APC(Cdc20) promotes exit from mitosis by destroying the anaphase inhibitor Pds1 and cyclin Clb5

Ubiquitin-mediated proteolysis due to the anaphase-promoting complex/cyclosome (APC/C) is essential for separation of sister chromatids, requiring degradation of the anaphase inhibitor Pds1, and for exit from mitosis, requiring inactivation of cyclin B Cdk1 kinases. Exit from mitosis in yeast involves accumulation of the cyclin kinase inhibitor Sic1 as well as cyclin proteolysis mediated by APC/C bound by the activating subunit Cdh1/Hct1 (APC(Cdh1)). Both processes require the Cdc14 phosphatase, whose release from the nucleolus during anaphase causes dephosphorylation and thereby activation of Cdh1 and accumulation of another protein, Sic1 (refs 4-7). We do not know what determines the release of Cdc14 and enables it to promote Cdk1 inactivation, but it is known to be dependent on APC/C bound by Cdc20 (APC(Cdc20)) (ref. 4). Here we show that APC(Cdc20) allows activation of Cdc14 and promotes exit from mitosis by mediating proteolysis of Pds1 and the S phase cyclin Clb5 in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Degradation of Pds1 is necessary for release of Cdc14 from the nucleolus, whereas degradation of Clb5 is crucial if Cdc14 is to overwhelm Cdk1 and activate its foes (Cdh1 and Sic1). Remarkably, cells lacking both Pds1 and Clb5 can proliferate in the complete absence of Cdc20.     

Control of the SCF(Skp2-Cks1) ubiquitin ligase by the APC/C(Cdh1) ubiquitin ligase

Skp2 and its cofactor Cks1 are the substrate-targeting subunits of the SCF(Skp2-Cks1) (Skp1/Cul1/F-box protein) ubiquitin ligase complex that regulates entry into S phase by inducing the degradation of the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors p21 and p27 (ref. 1). Skp2 is an oncoprotein that often shows increased expression in human cancers; however, the mechanism that regulates its cellular abundance is not well understood. Here we show that both Skp2 and Cks1 proteins are unstable in G1 and that their degradation is mediated by the ubiquitin ligase APC/C(Cdh1) (anaphase-promoting complex/cyclosome and its activator Cdh1). Silencing of Cdh1 by RNA interference in G1 cells stabilizes Skp2 and Cks1, with a consequent increase in p21 and p27 proteolysis. Depletion of Cdh1 also increases the percentage of cells in S phase, whereas concomitant downregulation of Skp2 reverses this effect, showing that Skp2 is an essential target of APC/C(Cdh1). Expression of a stable Skp2 mutant that cannot bind APC/C(Cdh1) induces premature entry into S phase. Thus, the induction of Skp2 and Cks1 degradation in G1 represents a principal mechanism by which APC/C(Cdh1) prevents the unscheduled degradation of SCF(Skp2-Cks1) substrates and maintains the G1 state.     

Structures of APC/C(Cdh1) with substrates identify Cdh1 and Apc10 as the D-box co-receptor

The ubiquitylation of cell-cycle regulatory proteins by the large multimeric anaphase-promoting complex (APC/C) controls sister chromatid segregation and the exit from mitosis. Selection of APC/C targets is achieved through recognition of destruction motifs, predominantly the destruction (D)-box and KEN (Lys-Glu-Asn)-box. Although this process is known to involve a co-activator protein (either Cdc20 or Cdh1) together with core APC/C subunits, the structural basis for substrate recognition and ubiquitylation is not understood. Here we investigate budding yeast APC/C using single-particle electron microscopy and determine a cryo-electron microscopy map of APC/C in complex with the Cdh1 co-activator protein (APC/C(Cdh1)) bound to a D-box peptide at ～10 ? resolution. We find that a combined catalytic and substrate-recognition module is located within the central cavity of the APC/C assembled from Cdh1, Apc10--a core APC/C subunit previously implicated in substrate recognition--and the cullin domain of Apc2. Cdh1 and Apc10, identified from difference maps, create a co-receptor for the D-box following repositioning of Cdh1 towards Apc10. Using NMR spectroscopy we demonstrate specific D-box-Apc10 interactions, consistent with a role for Apc10 in directly contributing towards D-box recognition by the APC/C(Cdh1) complex. Our results rationalize the contribution of both co-activator and core APC/C subunits to D-box recognition and provide a structural framework for understanding mechanisms of substrate recognition and catalysis by the APC/C.     

