and elongation of 1250 MPa, 1075 MPa, and 2.9%, respectively. The present method is increasingly attractive due to its low cost of raw materials and the intermediate product obtained without high-temperature heating. Based on the calculation of phase separation kinetics in the high-temperature melt, it is expected that the final alloys with high performance can be prepared directly across master alloys with higher high-gravity coefficients.     

窄板坯结晶器内连铸工艺参数对钢液流场的影响

Computational simulations and high-temperature measurements of velocities near the surface of a mold were carried out by using the rod deflection method to study the effects of various operating parameters on the flow field in slab continuous casting (CC) molds with narrow widths for the production of automobile exposed panels. Reasonable agreement between the calculated results and measured subsurface velocities of liquid steel was obtained under different operating parameters of the CC process. The simulation results reveal that the flow field in the horizontal plane located 50 mm from the meniscus can be used as the characteristic flow field to optimize the flow field of molten steel in the mold. Increases in casting speed can increase the subsurface velocity of molten steel and shift the position of the vortex core downward in the downward circulation zone. The flow field of liquid steel in a 1040 mm-wide slab CC mold can be improved by an Ar gas flow rate of 7 L·min?1 and casting speed of 1.7 m·min?1. Under the present experimental conditions, the double-roll flow pattern is generally stable at a submerged entry nozzle immersion depth of 170 mm.     

电渣重熔脱硫技术研究进展

Electroslag remelting (ESR) gives a combination of liquid metal refining and solidification structure control. One of the typical aspects of liquid metal refining during ESR for the advanced steel and alloy production is desulfurization. It involves two patterns, i.e., slag–metal reaction and gas–slag reaction (gasifying desulfurization). In this paper, the advances in desulfurization practices of ESR are reviewed. The effects of processing parameters, including the initial sulfur level of consumable electrode, remelting atmosphere, deoxidation schemes of ESR, slag composition, melting rate, and electrical parameters on the desulfurization in ESR are assessed. The interrelation between desulfurization and sulfide inclusion evolution during ESR is discussed, and advancements in the production of sulfur-bearing steel at a high-sulfur level during ESR are described. The remaining challenges for future work are also proposed.     

利用皮秒激光烧蚀制备非球形铝纳米颗粒

We report the picosecond laser ablation of aluminum targets immersed in a polar organic liquid (chloroform, CHCl₃) with ~2 ps laser pulses at an input energy of ~350 μJ. The synthesized aluminum nanoparticles exhibited a surface plasmon resonance peak at ~340 nm. Scanning electron microscopy images of Al nanoparticles demonstrated the spherical morphology with an average size of (27 ± 3.6) nm. The formation of smaller spherical Al nanoparticles and the diminished growth could be from the formation of electric double layers on the Al nanoparticles. In addition to spherical aluminum nanoparticles, triangular/pentagonal/hexagonal nanoparticles were also observed in the colloidal solution. Field emission scanning electron microscopy images of ablated Al targets demonstrated laser induced periodic surface structures (LIPSSs), which were the high spatial frequency LIPSSs (HSF-LIPSSs) since their grating period was ~280 nm. Additionally, coarse structures with a period of ~700 nm were observed.     

Mineral transition and formation mechanism of calcium aluminate compounds in CaO?Al2O3?Na2O system during high-temperature sintering

The mineral transition and formation mechanism of calcium aluminate compounds in CaO?Al₂O₃?Na₂O system during the high-temperature sintering process were systematically investigated using DSC?TG, XRD, SEM?EDS, FTIR, and Raman spectra, and the crystal structure of Na₄Ca₃(AlO₂)₁₀ was also simulated by Material Studio software. The results indicated that the minerals formed during the sintering process included Na₄Ca₃(AlO₂)₁₀, CaO·Al₂O₃, and 12CaO·7Al₂O₃, and the content of Na₄Ca₃(AlO₂)₁₀ could reach 92wt% when sintered at 1200°C for 30 min. The main formation stage of Na₄Ca₃(AlO₂)₁₀ occurred at temperatures from 970 to 1100°C, and the content could reach 82wt% when the reaction temperature increased to 1100°C. The crystal system of Na₄Ca₃(AlO₂)₁₀ was tetragonal, and the cells preferred to grow along crystal planes (110) and (210). The formation of Na₄Ca₃(AlO₂)₁₀ was an exothermic reaction that followed a secondary reaction model, and its activation energy was 223.97 kJ/mol.     

