基于颗粒流离散元的黏性土三轴剪切试验数值模拟

通过对黏性试样进行室内三轴固结排水试验,研究黏性土体的工程力学性质,得到了试样土体的应力-应变关系曲线以及强度指标,基于颗粒流离散元法的原理,利用PFC3D软件建立三轴试样模型,并设定颗粒间的接触为接触黏结模型,通过颗粒流数值试验对细观参数进行标定,从细观角度对黏性土的工程力学特性做了一定的研究。对比了不同围压下数值试验与室内试验的应力-应变关系曲线,得到了较好的模拟效果。分析细观参数的变化对黏性土的应力-应变关系曲线的影响,得出边界条件、孔隙率、黏结强度、摩擦系数、接触刚度等细观参数的取值对黏性土的宏观力学性质有着显著的影响并对影响规律做了探讨,为今后的三轴试验颗粒流数值模拟提供了有价值的参考。     

非饱和土力学行为的三维离散元分析

基于离散单元法颗粒流理论,土体颗粒单元间采用Hill接触模型来考虑非饱和土中吸力的作用,建立了非饱和土的颗粒流模型。根据室内试验结果对模型细观参数进行标定,开展了固结排水三轴剪切试验离散元数值模拟,揭示了在不同围压和吸力下,模型试样的应力-应变关系与强度特性等宏观力学性质以及细观信息平均配位数的变化规律。根据不同吸力下的莫尔-库伦破坏包线,建立了吸力与抗剪强度参数之间的关系。此外,通过标定室内试验结果中不同含水率下的应力-应变曲线,建立了Hill模型中吸力与含水率的关系。研究结果表明：Hill接触模型可以较好的模拟非饱和土的力学行为,可为非饱和土的离散元模拟提供参考。     

格宾网加筋土强度和变形特性的三维离散元细观模拟

为揭示格宾网加筋土强度和变形特性的细观力学本质,利用PFC3D三维离散元计算平台的FISH语言编写数值伺服程序实现大三轴试验环境和土颗粒模型生成算法,模拟大三轴素土试样应力-应变宏观响应校正土颗粒细观参数;然后,引入平行黏结构造格宾网颗粒流模型,通过模拟其室内拉伸试验校正格宾网模型细观参数;在此基础上,建立格宾网加筋土大三轴试样的三维颗粒数值模型模拟格宾网加筋土应力-应变关系,揭示格宾网加筋土颗粒之间接触力和内部剪切位移场的渐进发展规律。研究结果表明:格宾网加筋土颗粒模型数值试验能对其力学机理做出定量和定性预测;在试样两端和两层格宾网之间,分别形成"八"字形和""形倾斜剪切带;随着试样围压增加,试样内部剪切带范围缩小;加筋层数较少时,剪切滑移带范围较大;土颗粒接触力在整个格宾网截面内分布较均匀,在两层格宾网之间集中到试样截面的中部。     

粗粒土大型静止侧压力系数测定试验的颗粒流模拟

静止侧压力系数K_0是粗粒土重要的力学参数。采用基于离散元理论的颗粒流数值分析和室内试验相结合的方法,建立了粗粒土大型静止侧压力系数试验的三维颗粒流模型,模拟结果与室内试验具有良好的一致性。在总结数值试验结果的基础上,分析了粗粒土的位移和力链的细观变化过程,并研究了不同竖向应力下细观参数与K_0的关系曲线,探讨孔隙率、颗粒摩擦因数、切向刚度、法向刚度等参数对粗粒土K_0的影响规律,并建立了细观参数和粗粒土K_0的函数关系。结果表明:相同竖向应力下试样K_0随着孔隙率的增大逐渐增大,但增大趋势趋于平缓;试样K_0与摩擦因数存在线性负相关关系;在相同竖向应力下,试样法向接触刚度越大或切向接触刚度的越大时,K_0越小。     

砂卵石层隧道离散元细观参数标定及影响规律研究

砂卵石层隧道围岩具有大小颗粒混杂,形状不规则等特点.在进行数值分析时与传统有限元计算差别较大.因此,运用离散元颗粒流软件对砂卵石层隧道围岩进行细观参数标定及数值模拟,通过开展室内试验以及砂卵石层细观参数影响规律研究.结果表明,二维模型和三维模型的细观参数标定结果不同,且相同细观参数情况下,二维模型得到的峰值强度远大于三维模型;颗粒粒径与试样尺寸对于应力应变曲线形态有显著影响,但当颗粒粒径与试样尺寸比值大于1/60时,影响减弱;颗粒形状对于应力应变曲线特征值有较大影响,颗粒越扁平,峰值强度越高,颗粒越接近圆形,则峰值强度越低.通过对砂卵石层围岩进行数字图像处理,得到了砂卵石层围岩的颗粒性状,结合筛分试验和大型三轴剪切试验,标定得到了不同相对密实度及不同含水率情况下的砂卵石层细观参数.     

