考虑转动阻抗对砂力学特性影响的离散元分析

基于离散元法进行一系列砂真三轴剪切模拟试验,探讨了颗粒间转动阻抗对砂宏细观力学特性的影响。分析了不同抗转动系数下砂的力学特性,并从细观角度解释了转动阻抗的影响机制。结果表明:随着抗转动系数的增加,偏应力峰值及其对应的峰值内摩擦角相应增加,同时应变软化现象逐渐加剧。在细观层面,从有效配位数、概率密度、颗粒间法向接触力和各向异性的角度分析转动阻抗的影响机理。研究进一步发现,转动阻抗抑制了砂颗粒之间的相对转动,导致砂颗粒之间的平均配位数降低;砂颗粒间强接触力概率密度及接触力大小均随着抗转动系数的增大而增大;通过三维直方图直观定性分析由不同转动阻抗对法向接触力以及应力诱发各向异性的影响,同时结合第二不变量表征组构张量和法向接触力张量的各向异性,发现各向异性系数均随着抗转动系数的增大而增大。     

饱和砂土液化过程中细观组构的模型试验研究

采用室内振动台模型试验对液化过程中饱和砂土颗粒的细观组构进行研究.分析了砂土颗粒在液化破坏过程中颗粒长轴方向、平均配位数、孔隙率的演化规律及其与宏观现象之间的联系.应用表征上述量的组构参数分析了砂土的诱发各向异性,指出在循环荷载的作用下,砂土颗粒不断重新排列定向以适应新的应力状态,导致累积配位数的丧失、孔隙率增大,继而导致液化的发生.研究成果对于揭示砂土变形(液化)的细观机理以及建立砂土的细观力学模型都具有重要意义.     

单剪试验的细观模拟研究

采用离散单元法的颗粒流理论,模拟了松砂和密砂的单剪固结排水试验,研究了单剪试验中砂土细观力学行为和细观组构的演化规律。本文采用PFC2D实现了单剪试验的模拟,记录了实验中颗粒的分布图,接触力分布图,位移图等,同时也测得应力-应变关系,以及配位数等,并用origin软件将其绘制成图表。分析了砂土变形过程中细观组构的变化,并对比分析了松砂、密砂在剪切过程中变形机制的区别。最后阐述了剪切过程中应力主轴的旋转问题。     

Hashin-Shtrikman弹性模量边界的转换

当孔隙内介质为流体时,用经典的Hashin-Shtrikman弹性模量边界模型估算线弹性各向同性双相孔隙介质整体弹性模量将存在问题。首先基于整体介质与宏观各向同性组分满足的应力和应变组分关系,推导出整体介质弹性矩阵与组分弹性矩阵之间的显式关系,联合其应变关系,定义和分析了对应的两个系数张量,并据此导出了相关场变量位于统一坐标系时整体介质体积模量与剪切模量的关系;然后将经典的Hashin-Shtrikman弹性模量边界模型与上述关系式结合,得到4个新的整体介质弹性模量的估算公式,再与原始的Hashin-Shtrikman弹性模量边界进行了比较,最后针对饱和水纯净砂岩介质进行了试算。结果显示,孔隙介质整体与组分的应力应变、弹性矩阵以及弹性模量之间存在组分加权关系;新的弹性模量表达式计算值在组分弹性模量满足一定条件下位于原始的Hashin-Shtrikman边界内,这在一定程度上弥补了经典Hashin-Shtrikman边界模型对于整体弹性模量特别是孔隙度小于20%时剪切模量估算的不足。     

Hashin-Shtrikman弹性模量边界的转换

当孔隙内介质为流体时,用经典的Hashin-Shtrikman弹性模量边界模型估算线弹性各向同性双相孔隙介质整体弹性模量将存在问题.首先基于整体介质与宏观各向同性组分满足的应力和应变组分关系,推导出整体介质弹性矩阵与组分弹性矩阵之间的显式关系,联合其应变关系,定义和分析了对应的两个系数张量,并据此导出了相关场变量位于统一坐标系时整体介质体积模量与剪切模量的关系;然后将经典的Hashin-Shtrikman弹性模量边界模型与上述关系式结合,得到4个新的整体介质弹性模量的估算公式,再与原始的Hashin-Shtrikman弹性模量边界进行了比较,最后针对饱和水纯净砂岩介质进行了试算.结果显示,孔隙介质整体与组分的应力应变、弹性矩阵以及弹性模量之间存在组分加权关系;新的弹性模量表达式计算值在组分弹性模量满足一定条件下位于原始的Hashin-Shtrikman边界内,这在一定程度上弥补了经典Hashin-Shtrikman边界模型对于整体弹性模量特别是孔隙度小于20%时剪切模量估算的不足.     