含细夹层的分矿充填层中流动特性的可视化

Ore particles, especially fine interlayers, commonly segregate in heap stacking, leading to undesirable flow paths and changeable flow velocity fields of packed beds. Computed tomography (CT), COMSOL Multiphysics, and MATLAB were utilized to quantify pore structures and visualize flow behavior inside packed beds with segregated fine interlayers. The formation of fine interlayers was accompanied with the segregation of particles in packed beds. Fine particles reached the upper position of the packed beds during stacking. CT revealed that the average porosity of fine interlayers (24.21%) was significantly lower than that of the heap packed by coarse ores (37.42%), which directly affected the formation of flow paths. Specifically, the potential flow paths in the internal regions of fine interlayers were undeveloped. Fluid flowed and bypassed the fine interlayers and along the sides of the packed beds. Flow velocity also indicated that the flow paths easily gathered in the pore throat where flow velocity (1.8 × 10?5 m/s) suddenly increased. Fluid stagnant regions with a flow velocity lower than 0.2 × 10?5 m/s appeared in flow paths with a large diameter.     

岩石考虑中间主应力Hoek-Brown强度参数分析

为了进行深部地下工程稳定性分析,准确建立岩石强度准则,利用考虑中间主应力的Hoek-Brown强度准则,将σ2+σ3作为自变量,σ1-σ3作为应变量,对国外学者所做的7组（白云岩、石灰岩、粗面岩、砂岩、页岩、大理岩和闪岩）真三轴压缩强度试验数据进行了拟合分析。采用多次拟合逼近方法,结合各参数的物理特点,给出了合理的参数取值或计算公式。分析结果表明,对于应力强度比κ介于1.5~8之间的高应力状态,考虑中间主应力Hoek-Brown岩石强度准则（σ1-σ3=σc［m(σ2+σ3)/(2σc)+s］n）与试验较吻合,其中参数n可取0.4,s可取1,m与应力强度比κ之间符合幂函数关系,可用公式m=1.5κ1.8计算。     

主应力轴旋转下高偏压固结粉土动力特性

为研究不同固结方式对粉土在波浪荷载引起主应力轴循环旋转下的性状影响,对长江入海口相对密实度为70%的饱和粉土进行试验。采用空心圆柱仪对重塑粉土试样,进行了固结比为1和2条件下,恒定剪应力幅值的主应力轴循环旋转动力加载,并对相关孔压、应变等数据进行数值拟合分析。结果表明,主应力轴旋转下,固结比为1的试样,随动剪应力增大,孔压开展由三阶段两相态点模式转化为二阶段单相态点模式,而主应变差则在0.2%~0.5%这一小应变范围内发生崩塌;固结比为2的试样,孔压开展仅有二阶段单相态点模式,且孔压比至0.45保持稳定,主应变差则能平稳开展至较大幅值,比等向固结试样有更高动强度。最后采用修正Seed模型及双曲线模型分别对等压及偏压固结试样的孔压开展进行了预测。研究结果较好地揭示了不同固结比粉土在主应力轴旋转下的宏观性状差异。     

考虑中间主应力与渗流作用的巷道稳定理论解

为了探究渗流作用下不同中间主应力对圆形巷道围岩的影响,应用弹塑性力学理论,基于Drucker-Prager屈服准则,推导得出围岩塑性区半径与孔隙水压力之间的关系式;再由极值点失稳理论,确定围岩失稳的判别准则。结合实际工程,分析中间主应力系数对临界水压力的影响,结果表明:中间主应力对临界水压力有较大影响,采用D-P准则时中间主应力系数与临界水压力的关系曲线表现为类抛物线形式。当中间主应力系数取0.8时临界水压力达到最大值10.0 MPa;与基于MC准则的计算结果做对比,发现考虑中间主应力时D-P准则的临界水压力计算结果更能反映岩石多轴力学性能,可应用于较为完整的含水岩层支护设计优化。     

