环境激素与环境风险评估

大量证据表明环境激素可以干扰人类生殖健康和其他动物的繁殖能力。目前有近70种人工化合物被认定具有激素活性，文章认为环境激素可以作用于多种靶细胞，有多种作用途径，包括雌激素的机制、作用、暴露途径和生物检测方法。另外讨论了环境激素风险评估。     

双酚A暴露致神经细胞凋亡和炎症性死亡的研究进展

双酚A(BPA)是生产聚碳酸酯和环氧树脂塑料的添加剂,具有内分泌干扰物效应。由于大量研究发现BPA具有神经毒性,其暴露对大脑神经功能及行为变化的影响受到越来越多的关注.研究发现,氧化应激常伴随着BPA诱导的神经细胞凋亡和炎症性死亡(焦亡)反应的发生,导致神经细胞形态和功能改变,是BPA暴露与神经系统疾病相关性的重要连接纽带.研究聚焦BPA暴露诱导神经细胞凋亡和炎症性死亡这一生理现象,对BPA暴露通过线粒体、内质网以及死亡受体通路信号上的细胞凋亡的分子作用机制的详细介绍,探讨了细胞凋亡、细胞焦亡之间的关系以及他们与神经系统疾病的潜在关系,指出BPA暴露诱导的神经细胞凋亡与炎性反应的分子机制尚需要大量的动物、靶向敲除实验以及人群实验加以验证.同时,应关注低剂量BPA暴露参与毒性通路或与其他毒性通路相互作用而加重复合污染物暴露的健康效应,为深入研究BPA暴露的神经毒性机制及其毒性干预提供参考.     

通辽地区农田土壤中多氯联苯分布特征及生态风险评价

为揭示污灌区农田土壤中多氯联苯(PCBs)的污染水平,解析不同再生水对土壤中PCBs的影响,选取通辽地区6个不同灌区,分析土壤样品中的48种PCBs,采用环境质量标准和毒性当量因子法进行生态风险评价.结果表明:PCBs总浓度为0.36~2.44ng獉g-1,7种指示性PCBs浓度范围在0.05~0.38ng獉g-1,其中处理后工业废水灌溉区PCBs污染程度最大.土壤中PCBs同系物组成以三、四氯联苯所占比例最高,其次是二氯联苯及五氯联苯.土壤样品中PCBs浓度呈现深层土壤低于表层土壤的趋势.主成分分析发现,污灌农田土壤主要来源于变压油的泄漏及大气的干湿沉降.从整体上看,通辽农田土壤污染水平或毒性当量处于较低生态污染水平,生态环境评价结果表明,研究区域生态风险小,但污水的长期灌溉会增大土壤的生态风险.     

微纳米塑料与细胞的相互作用的研究进展

微纳米塑料(M/NP)主要是指塑料在紫外线照射、机械摩擦等条件下发生碎裂而形成的,尺寸在微纳米范围内的粒子.M/NP污染范围广、种类多,对环境生物造成了各种负面影响,而最近从人体中检测到M/NP的报道频繁出现,M/NP对人体健康的影响已经成为研究热点.M/NP对生物的影响依赖于其与细胞的作用,而M/NP的细胞摄取和外排是影响其在细胞内的滞留,进而影响其生物效应的关键.因此,在简单总结了环境中M/NP的来源、人群暴露途径及已发现的健康影响的基础上,详细总结了M/NP与细胞作用的研究进展,包括细胞对M/NP的摄取和毒性,以及相关影响因素,并展望了今后开展相关研究的方向和需要关注的事项,为M/NP的生物效应的研究以及健康风险评估提供参考.     

