具有良好可再生性的新型二氧化硅磁性氧化石墨烯纳米复合材料

Graphene oxide (GO) wrapped Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles (NPs) were prepared by coating the Fe₃O₄ NPs with a SiO₂ layer, and then modifying by amino groups, which interact with the GO nanosheets to form covalent bonding. The SiO₂ coating layer plays a key role in integrating the magnetic nanoparticles with the GO nanosheets. The effect of the amount of SiO₂ on the morphology, structure, adsorption, and regenerability of the composites was studied in detail. An appropriate SiO₂ layer can effectively induce the GO nanosheets to completely wrap the Fe₃O₄ NPs, forming a core-shell Fe₃O₄@SiO₂@GO composite where Fe₃O₄@SiO₂ NPs are firmly encapsulated by GO nanosheets. The optimized Fe₃O₄@SiO₂@GO sample exhibits a high saturated adsorption capacity of 253 mg·g?1 Pb(II) cations from wastewater, and the adsorption process is well fitted by Langmuir adsorption model. Notably, the composite displays excellent regeneration, maintaining a ~90% adsorption capacity for five cycles, while other samples decrease their adsorption capacity rapidly. This work provides a theoretical guidance to improve the regeneration of the GO-based adsorbents.     

微波预处理对复杂铜矿磨矿及浮选动力学的影响

The effect of CaCO₃, Na₂CO₃, and CaF₂ on the reduction roasting and magnetic separation of high-phosphorus iron ore containing phosphorus in the form of Fe₃PO₇ and apatite was investigated. The results revealed that Na₂CO₃ had the most significant effect on iron recovery and dephosphorization, followed by CaCO₃, the effect of CaF₂ was negligible. The mechanisms of CaCO₃, Na₂CO₃, and CaF₂ were investigated using X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive spectrometry (SEM–EDS). Without additives, Fe₃PO₇ was reduced to elemental phosphorus and formed an iron–phosphorus alloy with metallic iron. The addition of CaCO₃ reacted with Fe₃PO₇ to generate an enormous amount of Ca₃(PO₄)₂ and promoted the reduction of iron oxides. However, the growth of iron particles was inhibited. With the addition of Na₂CO₃, the phosphorus in Fe₃PO₇ migrated to nepheline and Na₂CO₃ improved the reduction of iron oxides and growth of iron particles. Therefore, the recovery of iron and the separation of iron and phosphorus were the best. In contrast, CaF₂ reacted with Fe₃PO₇ to form fine Ca₃(PO₄)₂ particles scattered around the iron particles, making the separation of iron and phosphorus difficult.     

不同硅饱和系数水榴石的碳酸化分解动力学

Carbonated decomposition of hydrogarnet is one of the vital reactions of the calcification–carbonation method, which is designed to dispose of low-grade bauxite and Bayer red mud and is a novel eco-friendly method. In this study, the effect of the silica saturation coefficient (x) on the carbonation of hydrogarnet was investigated from the kinetic perspective. The results indicated that the carbonation of hydrogarnets with different x values (x = 0.27, 0.36, 0.70, and 0.73) underwent two stages with significantly different rates, and the kinetic mechanisms of the two stages can be described by the kinetic functions R3 and D3. The apparent activation energies at Stages 1 and 2 were 41.96–81.64 and 14.80–34.84 kJ/mol, respectively. Moreover, the corresponding limiting steps of the two stages were interfacial chemical reaction and diffusion.     

一种超重力燃烧合成制备高性能高熵合金的新方法

A new method of high-gravity combustion synthesis (HGCS) followed by post-treatment (PT) is reported for preparing high-performance high-entropy alloys (HEAs), Cr_0.9FeNi_2.5V_0.2Al_0.5 alloy, whereby cheap thermite powder is used as the raw material. In this process, the HEA melt and the ceramic melt are rapidly formed by a strong exothermic combustion synthesis reaction and completely separated under a high-gravity field. Then, the master alloy is obtained after cooling. Subsequently, the master alloy is sequentially subjected to conventional vacuum arc melting (VAM), homogenization treatment, cold rolling, and annealing treatment to realize a tensile strength, yield strength, and elongation of 1250 MPa, 1075 MPa, and 2.9%, respectively. The present method is increasingly attractive due to its low cost of raw materials and the intermediate product obtained without high-temperature heating. Based on the calculation of phase separation kinetics in the high-temperature melt, it is expected that the final alloys with high performance can be prepared directly across master alloys with higher high-gravity coefficients.     