正温时沥青混合料中间主应力效应试验

Mohr-Coulomb强度理论及现有评价沥青混合料的强度试验方法均未考虑中间主应力对沥青混合料强度的影响。闭式三轴试验对应的力学分析表明,三轴挤伸的最大剪应力明显高于三轴挤压的最大剪应力,这种计算结果的差别是由中间主应力的不同而引起的。为了研究沥青混合料的中间主应力效应,以正交试验设计为基础,考虑温度、加载速度与中间主应力3个因素,采用平面应变试验装置测试了不同条件下沥青混合料的强度。正交试验的显著性分析表明:正温时,中间主应力对沥青混合料强度的影响最显著,温度对沥青混合料强度的影响次之,加载速率对沥青混合料的强度也有显著影响,但在3个因素中最弱。     

模糊主分量分类器

W.J.Hu提出的主分量分类器(PCC)通过最大化两类样本在分类面法方向上的投影代数和,实现样本分类.PCC是基于样本的统计平均特性,所以少量的野值对分类面方向的确定影响较小,而SVM对野值较为敏感.PCC与支持向量机相比具有较好的鲁棒性.但是PCC对野值的处理等同于其他样本,尽管有效果,但仍会影响分类面的求取,同时也缺乏直观上(或物理上)的解释,而且没有考虑随机噪声对分类面的影响.鉴于此,在PCC的基础上进行改进,引入模糊思想,设计了一组模糊型的主分量分类器,进一步弱化野值和随机噪声对分类面的影响.人工数据集和Beachmark数据集上的实验证明了新分类器的有效性.     

主成分回归的主成分选择准则

结合回归自变量选择的Cp准则及平均残差平方和准则，讨论了利用主成分回归时如何选择主成分可在一定程度上避免人为性，提出了两个准则，以供实际应用时参考。     

浅谈主体性在英语课堂教学中的实现

论述了学生主体性在课堂教学中实现的必要性及涵义。论述素质教育的意义是使全体学生得到主动全面的发展,外语可以促进人们交际能力的发展;在英语教学中体现学生的主体地位,发挥学生的主体作用,教师的指点作用。     

论间接正犯的实行行为的着手

间接正犯是正犯的一种特殊形态,间接正犯的着手有其特殊性。间接正犯的着手应该从实行行为着手理论中的＂实际客观说＂与间接正犯实行行为的＂结合说＂一起考察,这样才能正确地认定间接正犯实行行为的着手。     

探讨回归系数的stein型主成分估计问题

设计阵X呈病态的线性回归模型，给出一种新的关于回归系数的有偏估计，即stein型主成分估计，且对偏参数的存在性。最优性进行了一些探讨。     

平面应变下的主应力比对微孔洞损伤演化行为的影响

通过有限元计算,分析平面应变下的主应力比对微孔洞损伤演化行为的影响.计算结果表明,三向应力度q相同时,不同的主应力比2σ/1σ会引起不同的孔洞长大和聚合行为,从而使开裂路径和断裂时的应变不同.当2σ/1σ>1时,最大主应力为2σ,由孔洞长大和聚合所决定的开裂路径倾向于同2σ方向垂直.当2σ/1σ<1时,最大主应力为σ1,开裂路径倾向于同1σ方向垂直.随主应力比2σ/1σ的增加,孔洞面积分数fa随主应变1ε1的增加速率变大,断裂时的主应变(1ε1)f降低.因此在分析应力状态对材料的损伤断裂行为的影响及建立相应的力学模型时,不仅要考虑三向应力度σm/eσ,而且要考虑不同主应力比2σ/1σ的影响.