多氯联苯环境污染研究综述

多氯联苯(PCBs)的生物毒性对生态环境和人体健康造成极大的威胁,国内国外环境都不同程度地受到PCBs的污染.本文综合介绍目前国内外PCBs污染研究方向,并提出我国今后PCBs分析方法的研究方向。     

抑郁症发病的下丘脑中枢驱动调节机制

本课题组的研究发现,抑郁症病人下丘脑室旁核促肾上腺皮质激素释放激素(CRH)神经元上雌激素和雄激素受体表达增加,性激素与CRH神经元上的性激素受体结合,作用于CRH启动子上的性激素反应单元调节CRH的转录活性,雌激素可增加CRH的表达而雄激素可抑制CRH的活性.除性激素受体外,抑郁症病人下丘脑内调控CRH神经元活性的许多其他受体也表现为平衡紊乱.靶向于糖皮质激素和性激素受体的药物可能通过作用于海马不同区域的神经元,调控抑郁症动物的相关行为.根据上述发现,我们提出抑郁症发病的多受体平衡紊乱假说.     

环境激素类物质在饮用水中去除方法研究

环境激素污染正严重威胁全球环境和人类健康,从环境激素的概念、种类、作用机制及其危害出发,针对人体主要接触途径之一的饮用水中甲草胺的去除方法进行了实验和研究,并提出了可行的实际处理方案.     

黄浦江流域中酚类环境激素的分布特征及生态风险评价

从黄浦江流域采集了15 份冬季水体和悬浮物样品, 利用液相色谱-质谱联用技术(liquid chromatography-mass spectroscopy-mass spectroscopy, LC-MS-MS)分析了水体和悬浮物样品中壬基酚(nonylphenol, NP)、4-t-辛基酚(4-t-octylphenol, 4-t-OP)、4-t-丁基酚(4-t-butylphenol, 4-t-BP)和双酚A(bisphenol A, BPA)的质量浓度分布. 结果表明, 黄浦江流域水体和悬浮物样品中的酚类环境激素质量浓度范围分别为47.25356.43 ng/L 和2.2948.50 mg/g, 平均值分别为167.69 ng/L 和20.81 mg/g. 因子分析结果说明, 黄浦江水域中酚类环境激素主要以NP, 4-t-OP 和BPA 为主, 局部水域伴有4-t-BP 的高残留. 生态风险评价结果显示, 黄浦江流域水体中的酚类环境激素的危害商数均小于1, 表明不存在严重和频发的酚类环境激素生态毒理风险, 但其生物富集效应不容忽视.     

邻苯二甲酸酯对斑马鱼胚胎发育的联合毒性

通过48 h单一毒性试验和正交试验,研究了邻苯二甲酸二甲酯(DMP)、邻苯二甲酸二乙酯(DEP)、邻苯二甲酸二正丁酯(DBP)和邻苯二甲酸二异辛酯(DEHP)4种邻苯二甲酸酯类化合物暴露对斑马鱼胚胎发育的毒性效应。结果表明:这些化合物对斑马鱼胚胎发育有明显的抑制作用,可以造成胚胎发育畸形甚至死亡,具有特定最敏感的毒理学终点;4种邻苯二甲酸酯(PAEs)单独作用时毒性大小顺序依次为DBPDEHPDEPDMP;在4种PAEs对斑马鱼胚胎发育的混合暴露正交试验中,DBP和DEHP存在交互作用,对其致死毒性和发育毒性影响最大;DBP虽然对斑马鱼胚胎的致死毒性和发育毒性影响不明显,但DBP可导致胚胎发育的严重畸形。     

我国土壤酞酸酯类环境激素污染研究进展

酞酸酯类环境激素(PAEs)普遍存在于环境中,具有致畸、致癌、致突变及生殖毒性等特点,对人体及生态环境的威胁极大,已经引起了人们广泛地关注。文章综述了近年来我国土壤PAEs类环境激素污染研究成果,总结了我国土壤PAEs类环境激素含量、污染水平及分布特点,并对今后研究提出展望。     

The research of human exposure to polybrominated diphenyl ethers and perfluoroocatane sulfonate

As two kinds of emerging chemicals, the pollution of polybrominated diphenyl ethers （PBDEs） and perfluoroocatane sulfonate （PFOS） has been becoming a global environmental problem. Also, research of the transport, transfer, bioaccumulation in organism, and toxicology of these two kinds of pollutant is a hotspot in environmental sciences now. In this paper, we summarize and critically review the status and progress of PBDEs and PFOS exposure to human beings. Further, data analyses based on statistical methods are done to study the characters of PBDEs and PCBs concentrations in different regions in the world.     

