微生物矿化对塔基弃土的固结作用及抗降雨侵蚀效果

输变电线路工程建设过程会产生大量弃土,因土体松散受降雨作用极易饱和形成渗流,从而诱发滑坡和水土流失。本研究在输变电工程水土保持仿真模拟试验平台,通过喷洒方式向塔基弃土添加微生物矿化菌液和胶结液,分析测定土壤试样的干密度、孔隙度、渗透性、液限、塑限、压缩性、抗剪切强度等土力学指标,用射线衍射(X-ray diffraction,XRD)和扫描电镜(scanning electron microscopy,SEM)表征矿化试样的晶体类型和微观形貌,最终将技术工艺在输电线路工程现场进行示范应用。结果表明,喷洒微生物矿化菌液和胶结液,可在塔基弃土孔隙中形成方解石型碳酸钙晶体,使塔基弃土更加密实,增大干密度,降低孔隙度和渗透系数,且液限增高5%,塑限降低5%,赋予土壤更好的可塑性,内摩擦角从29.97°提高到了32.62°,提高土壤的抗剪强度,对塔基弃土浅层具有很好的固结作用,可显著降低受不同等级强度降雨侵蚀的产沙量,从而减少因降雨侵蚀造成的水土流失,现场示范也进一步证明了抗降雨侵蚀效果,微生物矿化技术可非常明显地减少流失斑。因此,微生物矿化技术可作为输变电线路工程建设的一项绿色、环保、简便、高...     

细沟发育过程中的溯源侵蚀与沟壁崩塌

利用实验中降雨前后坡面的地形变化计算了细沟发育过程中溯源侵蚀和沟壁崩塌的产沙量．计算结果表明，溯源侵蚀是细沟侵蚀的主要产沙类型，其产沙量可占到细沟总侵蚀量的50％以上，沟壁崩塌的产沙量相对较小，且波动不大．其原因在于，溯源侵蚀量主要受沟头以上来水量的控制，而沟壁崩塌则与沟壁坡度的关系密切．此外，还利用地形变化与输沙率两种不同方法对产沙量进行了比较计算，在消除坡面沉降的影响后，两结果基本吻合．     

双龙堡滑坡特征及治理措施

从工程地质条件、滑坡特征及降雨条件等方面论述了在斜坡弃土堆载所导致的一个典型滑坡实例,对之进行了稳定性分析验算,提出了防治措施建议。     

坡长对红壤侵蚀影响人工降雨模拟研究

为解决南方红壤丘陵区裸坡面水土流失问题,该文采用人工模拟降雨(雨强30—150mm/h)结合试验土槽等方法(坡长分别为1、2、3、4、5m,坡度20°),研究了不同雨强下坡长对红壤侵蚀的影响,并初步探讨了侵蚀增强的临界雨强和设置水土保持措施的合理坡长,结果表明,产沙量随坡长的延长呈增大趋势,二者的关系可用幂函数(R20.80)表示,雨强越大,产沙量增速越快,增量越大.坡长延长相同长度时,产沙量不呈比例增加,初步建议在南方红壤丘陵区裸坡面可每隔4—6m设置水土保持措施,有效缓解坡面水土流失.坡面侵蚀产沙量随着雨强的增大而增加,坡长越长,产沙量随雨强增加速度越快,二者呈幂函数关系(R2=0.99),60mm/h左右是红壤丘陵区侵蚀增强的临界雨强;雨强、坡长与产沙量均呈正相关关系,雨强对裸坡面侵蚀产沙量的影响较坡长大.该研究为南方红壤丘陵区裸坡面水土流失治理提供一定的理论依据.     