Protein kinase C switches the Raf kinase inhibitor from Raf-1 to GRK-2

Feedback inhibition is a fundamental principle in signal transduction allowing rapid adaptation to different stimuli. In mammalian cells, the major feedback inhibitor for G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCR) is G-protein-coupled receptor kinase 2 (GRK-2), which phosphorylates activated receptors, uncouples them from G proteins and initiates their internalization. The functions of GRK-2 are indispensable and need to be tightly controlled. Dysregulation promotes disorders such as hypertension or heart failure. In our search for a control mechanism for this vital kinase, here we show that the Raf kinase inhibitor protein (RKIP) is a physiological inhibitor of GRK-2. After stimulation of GPCR, RKIP dissociates from its known target, Raf-1 (refs 6-8), to associate with GRK-2 and block its activity. This switch is triggered by protein kinase C (PKC)-dependent phosphorylation of the RKIP on serine 153. The data delineate a new principle in signal transduction: by activating PKC, the incoming receptor signal is enhanced both by removing an inhibitor from Raf-1 and by blocking receptor internalization. A physiological role for this mechanism is shown in cardiomyocytes in which the downregulation of RKIP restrains beta-adrenergic signalling and contractile activity.     

变频调速的E/f_1=C配合控制

作者对采用 E/f_1=常数 C 配合控制为什么能保证恒最大转矩调速以及对采用 E/f_1=C 配合控制为什么也是从发热观点允许的恒转矩调速方式作了数学推导论证,从而从理论上论证了采用 E/f_1=C 的配合控制能保证变频调速时电机的主磁通φ_1不变;异步机的最大转矩 M_m 不变;电机带恒转矩负载运行时过载倍数λ_m 不变;电机带额定负载运行时无论是高速还是低速都使电流不超过额定电流。     

Novel ZIF-8/ZnS hollow polyhedral heterostructures derived from ZIF-8 with enhanced photocatalytic activity for degradation of aflatoxin B1

Mycotoxins,formed in lots of foods during the production,processing and transportation processes,are the secondary metabolites of Fusarium genus,Penicillium and Aspergillus.Aflatoxin B₁(AFB₁) is considered as one of the most dangerous mycotoxins for human and animals due to its strong carcinogenicity and hepatotoxic effects.Hence,degradation of AFB₁ completely or reduction of AFB₁ to a low degree content has caused much attentions.In this paper,novel Z...     

超大型钢筋混凝土冷却塔模型地震模拟振动台试验研究

研究原型结构为即将要在抗震设防烈度8度区建设的高度为220 m的1 000 MW级热力发电厂超大型间接空气冷却塔,设计并实现了缩尺比为1∶30模型的地震模拟振动台试验.试验工况涵盖I～IV类场地条件下,冷却塔模型分别在7度、8度设防多遇地震、偶遇地震和罕遇地震对应的72组三向地震动激励,观察检验模型结构在不同场地条件不同地震动激励水平下的反应性态.同时,在每个级别的地震模拟试验工况前后,进行模型振动模态特性试验,实时监控模型结构在经历每个阶段地震动工况后的振动特性变化情况.试验结果表明,该冷却塔结构基本能够满足7度、8度设防条件下的抗震要求,但冷却塔下部的X型支腿两端与其喉部以上的壳体属于抗震薄弱部位,受较为密集的多个相邻高阶振型耦合振动影响,上部壳体厚度最薄处出现较为严重的环向破坏.     

