香樟齿喙象成虫触角感器的微观特征分析

【目的】香樟齿喙象(Pagiophloeus tsushimanus Morimoto)是新发现的危害香樟(Cinnamomum camphora)的钻蛀性害虫,研究触角感器超微形态有助于了解该害虫的嗅觉行为及其与寄主植物的相互关系。【方法】将成虫触角用超声波清洗并冷冻干燥,采用离子溅射仪喷金镀膜,再利用扫描电镜观察其外部形态、感器类型及分布状况。【结果】香樟齿喙象雌、雄成虫触角均呈膝状,共有7类11种感器类型,分别为3种刺形感器、2种毛形感器、2种锥形感器以及表皮孔、柱形感器、栓锥形感器和叉形感器。刺形感器是香樟齿喙象的主要感器类型,在性别之间除刺形感器Ⅰ型、Ⅱ型长度存在显著差异(P<0.05)外,其他类型感器长度、数量及分布均没有显著差异(P>0.05); 锥形感器和叉形感器仅在雌虫触角上发现。【结论】此次研究观察了香樟齿喙象成虫的触角感器类型,可为开发基于信息素的害虫防治方法提供理论依据。     

蓖麻蚕触角的结构和嗅觉感受细胞对化学气味物质的反应

扫描电镜和透射电镜观察蓖麻蚕的触角和毛形感器。雄蛾触角上的毛形感器比雌蛾的长且多。雄蛾触角的每个毛形感器内有二个或三个树突。用４１种人工合成化合物刺激蓖麻蚕触角，单细胞记录方法记录感受细胞的感受器电位和神经冲动发放发现，雄蛾对Ｅ６，Ｚ１１－十六碳二烯醛和Ｅ４，Ｚ９－十四碳二烯醇，酯及醛反应明显。雌蛾触角对上述化合物无反应。     

桑野蚕雄蛾的性信息素感受细胞

本文用单细胞记录方法发现反－１０，顺－１２－十六碳二烯醇和反－１０，顺－１２－十六碳二烯酸均能引发桑野蚕雄蛾触角中毛形感器的电反应，前者发放振幅较大的神经脉冲，后者发放小脉冲，选择性适应试验表明，毛形感器中存在对上述两个组分敏感的不同类型的嗅觉感受细胞。     

大蛾卵跳小蜂触角感受器的扫描电镜观察

【目的】明确大蛾卵跳小蜂雌雄成虫触角感受器的类型、数量和分布特征,为探究各感受器的内部结构、感受机制及相关功能提供基础。【方法】利用扫描电镜观察大蛾卵跳小蜂的触角结构、长度及触角感受器的形态特征;鉴定感受器的类型,统计触角背面和腹面不同类型感受器的数量、位置。通过独立样本t检验比较触角长度和同类感受器的长度、宽度、数量在雌、雄蜂间的差异;比较不同亚节上感受器的数量、分布密度在雌、雄蜂间的差异。【结果】大蛾卵跳小蜂触角呈膝状,雌蜂的触角总长[(806.79±4.30) μm]大于雄蜂触角总长[(781.13±7.13) μm]。雌蜂触角鞭节有9亚节,包括6索节和3棒节;雄蜂触角鞭节有7亚节,包括6索节和1棒节。雌、雄蜂触角上都着生7种类型感受器,分别为毛形感受器(TS)、刺形感受器(ChS)、钟形感受器(CaS)、板形感受器(PS)、乳状感受器(MS)、Böhm氏鬃毛(BB)、指形感受器(FS)。TS和FS都分为Ⅰ型和Ⅱ型。雌蜂和雄蜂上TS的数量最多、分布最广,TSⅠ和TSⅡ在雌雄间的数量无显著差异。雌蜂ChS、FSⅠ的数量显著大于雄蜂相同类型的感器数量;雌蜂BB、FSⅡ的数量显著小于雄蜂相同类型的感器数量。PS、CaS、MS的数量在雌雄蜂间无显著差异。观察发现,从触角基部到端部,感受器类型和数量越来越多,密度越来越大。【结论】雌、雄蜂触角感受器的总量较为接近,但不同感受器数量、大小和分布存在差异,具有明显的性二型现象;跳小蜂科昆虫中存在钟形感受器;大蛾卵跳小蜂的触角鞭节可能在寄主定位、识别、产卵等过程中起到更重要的作用。     