窄板坯结晶器内连铸工艺参数对钢液流场的影响

Computational simulations and high-temperature measurements of velocities near the surface of a mold were carried out by using the rod deflection method to study the effects of various operating parameters on the flow field in slab continuous casting (CC) molds with narrow widths for the production of automobile exposed panels. Reasonable agreement between the calculated results and measured subsurface velocities of liquid steel was obtained under different operating parameters of the CC process. The simulation results reveal that the flow field in the horizontal plane located 50 mm from the meniscus can be used as the characteristic flow field to optimize the flow field of molten steel in the mold. Increases in casting speed can increase the subsurface velocity of molten steel and shift the position of the vortex core downward in the downward circulation zone. The flow field of liquid steel in a 1040 mm-wide slab CC mold can be improved by an Ar gas flow rate of 7 L·min?1 and casting speed of 1.7 m·min?1. Under the present experimental conditions, the double-roll flow pattern is generally stable at a submerged entry nozzle immersion depth of 170 mm.     

电渣重熔脱硫技术研究进展

Electroslag remelting (ESR) gives a combination of liquid metal refining and solidification structure control. One of the typical aspects of liquid metal refining during ESR for the advanced steel and alloy production is desulfurization. It involves two patterns, i.e., slag–metal reaction and gas–slag reaction (gasifying desulfurization). In this paper, the advances in desulfurization practices of ESR are reviewed. The effects of processing parameters, including the initial sulfur level of consumable electrode, remelting atmosphere, deoxidation schemes of ESR, slag composition, melting rate, and electrical parameters on the desulfurization in ESR are assessed. The interrelation between desulfurization and sulfide inclusion evolution during ESR is discussed, and advancements in the production of sulfur-bearing steel at a high-sulfur level during ESR are described. The remaining challenges for future work are also proposed.     

利用皮秒激光烧蚀制备非球形铝纳米颗粒

We report the picosecond laser ablation of aluminum targets immersed in a polar organic liquid (chloroform, CHCl₃) with ~2 ps laser pulses at an input energy of ~350 μJ. The synthesized aluminum nanoparticles exhibited a surface plasmon resonance peak at ~340 nm. Scanning electron microscopy images of Al nanoparticles demonstrated the spherical morphology with an average size of (27 ± 3.6) nm. The formation of smaller spherical Al nanoparticles and the diminished growth could be from the formation of electric double layers on the Al nanoparticles. In addition to spherical aluminum nanoparticles, triangular/pentagonal/hexagonal nanoparticles were also observed in the colloidal solution. Field emission scanning electron microscopy images of ablated Al targets demonstrated laser induced periodic surface structures (LIPSSs), which were the high spatial frequency LIPSSs (HSF-LIPSSs) since their grating period was ~280 nm. Additionally, coarse structures with a period of ~700 nm were observed.     

Mineral transition and formation mechanism of calcium aluminate compounds in CaO?Al2O3?Na2O system during high-temperature sintering

The mineral transition and formation mechanism of calcium aluminate compounds in CaO?Al₂O₃?Na₂O system during the high-temperature sintering process were systematically investigated using DSC?TG, XRD, SEM?EDS, FTIR, and Raman spectra, and the crystal structure of Na₄Ca₃(AlO₂)₁₀ was also simulated by Material Studio software. The results indicated that the minerals formed during the sintering process included Na₄Ca₃(AlO₂)₁₀, CaO·Al₂O₃, and 12CaO·7Al₂O₃, and the content of Na₄Ca₃(AlO₂)₁₀ could reach 92wt% when sintered at 1200°C for 30 min. The main formation stage of Na₄Ca₃(AlO₂)₁₀ occurred at temperatures from 970 to 1100°C, and the content could reach 82wt% when the reaction temperature increased to 1100°C. The crystal system of Na₄Ca₃(AlO₂)₁₀ was tetragonal, and the cells preferred to grow along crystal planes (110) and (210). The formation of Na₄Ca₃(AlO₂)₁₀ was an exothermic reaction that followed a secondary reaction model, and its activation energy was 223.97 kJ/mol.     

含细夹层的分矿充填层中流动特性的可视化

Ore particles, especially fine interlayers, commonly segregate in heap stacking, leading to undesirable flow paths and changeable flow velocity fields of packed beds. Computed tomography (CT), COMSOL Multiphysics, and MATLAB were utilized to quantify pore structures and visualize flow behavior inside packed beds with segregated fine interlayers. The formation of fine interlayers was accompanied with the segregation of particles in packed beds. Fine particles reached the upper position of the packed beds during stacking. CT revealed that the average porosity of fine interlayers (24.21%) was significantly lower than that of the heap packed by coarse ores (37.42%), which directly affected the formation of flow paths. Specifically, the potential flow paths in the internal regions of fine interlayers were undeveloped. Fluid flowed and bypassed the fine interlayers and along the sides of the packed beds. Flow velocity also indicated that the flow paths easily gathered in the pore throat where flow velocity (1.8 × 10?5 m/s) suddenly increased. Fluid stagnant regions with a flow velocity lower than 0.2 × 10?5 m/s appeared in flow paths with a large diameter.     