非经典线性动力系统的振动分析

采用状态空间法,对多自由度非经典线性动力系统的振动进行了分析,提出了系统位移主变量和速度主变量概念,给出了系统状态向量与位移主变量和速度主变量之间的关系.算例表明,引入位移主变量和速度主变量后,可使非经典线性动力系统的振动问题得到更清晰的描述.     

颗粒材料修正的微形态连续体模型研究

基于细观力学给出了1个颗粒材料的修正的微形态连续体模型。在该模型中,考虑了颗粒的平动和转动,且对颗粒间的相对运动进行分解,认为颗粒的细观真实运动(包括平动和转动)是由细观平均运动与1个表征相对于平均运动的波动组成。对微曲率进行对称修正,推导得到了与对称应变张量共轭的对称柯西应力张量,与对称微曲率张量共轭的对称偶应力张量,以及与非对称相对应变张量(微曲率张量)共轭的非对称相对应力张量(偶应力张量)。基于运动分解与对称修正,最终得到了1个颗粒材料的1阶微形态宏观本构关系。宏观本构关系包括应力-应变关系,偶应力-微曲率关系,以及相对应力(偶应力)-相对应变(微曲率)关系。宏观本构模量通过表征细观信息的接触刚度、内部长度参数等识别。     

两种有限变形力学理论的分析

为研究经典有限变形理论与和分解有限变形理论在非线性大变形力学分析中的区别与联系,在应力、应变定义的基础上,以大变形典型算例之一的有限转动与伸长为例,分别推导出该算例在这两种力学理论计算下的应力应变结果。计算结果表明：经典变形理论得出的形变张量不是唯一的;经典有限变形力学理论计算下的应力应变值要远大于和分解有限变形力学理论计算下的应力应变值。     

载流球台薄壳的磁弹性应力与变形分析

在对机械载荷与非定常电磁场耦合作用下的球台薄壳的应力、位移与电磁场、机械场等关系研究的基础上，建立了载流球台壳的磁弹性基本方程，采用分离变量法，导出了数值计算方程式，并通过具体算例，讨论了电场中电磁量、作用时间等因素与球台壳应力及变形之间的关系。     

非线性超弹性体应力应变张量与应变能函数之间的微积分关系

研究非线性超弹性体应力与应变能函数之间的关系,等比例加载方法不再适用,因为剪应变要产生正应力,正应变也要产生剪应力.为此,构建了应力应变张量与应变能函数之间的微分、积分关系.从表示定理出发,围绕共轭应力、应变变量,研究了各向同性、横观各向同性、正交各向异性非线性超弹性体的本构方程、应变能函数,推导了应力应变张量与应变能函数之间的微分、积分关系.应用微分积分关系,对应力张量函数直接积分,即可得到应变能函数.这种方法具有普适性,简洁性,能进一步拓宽解决非线性超弹性体问题的途径.     

Real-time quantum feedback prepares and stabilizes photon number states

Feedback loops are central to most classical control procedures. A controller compares the signal measured by a sensor (system output) with the target value or set-point. It then adjusts an actuator (system input) to stabilize the signal around the target value. Generalizing this scheme to stabilize a micro-system's quantum state relies on quantum feedback, which must overcome a fundamental difficulty: the sensor measurements cause a random back-action on the system. An optimal compromise uses weak measurements, providing partial information with minimal perturbation. The controller should include the effect of this perturbation in the computation of the actuator's operation, which brings the incrementally perturbed state closer to the target. Although some aspects of this scenario have been experimentally demonstrated for the control of quantum or classical micro-system variables, continuous feedback loop operations that permanently stabilize quantum systems around a target state have not yet been realized. Here we have implemented such a real-time stabilizing quantum feedback scheme following a method inspired by ref. 13. It prepares on demand photon number states (Fock states) of a microwave field in a superconducting cavity, and subsequently reverses the effects of decoherence-induced field quantum jumps. The sensor is a beam of atoms crossing the cavity, which repeatedly performs weak quantum non-demolition measurements of the photon number. The controller is implemented in a real-time computer commanding the actuator, which injects adjusted small classical fields into the cavity between measurements. The microwave field is a quantum oscillator usable as a quantum memory or as a quantum bus swapping information between atoms. Our experiment demonstrates that active control can generate non-classical states of this oscillator and combat their decoherence, and is a significant step towards the implementation of complex quantum information operations.     

q类薛定谔猫态的非经典性质

构造了一类q类薛定谔猫态，并研究了它的压缩和反聚束等非经典性质．     

Evolution of the MHC class I genes of a New World primate from ancestral homologues of human non-classical genes

The products of the classical human major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I genes (HLA-A, -B, -C) are highly polymorphic molecules that bind peptides and present them to T lymphocytes. The non-polymorphic, non-classical MHC class I gene products (HLA-E, -F, -G) are not restricting elements for the majority of T lymphocytes. The evolutionary relationship of the non-classical and classical MHC class I genes is unclear. Here we present the cloning and sequencing of the MHC class I genes of a New World primate, the cotton-top tamarin (Saguinus oedipus). The expressed MHC class I genes of this species are more closely related to the human non-classical HLA-G gene than they are to genes of the human classical HLA-A, -B, and -C loci. These observations imply that classical and non-classical genes do not necessarily constitute mutually exclusive groups over evolutionary time.     