A single class of olfactory neurons mediates behavioural responses to a Drosophila sex pheromone

Insects, like many other animals, use sex pheromones to coordinate their reproductive behaviours. Volatile pheromones are detected by odorant receptors expressed in olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs). Whereas fruit odours typically activate multiple ORN classes, pheromones are thought to act through single dedicated classes of ORN. This model predicts that activation of such an ORN class should be sufficient to trigger the appropriate behavioural response. Here we show that the Drosophila melanogaster male-specific pheromone 11-cis-vaccenyl acetate (cVA) acts through the receptor Or67d to regulate both male and female mating behaviour. Mutant males that lack Or67d inappropriately court other males, whereas mutant females are less receptive to courting males. These data suggest that cVA has opposite effects in the two sexes: inhibiting mating behaviour in males but promoting mating behaviour in females. Replacing Or67d with moth pheromone receptors renders these ORNs sensitive to the corresponding moth pheromones. In such flies, moth pheromones elicit behavioural responses that mimic the normal response to cVA. Thus, activation of a single ORN class is both necessary and sufficient to mediate behavioural responses to the Drosophila sex pheromone cVA.     

金斑喙凤蝶雄虫触角感觉器的扫描电镜观察

对金斑喙凤蝶雄虫触角进行扫描电镜观察发现：其触角有３种感觉器，即星形感器，毛形感器和鳞形感器。星形感器数量最多，几乎密布整个触角，鳞形感器数量以触角基部分布较多，同时也分布于鞭节各节；毛形感器（Ａ，Ｂ型）数量最少，稀疏分布于鞭节各节。     

Trans-sexually grafted antennae alter pheromone-directed behaviour in a moth

When tobacco hornworm moths (Manduca sexta) are tested in a wind tunnel with a source of female pheromones upwind, males but not normal females show pheromone-modulated anemotaxis and a characteristic mate-seeking behavioural sequence. These behaviours are produced by stimulation of sensory neurones found only in male antennae. These neurones project axons only to dendrites of pheromone-specific interneurones in the macroglomerular complex, a region of neuropil in the antennal lobe characteristic of males but not present in normal females. Some interneurones in the antennal lobes of female moths that have received grafts of male antennae (gynandromorphs) respond postsynaptically to stimulation with bombykal, a major component of the pheromone. They branch into a region resembling the macroglomerular complex, like their counterparts in normal males. We show here that gynandromorphic females respond to pheromonal stimulation with anemotaxis. We also find that normal females display a similar sequence in response to the odour of their egg-laying site, the tobacco plant. It is likely that a common motor path is used either by pheromone-specific interneurones in the antennal lobes of males or by tobacco-specific interneurones in females. We assume that the interneurones in gynandromorphic females that branch into the macroglomerular complex induced by a grafted male antenna can activate this pathway.     

小菜蛾对蔬菜气味的定向行为

采用“Y”型管嗅觉仪 ,在实验室条件下 ,对十字花科蔬菜 -小菜蛾 -小菜蛾绒茧蜂系统中 ,害虫和寄生蜂对挥发物的定向行为进行了初步的研究。结果表明蔬菜的挥发性气味对小菜蛾有明显的引诱作用 ,在反应强度上 ,雌蛾明显高于雄蛾 ,且不同的蔬菜引诱效果之间也存在差异。触角切除实验证明了 ,在小菜蛾成虫感受植物挥发性气味的过程中触角起着主要作用     