温度法中室温测量与修正系数

实践表明,现行住宅室内采暖空气温度测量的方法和标准并不适用于分户计量“温度法”对室温的长期监控.针对由此带来的不便和误差问题,通过实测数据的分析,在室内测温标准基础之上,总结出更适合长期室内测温的方法.通过对四个测温房间的有关参数测量,整理分析后给出了室内长期测温的温度修正系数,为今后“温度法”分户计量技术在我国的实施提供参考依据.     

关于温度和温标的几个问题

温度是热学中最重要的基本概念之一，也是国际单位制七个基本量中在热学领域内特有的物理量．仅对建立温度概念的实验基础——热力学第零定律的表述、温标的概念及其分类、以及这段教材的组织问题提出几点看法。     

非平衡高温等离子体中温度梯度的不稳定性

本文用非平衡动力学方法研究高温等离子体中(T_i>lkev)温度梯度的不稳定性.考虑等离子体中存在电离和复合这两种互逆过程及扩散和压力不均匀引起的等离子体流动,建立密度动力学方程.给一个小密度扰动便可得出溫度梯度满足的稳定性条件.结果表明,离子温度升高时体系从稳定到不稳定交替出现,这与PLT最近的实验报道一致.     

基于不同温度传感器的温度检测系统

温度控制在工业控制过程中应用相当广泛,在很多情况下温度都需要监控以防止发生意外,并且不同的工作环境所需温度的精度范围要求不一样.采用4种不同测温元件实时采集温度数据并通过单片机对4种不同测温元件所检测温度加以处理显示,以直观了解不同测温元件所检测的温度范围及其性能指标.     

Temperature Control and Simulation of TemperatureAltitude Test System

The temperatureAltitude Test System (TATS) supplies various testing environments. The traditional PID method controls the temperature in TATS TemperaturePressure Cabin (TPC) over a long adjusting time and with a large overshoot. In order to solve this problem simply, a temperature control strategy with temperature difference corresponding factors is presented through a dynamic analysis and modeling of TPC temperature change. The TPC temperature descending process is simulated, and the results show that this control strategy can allot the proportion of PID heating controller and PID cooling controller in the whole control process and TPC temperature can be controlled at a set point quickly and effectively.     

Ni系低温钢的高温氧化行为研究

为研究Ni系低温钢的高温氧化行为,利用Setsys Evolution型高温同步热分析仪对Fe-3.5Ni和Fe-9Ni钢在700~1200℃的氧化行为进行了研究,采用电子探针(EPMA)、场发射扫描电镜(SEM)和X射线衍射(XRD)等手段表征了氧化物微观形貌和物相组成.结果表明:700~1200℃条件下氧化2h后,Fe-3.5Ni钢和Fe-9Ni钢的氧化增重曲线规律相似,相同氧化温度条件下,单位面积Fe-9Ni钢的增重量低于Fe-3.5Ni钢.随氧化温度的升高,试样表面依次出现团絮状、晶须状和不规则多边形状Fe₂O₃.氧化分为内氧化和外氧化,内、外氧化层厚度随氧化温度的提高逐渐增加,且900℃是两种钢外氧化层厚度发生突变的临界温度.内氧化层由FeNi₃和混合物(FeO+Fe₃O₄)组成,外氧化层由Fe₂O₃,Fe₃O₄和FeO组成,且外氧化层内包裹着尖晶石相NiFe₂O₄;随着Ni含量增加,NiFe₂O₄增多并形成连续的薄带.     

硅二极管的极限结温与本征温度

本文就P~ N结整流二极管的理论极限结温进行了讨论。指出P~ N结消失的理论极限结温为P~ 的本征温度。     

高温熔体粘度测试仪的温度控制技术

介绍了高温熔体粘度测试仪的组成和功能.分析了高温熔体粘度测试仪温度控制系统的特点.为了提高加热速度和温度控制精度,提出了阈值控制策略与自适应模糊PID控制相结合的控制算法.在高温炉当前温度值与设定温度值偏差较大时,为了保护系统和提高加热速度,运用阙值控制策略对系统进行控制,在高温炉当前温度值与设定温度值偏差较小时,运用自适应模糊PID控制,以保证控制精度.仿真研究和试验测试证明,该控制算法在保证控制精度的基础上,能很好地提高系统的动态性能.     

基于单总线数字温度传感器的温控系统

本文介绍了一种操作方便、性能稳定、基于模糊控制理论的具备温度采集功能和温度智能控制功能的温度控制系统.该系统以PC机为控制的核心,结合89C51型单片机和DS18B20单总线数字温度传感器以及其他的软、硬件设计,使系统具有更高的可控性和稳定性.