轴向磁场作用下平均Taylor涡对湍流脉动的影响

采用基于高精度电流守恒格式的直接数值模拟方法，对轴向磁场作用下导电流体的湍流Taylor-Couette流动进行计算.在等电势边界条件的同心圆筒中，磁场与感生电流引起的反向周向速度分布、以及其对平均流动的影响被揭示出来.采用两种不同的湍流流场平均方法，将湍流中的全部脉动划分为平均流动(Taylor涡)的贡献和湍流的贡献.通过计算不同磁场强度下的湍动能的分布，对比分析轴向磁场对平均Taylor涡流和湍流两种贡献方式的影响.     

弱分层湍流输运特性的统计分析

采用大涡模拟(LES)方法对弱分层湍流进行了数值模拟研究,针对弱分层湍流的统计特性、垂向热通量、流场的各向异性特征进行了分析,得到如下主要结论:弱分层条件对湍流强度有微弱的抑制作用,温度脉动较速度脉动的演化有明显滞后现象;脉动强度和垂向热通量沿流向呈明显的衰减规律;温度作为主动标量或被动标量考虑时对湍流的统计特性无明显影响.     

竖直槽道中泡状湍流的数值模拟研究

利用直接数值模拟技术计算研究了泡状槽道湍流问题,着重研究了当重力方向和流动方向反向(逆流方向)和同向(顺流方向)时气泡运动和湍流脉动的相互作用.比较了泡状槽道湍流和纯剪切槽道湍流的流场统计特性,分析了气泡在流场中的分布规律,讨论了气泡在湍流流场中的脉动运动特性及其对湍流近壁结构的影响.计算结果表明,逆流泡状槽道湍流中,气泡增强流体运动,湍流的统计特性增强;而在顺流情况下,气泡对流体运动的作用相反.     

贴壁方柱湍流场高分辨率PIV实验研究

采用粒子图像速度场测试技术(PIV),测量了低速循环水槽中贴壁二维方柱湍流场.实验中采用了1 100万像素CCD相机,所测得的速度矢量空间分辨率达0.72 mm×0.72 mm.通过对该分离再附湍流的1 500个瞬时速度场数据进行统计分析,获得时均速度场及时均再附点精确位置,并得到了流向、法向速度分量的脉动强度和涡量场.此外,从流场回流因子分布可知低速回流区在法向的振荡幅度为0.15D(D为方柱截面边长),而沿流向上下游的振荡幅度分别为0.5D和2D,表明旋涡相干结构输运、再附过程以及回流区的低频振荡对流场影响较大.     

平行多喷口气流的空气动力场研究

本文对于平行二喷口、三喷口湍流自由射流的空气动力场进行了理论分析与实验研究,测出了相邻两股射流之间流场的速度、脉动速度及湍流应力的分布,得出了相邻两股射流间的速度分布具有相似性的结论,确立了反映湍流交换强烈程度的特征常数c=1.65×10~(-3),实验结果与数值计算的结果基本相符。     

强驻波声场中脉动速度特性

利用激光多普勒测速仪对管内空气强驻波声场中脉动速度特性进行了测量.实验结果表明:强声场对流场有很强的调制作用,使流场产生了与声波同频率的周期性脉动,且脉动幅度随着声场强度的增加而增大.管内声场强度不大时,实验值与理论值吻合较好;声场强度超过160dB后,出现了声湍流现象,实验测量值与理论计算值之间存在明显的偏差.当管内压力波幅处声场强度达到164 dB时,距离反射板130 mm位置处(sin kx=0.67)湍流脉动速度均方根值为3.50 m/s,达到了该位置处脉动速度幅值的45%,表明强驻波场声湍流脉动非常剧烈.     

考虑磁场影响的k-ε湍流模型推导及感度分析

针对电磁精炼及电磁连铸过程金属熔液流动现象,确定了磁场作用下导电流体湍流场中脉动电磁力的计算方法·结合Navier Stokes流体运动方程,推导了考虑磁场影响的k ε湍流模型·将修正后的k ε湍流模型应用到流动控制结晶器的流场计算中·结果表明,使用修正的k ε湍流模型计算的湍流动能分布区域缩小,平均流动动量略微变大·使用修正前与修正后的k ε湍流模型计算的速度分布差别较小,但更倾向于抑制湍流的产生·     

壁湍流的展向空间振荡电磁力控制机理

通过拟谱方法对展向空间振荡电磁力控制槽道湍流问题进行研究.结果表明,选择合适的电磁力参数,展向空间振荡电磁力可影响涡结构生成,进而控制壁湍流.控制后的壁湍流流场存在以准流向涡和条带周期分布为主要特征的拟序结构,壁面阻力减小.如果将控制过程视作诱导流场对壁湍流固有流场的调制,研究发现,当壁湍流被有效控制时,流场的主要特征,如流向涡的几何形态,涡量方向及沿轴线的大小变化,以及涡的生成和消亡等都与诱导流场直接相关,从而也与电磁力的分布直接相关.基于此,文章阐述了展向电磁力控制壁湍流的内在机制.     