宽颊纹潜叶蜂触角的分布和超微形态

利用扫描电镜对宽颊纹潜叶蜂Kaliofenusa genata雌蜂触角的形态特征、感觉器的类型及分布特点进行了观察.结果表明,宽颊纹潜叶蜂雌蜂触角呈丝状,由基节、柄节、梗节、鞭节组成.其中,鞭节由7鞭小节组成.触角上着生有6种感觉器,分别是毛形感觉器(Ⅰ型、Ⅱ型、Ⅲ型和IV型)、锥形感觉器(Ⅰ型和Ⅱ型)、刺形感觉器、锥形乳突状感觉器、芽形感觉器和Bhm氏鬃毛.其中,毛形感觉器I广泛分布在除基节以外的其他各节上;毛形感觉器II和III主要分布在柄节和梗节上;毛形感觉器IV主要分布在鞭小节的端部.刺形感觉器、芽形感觉器以及锥形感觉器I主要分布在鞭节的末端鞭小节上.腔锥形乳突状感觉器和锥形感器II主要分布在除第1鞭小节以外的其他鞭小节上.Bhm氏鬃毛仅分布在基节中部.结合相关研究报道,对宽颊纹潜叶蜂雌蜂触角各种感觉器可能的功能进行了探讨.     

An essential role for a CD36-related receptor in pheromone detection in Drosophila

The CD36 family of transmembrane receptors is present across metazoans and has been implicated biochemically in lipid binding and transport. Several CD36 proteins function in the immune system as scavenger receptors for bacterial pathogens and seem to act as cofactors for Toll-like receptors by facilitating recognition of bacterially derived lipids. Here we show that a Drosophila melanogaster CD36 homologue, Sensory neuron membrane protein (SNMP), is expressed in a population of olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs) implicated in pheromone detection. SNMP is essential for the electrophysiological responses of OSNs expressing the receptor OR67d to (Z)-11-octadecenyl acetate (cis-vaccenyl acetate, cVA), a volatile male-specific fatty-acid-derived pheromone that regulates sexual and social aggregation behaviours. SNMP is also required for the activation of the moth pheromone receptor HR13 by its lipid-derived pheromone ligand (Z)-11-hexadecenal, but is dispensable for the responses of the conventional odorant receptor OR22a to its short hydrocarbon fruit ester ligands. Finally, we show that SNMP is required for responses of OR67d to cVA when ectopically expressed in OSNs not normally activated by pheromones. Because mammalian CD36 binds fatty acids, we suggest that SNMP acts in concert with odorant receptors to capture pheromone molecules on the surface of olfactory dendrites. Our work identifies an unanticipated cofactor for odorant receptors that is likely to have a widespread role in insect pheromone detection. Moreover, these results define a unifying model for CD36 function, coupling recognition of lipid-based extracellular ligands to signalling receptors in both pheromonal communication and pathogen recognition through the innate immune system.     

蚱科7种昆虫触角感受器的形态与分布

报道了蚱科(Tetrigidae)7种昆虫的触角感受器的形态与分布的扫描电镜观察结果.蚱科昆虫的触角感受器数量与类型较少,仅有芽孢形感受器I、芽孢形感受器II、腔形感受器和板形感受器4种类型,其中以板形感受器数量最多.通过对7种昆虫的雌性个体触角感受器在触角各节上的分布情况的分析,发现蚱科昆虫的触角感受器主要分布于触角的端部及中段节次上,其中以板形感受器的分布最为明显,主要集中分布于第10—15节触角上.     

栎丽虎天牛成虫触角感器的扫描电镜观察

【目的】 明确栎丽虎天牛成虫触角感器类型、数量及分布特征,为其行为和电生理研究提供基础数据。【方法】 利用扫描电镜对栎丽虎天牛雌雄成虫触角表面结构进行观察。【结果】 栎丽虎天牛雌虫触角明显短于体长,雄虫触角短于或等于体长。雌雄虫均有4种类型11个亚型感器,分别为锥形感器6个亚型、毛形感器3个亚型、刺形感器和钟形感器各1个亚型,按感器数量由多到少依次为:毛形感器>锥形感器>刺形感器>钟形感器。锥形感器分布于触角鞭节,毛形感器在触角各节都有分布,刺形感器主要分布在柄节、梗节、鞭节第1~2亚节和部分鞭节亚节的端部,钟形感器分布在雌虫鞭节的第7~9亚节和雄虫的第3~4亚节。感器数量和类型从触角基部向端部逐渐增加,雌虫感器数量多于雄虫。【结论】 触角端部是感受化学物质的主要部位,鞭节第6~9亚节是电生理试验的首选部位。雌虫触角数量感器较多,表明其在接收性信息素和寄主挥发物方面具有更重要的作用,各感器的功能需要结合行为和电生理试验进一步验证。     