松花江水中有机化学品的生物毒性预测

应用人工神经网络技术构建的定量构效关系模型(QSAR)对存在松花江水中的有机化学品的毒性进行了预测.结果显示,有机化学品对酵母菌毒性的预测值与实测值接近,预测误差较小.另外,采用所建立的有机化学品对酵母菌毒性和对呆鲦鱼毒性的相关性方程预测了松花江水中有机化学品对呆鲦鱼的毒性,结果显示,有机化学品对酵母菌的毒性与对呆鲦鱼的毒性之间具有很好的相关性(R=0.9826),从整个有机化学品对呆鲦鱼毒性大小的趋势上看,预测值与实验值基本吻合.因此,得出采用低等微生物—酵母菌替代高等生物—鱼作为指示生物进行有机化学品毒性的评价是可行的,这一研究成果对大量有机化学品毒性筛选和进行优先污染物控制方面具有重要的意义.     

化学品水生毒性预测的专家系统

化学品水生毒性预测的专家系统涵盖该领域广泛的科学数据,具有拟专家的推理能力,成为化合物毒性确定和环境风险早期预警的重要工具。综述了化学品水生毒性预测专家系统涉及的化学描述符、定量构效关系（QSAR）模型特性表征以及急慢性毒性预测方面的应用。针对现有的毒性预测专家系统存在的漏洞,提出进一步拓展其应用范围和实施准确预测的要求。以期建立预测化学品水生毒性的通用、新型专家系统。     

Quantitative structure-activity relationships of selected phenols with non-monotonic dose-response curves

Particular non-monotonic dose-response curves of many endocrine disrupting chemicals （EDCs） suggest the existence of diverse toxicity mechanisms at different dose levels. As a result, the biological activities of EDCs cannot be simply exhibited by unique EC50/LD50 values, and the quantitative structure-activity relationship （QSAR） analysis for non-monotonic dose-response relationship becomes an unknown field in the environmental science. In this paper, nine phenols with inverted U-shaped dose-response curves in lymphocyte proliferation test of Carassius auratus were selected. The binding interactions between the phenols and several typical EDCs-related receptors were then explored in a molecular simulation study. The estrogen receptor （ER）, androgen receptor （AR）, thyroid hormone receptor （TR）, bacterial O2 sensing FixL protein （FixL）, aryl hydrocarbon receptor （AhR）, and the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor （PPAR） were the target receptors in the study. Linear regression QSAR models for the low and high exposure levels of the compounds were developed separately. The results indicated that the lymphocyte proliferation in the low-dose range might involve ER-mediated process, while the proliferation inhibition in the high dose range was dominated by the acute toxicity of phenols due to receptor occupancy and cell damage.     