减阻杆对旋风分离器流场特性的影响

为了解减阻杆对旋风分离器流场特性的影响,利用激光多普勒测速仪(LDV)对安装减阻杆前后的旋风分离器流场进行测量,得到了时均速度、均方根速度、雷诺应力等参数分布。结果表明减阻杆对时均流场的影响与现有结论基本一致,对湍流特性的影响则与减阻杆截面尺寸有关。在所采用的尺寸范围内,小尺寸减阻杆使流场大部分区域的湍流脉动降低,大尺寸减阻杆则使流场大部分区域的湍流脉动增强。最后对减阻杆影响湍流脉动的机理进行了初步分析。     

绕带空化器回转体空化流动特性的试验研究

为推动超空泡在水下兵器减阻领域的应用,采用试验的方法研究了绕超空泡回转体的自然空化流场特性.试验中,采用高速全流场流动显示技术获得了不同空化数下绕回转体的空泡形态,并运用粒子图像测速技术(DPIV)测量了相应工况下流场的时均速度和涡量分布.结果表明:随着空化数的降低,绕回转体空化区域不断增大,不同空化数下的空化区均为低速高湍流脉动区域,该区域的速度远小于主流速度,但存在大的湍流脉动;云状空化阶段,涡量聚集区由头部向后延伸的涡带逐步转化为涡团分布,且区域明显扩大.      

Non-collinear states in magnetic sensors

Certain materials have an electrical conductivity that is extremely sensitive to an applied magnetic field; this phenomenon, termed 'giant magnetoresistance', can be used in sensor applications. Typically, such a device comprises several ferromagnetic layers, separated by non-magnetic spacer layer(s)--a so-called 'super-lattice' geometry. In the absence of a magnetic field, the ferromagnetic layers may be magnetized in opposite directions by interlayer exchange coupling, while an applied external magnetic field causes the magnetization directions to become parallel. Because the resistivity depends on the magnetization direction, an applied field that changes the magnetic configuration may be detected simply by measuring the change in resistance. In order to detect weak fields, the energy difference between different magnetization directions should be small; this is usually achieved by using many non-magnetic atomic spacer layers. Here we show, using first-principles theory, that materials combinations such as Fe/V/Co multilayers can produce a non-collinear magnetic state in which the magnetization direction between Fe and Co layers differs by about 90 degrees. This state is energetically almost degenerate with the collinear magnetic states, even though the number of non-magnetic vanadium spacer layers is quite small.     

Observations on fluctuations of sound transmission and temperature field from the ASIAEX 2001 South China Sea experiment and inversion of the characterizations of internal tides (waves)

Two conclusions are obtained by analyzing the fluctuation data of the temperature field and the sound transmission in the South China Sea from ASIAEX 2001 volume interaction experiment. First of all, the peak-to-peak value of the particle vertical mean displacement due to the internal waves exceeds 40 m. Secondly, the peak-to-peak value of the sound transmission fluctuations represented by the pulse leading-edge fluctuations of the travel-time average exceeds 100 ms. Based on that, the major components of the internal waves are obtained by analyzing the spectrum of the temperature field fluctuations. The spectrum structures of the temperature field fluctuations in the across-shelf and the along-shore directions are compared respectively, and the spectrum structures of the sound transmission in such two different directions are also compared. The multi-path signals and the travel-time of the pulse are respectively used to capture the information of the sound transmission fluctuations, and their spectrum structures are compared also.     