大袋蛾(Clania variegata Snell)雌虫性信息素的分泌腺体和释放机制的研究——Ⅰ.大袋蛾性信息素释放部位

<正>通过林间诱捕试验,触角电位(EAG)测定和室内定量生测,确定了大袋蛾雌虫主要由胸部背板释放性信息素。     

EAG and behavioral responses of Helicoverpa armigera males to volatiles from poplar leaves and their combinations with sex pheromone

Electroantennogram (EAG) evaluation of selected compounds from wilted leaves of black poplar, Populus nigra, showed that phenyl acetaldehyde, methyl salicylate, (E)-2-hexenal elicited strong responses from male antennae of Helicoverpa armigera. When mixed with sex pheromone (Ph), some volatiles, e.g. phenyl acetaldehyde, benzyl alcohol, phenylethanol, methylsalicylate, linalool, benzaldehyde, (Z)-3-hexenol, (Z)-3-hexenylacetate, (Z)-6-nonenol, cineole, (E)-2-hexenal, and geraniol elicited stronger responses from male antennae than Ph alone. Wind tunnel bioassay demonstrated that various volatiles could either enhance or inhibit the effect of synthetic sex pheromone. (E)-2-hexenal, (Z)-3-hexenol and linalool in combination with Ph could not induce any male to land on source at all, whereas phenyl acetaldehyde, benzaldehyde, (Z)-6-nonenol and salicylaldehyde combined with Ph enhanced male response rates by 58.63%, 50.33%, 51.85% and 127.78%, respectively, compared to Ph alone. These results suggested that some volatiles shouldmodify sex pheromone caused behavior and that some of them could possibly be used as a tool for disrupting mating or for enhancing the effect of synthetic sex pheromone in the field.     

中华豆芫菁的触角感器与类型分布

中华豆芫菁Epicauta chinensis Laporte 是我国的特有种,其触角雌雄差异很大,表现在感器类型和数量分布既有共性又有明显差异,揭示其规律对于了解该昆虫的生物学功能具有重要意义.本文首次报道中华豆芫菁触角感器由6类11种组成,其中毛形4种、锥形2种、耳形2种、腔锥形1种、Bhm氏鬃毛形1种、芽孢形1种,此外还有大量表皮孔存在.这些感器在触角各节的类型分布不同,数量也有差异,常常表现为雄性多于雌性;根据触角感器组成类型及其分布区域,初步推断了它们的作用和功能.     

Identification of sex pheromones of four economically important species in genusDendrolimus

The female-produced sex pheromone of Dendrolimus superans was identified by gas chromatography (GC), coupled GC-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), electroantennographic (EAG) studies and field tests as a blend of (Z,E)-5,7-dodecadienal (Z5,E7-12:Ald) and (Z,E)-5,7-dodeca- dien-1-ol (Z5,E7-12:OH). In D. kikuchii, (Z,E)-5,7-dodeca- dien-1-yl acetate (Z5,E7-12:OAc) and Z5,E7-12:OH were found by GC and GC-MS analyses. However, in EAG studies male antennae were more sensitive to Z5,E7-12:OAc and (Z,E)-5,7-dodecadien-1-yl propionate (Z5,E7-12:OPr) than Z5,E7-12:OH. For D. spectabilis, Z5,E7-12:OH had been previously reported as the sex pheromone. However, in our studies, traps baited with Z5,E7-12:OH, Z5,E7-12:OAc and Z5,E7-12:OPr in a ratio of 1:1:1 caught three times more males than those baited with Z5,E7-12:OH alone. Relatively strong EAG responses were elicited from male antennae by Z5,E7-12:OH, Z5,E7-12:OAc and Z5,E7-12:OPr, but in addition to Z5,E7-12:OH, only very small amounts of Z5,E7- 12:OAc was found in the pheromone gland. These facts suggest that Z5,E7-12:OAc is a pheromone minor components and Z5,E7-12:OPr is a sex attractant in D. spectabilis. For D. tabulaeformis, Z5,E7-12:OH, Z5,E7-12:OAc and Z5,E7-12: OPr were found in extracts of pheromone glands of female moths, and the three compounds elicited strong EAG responses from antennae of male moths. These three compounds have been reported as a sex attractant of D. tabulaeformis, and our data confirm their roles as components of the sex pheromone of this species. The role of blend components in antagonizing cross attraction between congeners is discussed.     