Timing of the steps in transformation of C3H 10T 1/2 cells by X-irradiation

Transformation of cells in culture by chemical carcinogens or X rays seems to require at least two steps. The initial step is a frequent event; for example, after transient exposure to either methylcholanthrene or X rays, almost every cell of established lines of mouse embryo fibroblasts proved capable of yielding transformed, tumorigenic descendants. Although results were interpreted as indicating that 100% of the progeny of methylcholanthrene-treated cells were potentially transformed, later experiments showed that only a very small minority of the progeny of cells initiated by X rays or methylcholanthrene actually produced transformed colonies. We thus concluded that there must be a second step in transformation that is a very rare event. We assumed that this event occurred after the cultures became confluent, a time when transformed cells have a selective growth advantage. Since then, however, others have shown that transformation can occur soon after initiation and that clones of transformed cells may already be present by the time initiated cultures become confluent. It has been hypothesized that the second step behaves like a spontaneous mutation in having a constant but small probability of occurring each time an initiated cell divides. We show here that the clone size distribution of transformed cells in growing cultures initiated by X rays is, indeed, exactly what would be expected on that hypothesis.     

AOT／异辛烷萃取猪心细胞色素C的方法研究初探

用５０ｍｍｏｌ／ＬＡＯＴ反胶团系统在添加０．１ｍｏｌ／ＬＫＣｌ，ｐＨ７．５条件下萃取了猪心糜粗提液（Ⅰ）、ｐＨ７．５沉淀杂质蛋白后的提取液的滤液（Ⅱ）、硫酸铵（５００ｇ／Ｌ）盐析除杂蛋白的清液透析液（Ⅲ）、硫酸矮（５０ｇ／Ｌ）除杂蛋白的滤液并透析除盐的溶液（Ⅳ）、细胞色素Ｃ的三氯乙酸的沉淀物的饱和硫酸铵溶液透析除盐细胞色素Ｃ溶液（Ⅴ）中的细胞色素Ｃ。用１ｍｏｌ／ＬＫＣｌ、ｐＨ１３．０的水溶液对萃取有机相中的细胞色素Ｃ进行反萃取获得细胞色素Ｃ溶液。结果显示，ＡＯＴ反胶团系统能够将细胞色素Ｃ从猪心提取液中萃取到有机相中，并经调节离子强度和ｐＨ值又能将细胞色素Ｃ从有机相中反萃取到水溶液中。其萃取效率（％）分别为８６．９、７８．１、６３．１、４３．１和６。     

Structural basis for signal transduction by the Toll/interleukin-1 receptor domains

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and the interleukin-1 receptor superfamily (IL-1Rs) are integral to both innate and adaptive immunity for host defence. These receptors share a conserved cytoplasmic domain, known as the TIR domain. A single-point mutation in the TIR domain of murine TLR4 (Pro712His, the Lps(d) mutation) abolishes the host immune response to lipopolysaccharide (LPS), and mutation of the equivalent residue in TLR2, Pro681His, disrupts signal transduction in response to stimulation by yeast and gram-positive bacteria. Here we report the crystal structures of the TIR domains of human TLR1 and TLR2 and of the Pro681His mutant of TLR2. The structures have a large conserved surface patch that also contains the site of the Lps(d) mutation. Mutagenesis and functional studies confirm that residues in this surface patch are crucial for receptor signalling. The Lps(d) mutation does not disturb the structure of the TIR domain itself. Instead, structural and functional studies indicate that the conserved surface patch may mediate interactions with the down-stream MyD88 adapter molecule, and that the Lps(d) mutation may abolish receptor signalling by disrupting this recruitment.     

Evidence from mosaic analysis of the masculinizing gene her-1 for cell interactions in C. elegans sex determination.