有限温度下介观LC电路瞬时本征态的量子涨落

通过将热场动力学推广到含时体系，研究了有限温度下介观含时LC电路中的量子涨落．虽然温度的升高会使量子涨落增加，但电容和电感等物理量的时间变化却能使涨落减小．电源的存在会对电荷和磁通量的平均值有贡献，但不会影响量子涨落．当电路中有电源时，电荷和磁通量的平均值会依赖于温度；而当电路中没有电源时，各平均值为零，自然与温度无关．     

KT－5C托卡马克等离子体中磁场涨落的测量

在ＫＴ－５Ｃ托卡马克等离子体中进行了磁场涨落的测量，获得了磁场涨落的频谱和径向分布，实验结果表明，磁场涨落的幅度随着等离子体半径的增加而减少，对于不同ｑ值的放电条件下都是如此．实验中还观察到如果在限制器上施加正偏压的话，能够相当有效地抑制磁场涨落的幅度．     

Spectroscopy of spontaneous spin noise as a probe of spin dynamics and magnetic resonance

Not all noise in experimental measurements is unwelcome. Certain fundamental noise sources contain valuable information about the system itself-a notable example being the inherent voltage fluctuations (Johnson noise) that exist across any resistor, which allow the temperature to be determined. In magnetic systems, fundamental noise can exist in the form of random spin fluctuations. For example, statistical fluctuations of N paramagnetic spins should generate measurable noise of order N spins, even in zero magnetic field. Here we exploit this effect to perform perturbation-free magnetic resonance. We use off-resonant Faraday rotation to passively detect the magnetization noise in an equilibrium ensemble of paramagnetic alkali atoms; the random fluctuations generate spontaneous spin coherences that precess and decay with the same characteristic energy and timescales as the macroscopic magnetization of an intentionally polarized or driven ensemble. Correlation spectra of the measured spin noise reveal g-factors, nuclear spin, isotope abundance ratios, hyperfine splittings, nuclear moments and spin coherence lifetimes-without having to excite, optically pump or otherwise drive the system away from thermal equilibrium. These noise signatures scale inversely with interaction volume, suggesting a possible route towards non-perturbative, sourceless magnetic resonance of small systems.     

开花电流的磁场分析与计算

<正> 如图(1)的电流分布为开花电流。计算此种电流分布的磁场,原则上可以采用:毕——沙定律:dB=μ_0/4π·IDI×r/r~3安培环路定律:∫B·dI=μ_0 sum from ∞=1 to n(Ii)还可将开花电流分为直线电流与球面电流两部分,应用全电流定律     

垂直三分量磁场发生器

用三组相同的亥姆霍兹线圈按照设计的构造图,做出三个垂直方向上磁场强度已知的三分量磁场发生器。通入线圈的电流是采用精度较高的可变恒流源,以减少温度等外界因素引起的误差。把恒流源接入三组线圈中,通过调节恒流源中的电阻,改变恒流源产生的电流的大小,从而控制了产生的三分量磁场的强度。     

Palaeomagnetism of the Vredefort meteorite crater and implications for craters on Mars

Magnetic surveys of the martian surface have revealed significantly lower magnetic field intensities over the gigantic impact craters Hellas and Argyre than over surrounding regions. The reduced fields are commonly attributed to pressure demagnetization caused by shock waves generated during meteorite impact, in the absence of a significant ambient magnetic field. Lower than average magnetic field intensities are also observed above the Vredefort meteorite crater in South Africa, yet here we show that the rocks in this crater possess much higher magnetic intensities than equivalent lithologies found elsewhere on Earth. We find that palaeomagnetic directions of these strongly magnetized rocks are randomly oriented, with vector directions changing over centimetre length scales. Moreover, the magnetite grains contributing to the magnetic remanence crystallized during impact, which directly relates the randomization and intensification to the impact event. The strong and randomly oriented magnetization vectors effectively cancel out when summed over the whole crater. Seen from high altitudes, as for martian craters, the magnetic field appears much lower than that of neighbouring terranes, implying that magnetic anomalies of meteorite craters cannot be used as evidence for the absence of the planet's internally generated magnetic field at the time of impact.     

矩形射流中的流向涡分布特性及作用

为研究矩形射流中的流向涡形态及其作用,对矩形射流流动过程进行了三维大涡模拟。计算结果表明在矩形射流的发展区中流向涡才开始逐渐增强,在射流中远场流向涡和展向涡在涡强度、前后涡间距等方面大致相当。与规则匀称的展向涡相比流向涡比较杂乱,在射流的横截面上分布很不均匀,旋向相反的流向涡比邻存在。分析结果表明通过流向涡的旋转运动中心射流和环境流体互相掺混,流体在横截面上不同流向涡之间的游走极大地强化了射流的混合过程。