降雨入渗-地表径流下延安卸荷黄土边坡侵蚀演化特征

明确卸荷黄土边坡降雨侵蚀规律对地质灾害防治和流域生态治理具有重要意义。以延安卸荷黄土边坡降雨侵蚀灾害为研究背景,利用自行开发的降雨入渗-地表径流黄土边坡试验平台,研究降雨强度、降雨历时对卸荷黄土边坡入渗量、径流量、土壤流失量以及坡体含水率的影响,揭示降雨作用下卸荷黄土边坡侵蚀演化规律。研究结果表明：1）降雨初期坡面雨水以入渗为主,入渗量约为地表径流量的2～8倍;随着降雨历时增加,地表径流量呈增加趋势,雨水入渗量呈减少趋势;短历时强降雨条件下地表径流量小于入渗量,而持续强降雨条件下地表径流量大于入渗量。2）坡面侵蚀产沙量与降雨强度呈正相关关系,持续强降雨条件下的土壤流失量约为短历时强降雨的10.81倍。3）地表土体含水率随降雨次数增加呈现快速增长到缓慢增长再到平稳状态的发展过程,随降雨强度降低呈减小趋势;相同雨强下,持续强降雨下的地表土体含水率较短历时强降雨增长了9.62%;坡面中、底部浅层土体含水率增长速率高于坡面顶部。4）持续强降雨下边坡侵蚀灾变演化过程为雨水入渗→浅表层土体增湿→坡面密集溅蚀坑→地表径流→浅、细、短的侵蚀沟槽→深、宽、长的侵蚀沟槽→坡体浅层滑塌,坡面侵蚀破坏范围表现...     

安徽大别山区天然降雨对典型植被水土流失影响研究

基于霍山县水土保持试验站3个径流小区2013—2018年的连续观测数据,分析水土流失月际、年际变化特征,定量探讨不同植被类型（茶树、红芋、桑树）下各降雨（次降雨、降雨等级、降雨雨型）特征指标对坡耕地水土流失的影响．结果表明:1）4和7月为一年中水土流失高峰期;2013—2018年水土流失量变化趋势均表现为先迅速下降,后趋于稳定,到2018年出现上升．2）各降雨因子对于水土流失贡献度由大到小依次为降雨量（P）、降雨侵蚀力（R）、30 min雨强（I₃₀）、降雨历时（t）、60 min雨强（I₆₀）、平均雨强（I）．降雨量是影响产沙量的最重要因素;降雨侵蚀力对乔木和灌木产流影响最大．3）中雨和大雨年际变率最大,大暴雨场次少,但造成的水土流失情况最严重;Ⅰ型降雨是安徽大别山区主要的降雨类型,Ⅲ型降雨场次最少,但水土流失量远高于其他3种雨型,Ⅳ型降雨对水土流失影响最小．      

海南省五指山市地质灾害分布特征与防治

海南省五指山市地质灾害类型主要有崩塌和不稳定斜坡两种.区内地质灾害的发育特征主要受自然因素和人为因数的影响,自然因素主要为地质构造、地形地貌、地层岩性、大气降雨;人为因素主要为削坡建房和道路交通建设.地质构造、地形地貌及地层和岩石类型是地质灾害形成的内因,而降雨及人类工程活动则是诱发和加剧地质灾害发生的外因.地质灾害的防治措施应以预防为主,工程治理、生物防治与搬迁避让相结合.     

初始解冻深度对冻融坡面侵蚀产沙过程的影响

未完全解冻层是影响解冻期土壤侵蚀的主要因素,为探讨未完全解冻层对黄土地区坡面侵蚀产沙的影响,采用室内模拟降雨试验的方法,通过控制雨强及初始解冻深度两个因子,对冻融坡面的水沙特性及响应过程进行了对比研究。结果表明:相对于未冻融坡面,雨强增加,初始产流时间会显著缩短,而初始解冻深度的增加会显著延长初始产流时间;冻融坡面产流过程中,产沙量显著增加了10~24倍,且增长趋势由快变慢的时间临界点随雨强的增加而缩短;相同雨强下,不同初始解冻深度坡面的产流变化特征一致,径流总量变化不显著而产沙量随初始解冻深度的增加而增加;相同初始解冻深度下,不同雨强下坡面产流的平均含沙量变化不明显,总产沙量随径流量增大而增大;坡面产沙量与降雨历时、雨强和初始解冻深度均呈极显著相关,坡面产流量与降雨历时、雨强和产沙量均呈极显著相关,而与初始解冻深度没有表现出相关性,说明初始解冻深度对坡面产流的影响不显著,而与坡面产沙量的关系密切。     