粗粒含量对砂卵石土宏细观力学特性影响分析

摘 要: 砂卵石土粗粒含量对基坑及隧道围岩等稳定性影响较大,然而不同粗粒含量砂卵石土宏细观力学特性尚不明确。采用室内大型粗粒土三轴试验与数值三轴试验相结合的方法,对不同粗粒含量砂卵石土宏观及细观力学特性开展研究。研究结果表明：随着粗粒含量增加,砂卵石土的应力应变曲线表现为应变软化性;围压不变时,砂卵石土随着粗粒含量增加,应力峰值增大而达到峰值时的应变逐渐减小;建立了砂卵石土粗粒含量与内摩擦角和粘聚力等力学指标之间函数关系,随着粗粒含量的增加,砂卵石土的内摩擦角与粘聚力呈线性增大;提出了不同粗粒含量砂卵石土的接触模量、颗粒刚度比、摩擦系数、接触粘结强度等颗粒离散元细观参数。研究成果为砂卵石地层工程精细化设计及施工提供理论支撑。     

非饱和粗、细颗粒混合土在动荷载作用下的细观力学响应

为了研究非饱和粗、细颗粒混合土在动荷载作用下的细观力学性质,进行了非饱和粗、细颗粒混合土动三轴的离散元数值分析。根据室内动三轴试验结果标定PFC2D接触模型参数,进行非饱和粗、细颗粒混合土动三轴离散元模拟,分析其细观力学机理。结果表明:离散元模拟结果与室内试验结果曲线拟合度基本一致,能较好地反映非饱和粗、细颗粒混合土在动荷载作用下力学特征。相同含水率条件下,粗、细颗粒混合土的累积动应变随动应力幅值的增加而增大;随围压的增加先小幅度增大后再大幅度减小。孔隙度随动应力幅值的增大而减小;随围压的增大也减小。试样颗粒在剪切过程中,上下端运动速度最大,整体呈现对称递减状,中部运动速度最小。     

基于平行黏结模型的类岩石材料宏细观参数影响

为了研究材料宏观力学特性与细观参数的关系并进行细观参数标定,将平行黏结模型作为颗粒的接触模型,对颗粒流程序中的细观参数进行正交试验设计,结合室内试验确定类岩石材料的细观参数。结果表明:类岩石材料宏观弹性模量主要由颗粒模量、平行黏结模量以及半径乘子影响;法向黏结强度与切向黏结强度共同影响抗压强度,且不同黏结强度比对裂纹的分布有影响;泊松比主要由颗粒刚度控制,且颗粒刚度越大,剪切裂纹占比越大。物理试验与数值模拟的峰值应力接近,应力-应变曲线基本吻合,裂纹扩展形态一致,表明细观参数结果可靠,为其他岩石材料颗粒流模拟提供借鉴。     

粘性土平面应变试验颗粒流模拟可行性研究

对四组PFC^2D的数值仿真结果和粘土试样室内平面应变试验的实测曲线进行了对比，研究表明利用颗流理论所建立起来的PFC^2D数值仿真试验模型是能够通过改变计算模型中颗粒单元的性质颗粒集合体的级配特征等，针对颗粒流仿真试样的细观力学特征与物理试样宏观力学响应之间的关系进行了参数研究，并揭示了一些规律。     

粗粒土路堤填料力学特性及其细观模拟研究

为了研究粗粒土填料在荷载及降雨入渗作用下的力学特性变化规律,采用Autotriax全自动三轴试验系统对粗粒土填料进行静三轴试验。基于试验所得力学参数,结合颗粒流软件PFC3D对试验进行细观模拟研究,通过自编程序引入接触黏结模型,对比分析粗粒土在不同围压、含水率和压实度下的力学特性及变形规律。研究结果表明:运用PFC3D软件进行静三轴试验模拟,通过数值分析得到的应力-应变曲线变化趋势与室内试验结果变化趋势较一致;试件的体应变在高围压时表现为整体剪缩,低围压时表现为先剪缩后剪胀;随着应变增加,黏结断裂点快速发展,试件由单一的中间部位挤压呈现出多个潜在的剪切面,且颗粒间的黏结破坏具有滞后性,试件内部演变规律与应力-应变曲线变化规律相一致。     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

An Index mechanism for multi-scale view in spatial databases

There are numerous geometric objects stored in the spatial databases. An importance function in a spatial database is that users can browse the geometric objects as a map efficiently. Thus the spatial database should display the geometric objects users concern about swiftly onto the display window. This process includes two operations:retrieve data from database and then draw them onto screen. Accordingly, to improve the efficiency, we should try to reduce time of both retrieving object and displaying them. The former can be achieved with the aid of spatial index such as R-tree, the latter require to simplify the objects. Simplification means that objects are shown with sufficient but not with unnecessary detail which depend on the scale of browse. So the major problem is how to retrieve data at different detail level efficiently. This paper introduces the implementation of a multi-scale index in the spatial database SISP (Spatial Information Shared Platform) which is generalized from R-tree. The difference between the generalization and the R-tree lies on two facets: One is that every node and geometric object in the generalization is assigned with a importance value which denote the importance of them, and every vertex in the objects are assigned with a importance value,too. The importance value can be use to decide which data should be retrieve from disk in a query. The other difference is that geometric objects in the generalization are divided into one or more sub-blocks, and vertexes are total ordered by their importance value. With the help of the generalized R-tree, one can easily retrieve data at different detail levels.Some experiments are performed on real-life data to evaluate the performance of solutions that separately use normal spatial index and multi-scale spatial index. The results show that the solution using multi-scale index in SISP is satisfying.     

Jane Eyre——A Feminist In The 19th Century

In the 19th century the society was controlled by men, and women were just appendants of them, they had not any rights and freedom. But Jane was an exception, she showed some characteristics of early feminist. Jane showed her characteristics of feminism in three aspects: rebellion, equality, and independence. These characteristics were helpful to her success, and feminism is the only way out for women of that time.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-