Single photons on demand from a single molecule at room temperature

The generation of non-classical states of light is of fundamental scientific and technological interest. For example, 'squeezed' states enable measurements to be performed at lower noise levels than possible using classical light. Deterministic (or triggered) single-photon sources exhibit non-classical behaviour in that they emit, with a high degree of certainty, just one photon at a user-specified time. (In contrast, a classical source such as an attenuated pulsed laser emits photons according to Poisson statistics.) A deterministic source of single photons could find applications in quantum information processing, quantum cryptography and certain quantum computation problems. Here we realize a controllable source of single photons using optical pumping of a single molecule in a solid. Triggered single photons are produced at a high rate, whereas the probability of simultaneous emission of two photons is nearly zero--a useful property for secure quantum cryptography. Our approach is characterized by simplicity, room temperature operation and improved performance compared to other triggered sources of single photons.     

双模场真空态与相干态的叠加态及其部分非经典性质

构造了辐射场的一类新的非经典态,即双模真空态与相干态的叠加态.并讨论了它的非经典性质,即压缩效应、亚泊松分布、两模间二阶相关函数.数值计算结果表明,双模真空态与相干态的叠加态具有非常显著的非经典性质,因此双模真空态与相干态的叠加态是一类新的非经典光场态.     

EPR粒子对与量子隐形传态

量子隐形传态,由发送者Alice将准备传送的信息分离成一部分纯粹经典的信息和另外一部分纯粹非经典的信息,通过2条不同的信道传送给接收者Bob。首先传送非经典部分,这需要借助于EPR粒子对,考虑由2个自旋皆为12的费密子构成,其中一个分配给Alice,另一个分配给Bob。Alice选择对她一方的原始粒子和她的EPR粒子一并进行冯.罗曼类型的测量,这个在贝尔算符的4个本征态中的测量,导致系统的波函数的波包坍缩为相互关联的4个贝尔基矢。Bob通过对他的EPR粒子的状态进行适当的幺正变换,能够重新构造出在Alice一方被＂毁灭＂了的原始粒子的状态。此外,这个贝尔测量产生2个比特的经典信息,传送给Bob,从而完成一个量子隐形传态。文章中研究了EPR粒子对与量子隐形传态的内在联系。     

Dependence of Softness on Fabric Surface Quality and Compressibility

The term ＂softness＂ is loosely used to describe the physical as well as sensory attributes of fabric and other textiles, and several psychophysicai evaluation methods as well as its predicting equations exist. However, the information for physiological mechanism of fabric softness is lack. To explain the blomechauical and the potential neurophysiologicai phecnomenon for exploring fabric softness, accompanying to the procedures in manual exploration for softness and the anatomical multllayor structures of human finer, a contact finite dement （FE） model between finger and fabric is made to conduct an active contact analysis. In present FE model, the effect of surface friction index, compression modulus, Poisson＇s ratio of fabric on softness dlscrimination is Investigated. The interests are in the contributlons of these fabric property variables to contact area, Interracial friction shear stress and contact pressure distributions, which arc significant cognitive variables or stimulus parameters in peripheral neural levels. The mechanistic data for fabric specimens indicates that the basis for the perception of softness of flexible and bulk fabric is likely on the spatial variation of pressure on the skin （or, equivalently the skin displacement and its derivatives） resulting from surface friction phenomenon and compression property of fabric. In present model, however, the effect of Poisson＇s ratio on the total force exerted by fingertip is not significant statistically. Therefore, compression modulus of fabric is, not the only underlying physical variable accounting for peripheral neural response, and also the surface friction phenomenon plays an important role in feeltouch softness of fabric, i.e. the compressibility and surface properties of fabric arc the necessary physical variables involved for the haptic rendering of its softness.     

Progressive field-state collapse and quantum non-demolition photon counting

The irreversible evolution of a microscopic system under measurement is a central feature of quantum theory. From an initial state generally exhibiting quantum uncertainty in the measured observable, the system is projected into a state in which this observable becomes precisely known. Its value is random, with a probability determined by the initial system's state. The evolution induced by measurement (known as 'state collapse') can be progressive, accumulating the effects of elementary state changes. Here we report the observation of such a step-by-step collapse by non-destructively measuring the photon number of a field stored in a cavity. Atoms behaving as microscopic clocks cross the cavity successively. By measuring the light-induced alterations of the clock rate, information is progressively extracted, until the initially uncertain photon number converges to an integer. The suppression of the photon number spread is demonstrated by correlations between repeated measurements. The procedure illustrates all the postulates of quantum measurement (state collapse, statistical results and repeatability) and should facilitate studies of non-classical fields trapped in cavities.