水力驱动作用下的地貌演变数值模拟Ⅱ.模型应用

应用基于物理概念的水文／侵蚀数值模型InHM,成功模拟了夏威夷群岛中Kaho’olawe岛100年的地貌演变过程．受计算机运算能力所限,全岛被分为84个小流域分别进行模拟．人类活动的影响通过植被覆盖率的变化进而地表／近地表土壤的水力参数变化来体现．结果表明,InHM能够有效模拟区域尺度上的长时段地表侵蚀过程,在给定降雨过程的条件下,土壤水力参数、地表坡度、植被情况是影响地表产流与侵蚀过程的主要因素．敏感性分析表明,降雨数据时间步长、土壤水力参数对长时段地表径流和侵蚀有显著影响,而初始地下水位和地下水压强分布影响不大．     

黄土沟壑区流域重力侵蚀模拟

重力侵蚀是土壤侵蚀的主要形式之一．在黄土高原地区,重力侵蚀对土壤侵蚀总量、高含沙水流特性和水沙过程的尺度现象等都具有重要贡献但由于重力侵蚀机理复杂、发生随机性强以及缺乏直接观测资料,对重力侵蚀过程的模拟研究一直是土壤侵蚀领域的薄弱环节．笔者将一个基于土体失稳的沟坡重力侵蚀理论模型在数字流域模型框架下与坡面降雨径流和土壤侵蚀模型、沟道不平衡输沙模型耦合集成,并解决了重力侵蚀模型在流域中应用的一些具体问题,使重力侵蚀模型能够根据沟坡的几何形态、黄土的力学特性、降雨导致的土体含水量及力学性质变化、沟道水流对沟坡的淘刷等物理因素的影响,合理模拟流域中的重力侵蚀过程．将模型系统应用于岔巴沟流域和无定河流域,得到了重力侵蚀的分布及其占总侵蚀量的比例,模拟结果基本可信．     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-     

Density Functional Theory for the Response of Periodic Systems to Electric Fields Based on the Vector Potential Approach

正The electronic and nuclear(structural/vibrational)response of 1D-3D nanoscale systems to electric fields gives rise to a host of optical,mechanical,spectral,etc.properties that are of high theoretical and applied interest.Due to the computational difficulty of treating such large systems it is convenient to model them as infinite and periodic(at least,in first approximation).The fundamental theoretical/computational problem in doing so is that     

On the Thermodynamic Limit for Responses to Static Electromagnetic Fields

For molecular systems,the quantum-mechanical treatment of their responses to static electromagnetic fields usually employs a scalar-potential treatment of the electric field and a vector-potential treatment of the magnetic field.Although the potential for each field separately is associated with the choice of an(unphysical)origin,the precise choice of the origin for the electrostatic field has little consequences for the results.This is different for the     

An affordable accurate evaluation of the binding conformations predicted by molecular docking studies in bio-system

Franck-Condon factors bridge the gap between theoretical modeling and experimental observations for molecular electronic spectroscopy and electron transfer.Under the displaced harmonic oscillator approximation,multidimensional Franck-Condon factors are decomposed into a product of many one-dimensional(1D)Franck-Condon(FC)factors,and each 1D-FC factor is associated with one Huang-Rhys factor that determines the leading contribution of     

Call for Papers

<正>"The Journal of Shanghai Normal University:Mathematics"is published by Shanghai Normal University as regular issues of The Journal of Shanghai Normal University each year from 2014 in English.The editors-in-chief of the issues are professors Yuhao Cong and Maoan Han.The Journal of Shanghai Normal University was started in 1958 with