Effects of substituent position on the interactions between PBDEs/PCBs and DOM

Dissolved organic matters (DOM) have important influence on the environmental behavior and fate of organic pollutants, therefore rationalization of interaction mechanisms between pollutants and DOM has become a hot topic in the field of environmental studies. In this paper, polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), widely detected pollutants, were chosen as target compounds. The effects of substituent position on the interaction between PBDEs/PCBs and DOM were explored. Equilibrium dialysis technique combined with quantum chemistry and molecular docking calculations were employed to reveal the interaction mechanism from the view of charge distribution and molecular conformation. It is shown that non-ortho-substituted isomers have larger volumes and stronger hydrophobicity than those of ortho-substituted, therefore non-ortho-substituted isomers bind more favorably with DOM by hydrophobic partition. By calculating the atomic charge distribution of target chemicals and Leonardite humic acid (LHA) molecular model, π-πinteractions between the aromatic rings of target chemicals with LHA are proposed and further proved in molecular docking calculations. There were 10, 8, 6 docking conformations demonstrating π-πinteraction with LHA for CB-77, BDE-77 and BDE-47, respectively, but none was found for CB-47. By comparing the change of dihedral angle of the aromatic rings and energy barrier, non-ortho-substituted PBDEs/PCBs have larger dihedral angle adjustment space and flexibility, which results in stronger interaction and binding capability with DOM than ortho-substituted isomers. This paper shed some lights on the effect of substituent position on the environmental behaviors of PBDEs and PCBs.     

Quantitative structure activity relationship and toxicity mechanisms of chlorophenols on cells <Emphasis Type="Italic">in vitro</Emphasis>

3-(4,5-dimethylthiazd-2-yl)-2,5-diphenylentrazolium bromide (MTT) reduction assay was used to investigate the acute toxicity of 8 different chlorophenols (CPs) on rat connective tissue fibroblast L929 cells and human liver cancer HepG2 cells. Combined with the data from Quantitative Structure Activity Relationship (QSAR) approach of CPs by using the octanol-water partition coefficients (Kow),an effective model was deduced to evaluate the cytotoxicity of these chemicals. Furthermore, the relationship between the structures of CPs and their cytotoxicity was proposed.The results show that 2-chlorophenol (2-CP), 4-chlorophenol (4-CP), 2,6-dichlorophenol (2,6-DCP),2,4-dichlorophenol (2,4-DCP),2,4,6-trichlorophenol (2,4,6-TCP) and 2,3,4-trichlorophenol (2,3,4-TCP) induced apoptosis, whereas, 2,3,5,6-tetrachlorophenol (2,3,5,6-TeCP) and pentachlorophenl (PCP) demonstrated more characteristic of necrosis than apoptosis.These results establish a good experimental base both for developing the comparative evaluation of toxicity of CPs in vitro and for elucidating the toxicity mechanisms of them.     

基于QSAR和PCA方法的硝基芳烃综合毒性评价

化学品的风险评价与管理应该关注基于多种生物体效应的综合毒性。为了评价毒性数据稀缺化合物的综合毒性,以50种硝基芳烃为研究对象,收集了它们的多种生物毒性数据,建立了稳健的定量结构活性相关(quantitative structure-activity relationship,QSAR)模型,预测缺失毒性数据,解释了硝基芳烃的致毒机理——硝基芳烃与生物受体分子的亲电反应活性是决定其毒性的主要因素。然后应用主成分分析(principle componentan alysis,PCA)方法对基于QSAR模型计算获得的50种硝基芳烃的各种生物毒性数据进行分析,计算综合毒性因子(integrated toxicity index,ITI),对综合毒性因子进行QSAR分析,得到可直接由硝基芳烃结构参数预测综合毒性因子的单参数QSAR模型。结果表明,QSAR与PCA方法的结合可以成功地评价和预测硝基芳烃的综合毒性。     

Preliminary survey of estrogenic activity in part of waters in Haihe River, Tianjin

A preliminary survey of estrogenic activity of the contaminant in part of waters （Ziya River and the estuary of Haihe River） in Haihe River, Tianjin has been performed with the plasma vitellogenin （Vtg） in feral fish as a biomarker for estrogenic activity. The concentrations of bisphenol A （BPA）, 4-tert-octylphenol （OP） and 4-nonyl- phenol （NP） in surface water were also determined. The presence of Vtg in male fish plasma as well as that in female can be detected at different sites and different seasons. The results indicate that the water in the sampling sites was contaminated by some estrogenic compounds. Although BPA, OP and NP can be detected in all of the water samples, their concentrations were much lower than the effective concentrations for those chemicals to induce Vtg production in male fish.