临夏回族青少年头发和指甲微量元素含量对比分析

对500名(男246,女254)13～17岁临夏回族青少年头发和指甲中的Fe、Cu、Ni、Zn、Mn、Pb、Cd、Mo、Se和Ca元素的含量进行了对比分析。结果表明这十种元素在人体的头发和指甲中均存在,但男女之间有差异,其共同特点是头发中的Cu、Zn高于指甲,Cd、Mo和Se元素的含量男女均极少,且无差异(p>0.05),男女指甲中的Pb、Fe含量均高于头发(p<0.05);男性指甲中的Mn高于头发(p<0.05),而在女性无显著差异;Ca作为一种常量元素,男女指甲中的含量均极显著地高于头发(p<0.01)。证实测定人体微量元素时,只测定头发中的含量不能完全代表元素的分布特征和变化情况,指甲和头发对于研究人体微量元素具有同等重要的意义。     

蝗虫三种触角扫描电镜研究

采用扫描电镜的方法对白膝网翅蝗Ａｒｃｙｐｔｅｒａ ｆｕｓｃａ ａｌｂｏｇｅｎｉｃｕｌａｔａ ｌｋｏｎｎ的丝状触角、条纹鸣蝗Ｍｏｎｇｏｌｏｔｅｔｔｉｘ ｊａｐｏｎｉｃｕｓ ｖｉｔｔａｔｕｓ（Ｕｖ．）的剑状触角及西伯利亚蝗Ｇｏｍｐｈｏｃｅｒｕｓ ｓｉｂｉｒｉｃｕｓ（Ｌ．）的棒状触角表面进行了扫描电镜观察，结果表明三种蝗虫触角不仅在形态上差异显著，而且在感觉器种类组成、分布及化学感觉能力上有明显不同，主     

Agrotis segetum雄蛾触角叶神经元的时相编码特性

应用细胞内记录神经放电方法 ,研究Agrotissegetum雄蛾触角叶MGC神经元对性信息素的反应特征及时相编码特点。在此种雄蛾MGC中 ,投射神经元对性信息素的反应呈现一种双相反应模式。 2 6个MGC神经元均可对 1,3Hz频率的每个刺激有明显的双相反应 ,14个神经元可对 5Hz频率的每个刺激引起明显的双相反应 ,4个神经元仅能识别 7Hz频率的每个刺激 ,1个神经元可识别高至 10Hz频率的每个刺激。神经元对性信息素频率刺激的反应能力与神经元自发放电频率、反应时的超极化幅度等都有一定的相关关系     

Female mimicry in garter snakes

In many diverse taxa, males of the same species often exhibit multiple mating strategies. One well-documented alternative male reproductive pattern is 'female mimicry', whereby males assume a female-like morphology or mimic female behaviour patterns. In some species males mimic both female morphology and behaviour. We report here female mimicry in a reptile, the red-sided garter snake (Thamnophis sirtalis parietalis). This form of mimicry is unique in that it is expressed as a physiological feminization. Courting male red-sided garter snakes detect a female-specific pheromone and normally avoid courting other males. However, a small proportion of males release a pheromone that attracts other males, as though they were females. In the field, mating aggregations of 5-17 males were observed formed around these individual attractive males, which we have termed 'she-males'. In competitive mating trails, she-males mated with females significantly more often than did normal males, demonstrating not only reproductive competence but also a possible selective advantage to males with this female-like pheromone.