Sex in Caenorhabditis elegans is determined by a regulatory cascade of seven interacting autosomal genes controlled by three X-linked genes in response to the X chromosome-to-autosome (X/A) ratio. XX animals (high X/A) develop as self-fertile hermaphrodites, and XO animals (low X/A) develop as males. The activity of the first gene in the sex-determining cascade, her-1, is required for male sexual development. XO her-1 loss-of-function mutants develop as self-fertile hermaphrodites, whereas XX her-1 gain-of-function mutants develop as masculinized intersexes. By genetic mosaic analysis using a fused free duplication linking her-1 to a cell-autonomous marker gene, we show here that her-1 expression in a sexually dimorphic cell is neither necessary nor sufficient for that cell to adopt a male fate. Our results suggest that her-1 is expressed in many, possibly all, cells and that its gene product can function non-autonomously through cell interactions to determine male sexual development.     

Specific degradation of photosystem II D1 protein by a protease （Air3815） in heterocysts of the cyanobacterium Anabaena sp. PCC7120

Some filamentous cyanobacteria form heterocysts under conditions lacking combined nitrogen for nitrogen fixation.Photosystem II is removed from heterocyst during the process of cell differentiation.Here,we demonstrate that Alr3815 is a protease that is capable of degrading D1 protein of photosystem II.Strain-322,which lacks alr3815,is impaired in nitrogen fixation in air because some oxygen evolving activity is retained in its heterocysts.Our results also suggest that calcium may play a regulatory role in D1 degradation during heterocyst differentiation.     

正交试验优选木通中木通酸和木通皂苷Stc的提取工艺

研究木通中2个共有成分木通酸和木通皂苷Stc的提取工艺.采用超声提取,以溶剂种类、提取时间、溶剂用量为影响因素,各取3个水平,采用L9(34)正交表,以木通酸和木通皂苷Stc为考察指标,利用反相高效液相色谱法测定其含量,并对检测结果进行直观分析和方差分析.经正交试验优选的提取工艺:以体积分数为80%的乙醇作溶剂,采用超声提取1.5 h,溶剂用量为药材的12.5倍.对优选的提取工艺进行方法学考察,各项考察结果均符合要求.该提取工艺切实可行,为进一步对不同来源木通药材中木通酸和木通皂苷Stc的含量测定奠定理论基础.     

海洋真菌Fusarium sp.#ZZF51的次级代谢产物二(5-丁基-2-吡啶甲酸-N1,O2)合铜(II)的抑菌抗癌活性研究

从南海红树林内源真菌Fusarium sp.#ZZF51的培养液中分离得到一金属铜络合物(1),通过波谱数据和单晶衍射数据解析其结构为:二(5-丁基-2-吡啶甲酸-N1,O2)合铜(Ⅱ),它是首次从自然界中被发现.体外活性实验初步表明:络合物(1)对四种细菌(金黄色葡萄球菌、枯草芽孢杆菌、大肠埃希氏菌和肠炎沙门氏菌)和三种癌细胞(KB、KBv200、HepG2)具有较强抑制活性,前者最低抑菌浓度(MIC值)分别为12.5、25、12.5和50 μg/mL,后者IC50值分别为3.54、3.68和25.12 μg/mL.     

根据连续2n-1个状态写出单圈T函数ANF的方法

运用布尔函数的相关知识, 给出了根据单圈T函数的连续2^n-1个状态写出其代数标准型的一种方法.     

一种替代家兔热原试验的新方法初探--检测THP-1细胞系释放的TNF-α

为了寻找一种替代家兔热原试验的方法,最近我们对用THP-1细胞系检测热原的可行性进行了初步探索.其原理是将细菌内毒素标准品刺激THP-1细胞6 h后,用ELISA双抗夹心法测定其释放的内源性热原(TNF-α).试验结果表明TNF-α的量与内毒素的量在一定范围(0.32EU/mL-200EU/mL)内有很好的相关性,两种不同来源的内毒素得到的结果相似.说明该方法作为替代家兔热原检查的新方法有一定的可行性.