多边形布尔运算的降维算法

多边形的布尔运算是计算机图形学的一个关键算法.提出的降维算法,避免了求交的盲目性,提高了速度,而且不需要过多的附加运算.该降维算法是一个高效的二维多边形包括带有孔洞的多边形的布尔运算算法,也是一个将扫描转换和布尔运算两个过程合二为一的算法,同样也是一个可以推广到三维的算法.     

Host-parasitoid associations in patchy environments

Studies of insect host-parasitoid interactions have contributed much to the consensus that spatial patchiness is important in the regulation of natural populations. A variety of theoretical models predict that host and parasitoid populations, although unstable in the absence of environmental heterogeneity, may persist at roughly steady overall densities in a patchy environment owing to variation in levels of parasitism from patch to patch. Observed patterns of parasitism, however, have a variety of forms (with variation in attack rates among patches depending directly or indirectly on host density, or showing variation uncorrelated with host density). There is some confusion about the dynamical consequences of these different forms. Here we first show how the dynamical effects of all these forms of environmental heterogeneity can be assessed by a common criterion. This 'CV2 greater than 1 rule' states that the overall population densities will remain roughly steady from generation to generation if the coefficient of variation squared (CV2) of the density of searching parasitoids in the vicinity of each host exceeds approximately unity. By partitioning CV2 into components, we show that both direct and inverse patterns of dependence on host density, and density-independent patterns, all contribute to population regulation in the same way. Second, we show how a maximum-likelihood method can be applied to the kind of field data that are usually available (that is, percentage parasitism versus local host density) to estimate the components of CV2. This analysis indicates that heterogeneity is large enough to stabilize dynamics in 9 of 34 published studies, and that density-independent heterogeneity is the main factor in most cases.     

白纹伊蚊自然种群生命表研究

本研究设计了一套能排除外界新蚊卵产入的特定年龄生命表的研究方法。从1984年至1988年,共组建了15个自然种群生命表。通过生存曲线分析得出,在食物营养丰富生境下,曲线呈明显的上弓形,虫体大多活到生理寿命后死亡;而在食物营养贫乏生境下的生存曲线上弓形不明显,虫体在幼虫期便大量死亡。结合医学昆虫研究特点,采用上下代成虫数建立种群趋势指数,并提出两项趋势指数,较全面地揭示了种群的趋势动态。关键因子及虫期分析得出,种群关键虫期为3～4龄幼虫期,其次为1～2龄幼虫期,而食物营养因子是整个自然种群的关键因子。种群密度制约性分析得出,1～2龄幼虫致死因子的作用是密度制约的。     

Demographic compensation and tipping points in climate-induced range shifts

To persist, species are expected to shift their geographical ranges polewards or to higher elevations as the Earth's climate warms. However, although many species' ranges have shifted in historical times, many others have not, or have shifted only at the high-latitude or high-elevation limits, leading to range expansions rather than contractions. Given these idiosyncratic responses to climate warming, and their varied implications for species' vulnerability to climate change, a critical task is to understand why some species have not shifted their ranges, particularly at the equatorial or low-elevation limits, and whether such resilience will last as warming continues. Here we show that compensatory changes in demographic rates are buffering southern populations of two North American tundra plants against the negative effects of a warming climate, slowing their northward range shifts, but that this buffering is unlikely to continue indefinitely. Southern populations of both species showed lower survival and recruitment but higher growth of individual plants, possibly owing to longer, warmer growing seasons. Because of these and other compensatory changes, the population growth rates of southern populations are not at present lower than those of northern ones. However, continued warming may yet prove detrimental, as most demographic rates that improved in moderately warmer years declined in the warmest years, with the potential to drive future population declines. Our results emphasize the need for long-term, range-wide measurement of all population processes to detect demographic compensation and to identify nonlinear responses that may lead to sudden range shifts as climatic tipping points are exceeded.     

Survival variability and population density in fish populations

To understand the processes that regulate the abundance and persistence of wild populations is a fundamental goal of ecology and a prerequisite for the management of living resources. Variable abundance data, however, make the demonstration of regulation processes challenging. A previously overlooked aspect in understanding how populations are regulated is the possibility that the pattern of variability--its strength as a function of population size--may be more than 'noise', thus revealing much about the characteristics of population regulation. Here we show that patterns in survival variability do provide evidence of regulation through density. Using a large, global compilation of marine, anadromous and freshwater fisheries data, we examine the relationship between the variability of survival and population abundance. The interannual variability in progeny survival increases at low adult abundance in an inversely density-dependent fashion. This pattern is consistent with models in which density dependence enters after the larval stage. The findings are compatible with very simple forms of density dependence: even a linear increase of juvenile mortality with adult density adequately explains the results. The model predictions explain why populations with strong regulation may experience large increases in variability at low densities. Furthermore, the inverse relationship between survival variability and the strength of density dependence has important consequences for fisheries management and recovery, and population persistence or extinction.     

Overcompensation and population cycles in an ungulate.

Although theoretical studies show that overcompensatory density-dependent mechanisms can potentially generate regular or chaotic fluctuations in animal numbers, the majority of realistic single-species models of invertebrate populations are not overcompensatory enough to cause sustained population cycles. The possibility that overcompensation may generate cycles or chaos in vertebrate populations has seldom been considered. Here we show that highly overcompensatng density-dependent mortality can generate recurrent population crashes consistent with those observed in a naturally limited population of Soay sheep. The observed interval of three or more years between crashes points to sharp 'focusing' of mortality over a narrow range of population density.     

Evidence of intra-specific competition for food in a pelagic seabird

The factors affecting the population dynamics of seabirds have long intrigued biologists. Current data suggest that density-dependent depletion of prey during the breeding season may regulate population size. However, much of the evidence for this has been circumstantial, and the underlying mechanisms are unclear. Here, we show that the per capita population growth rates of northern gannet Morus bassanus at colonies in Britain and Ireland have declined with increasing population size. Furthermore, direct observations reveal that the mean foraging trip duration of breeding gannets is positively correlated with colony size, both among colonies of different sizes in the same year, and within colonies as they change in size. To understand this phenomenon, we have developed a model which demonstrates that disturbance of fish alone can readily generate conditions under which gannets at larger colonies have to travel further to obtain food.     

The effect of aggressiveness on the population dynamics of a territorial bird

A central issue in ecology lies in identifying the importance of resources, natural enemies and behaviour in the regulation of animal populations. Much of the debate on this subject has focused on animals that show cyclic fluctuations in abundance. However, there is still disagreement about the role of extrinsic (food, parasites or predators) and intrinsic (behaviour) factors in causing cycles. Recent studies have examined the impact of natural enemies, although spatial patterns resulting from restricted dispersal or recruitment are increasingly recognized as having the potential to influence unstable population dynamics. We tested the hypothesis that population cycles in a territorial bird, red grouse Lagopus lagopus scoticus, are caused by delayed density-dependent changes in the aggressiveness and spacing behaviour of males. Here we show that increasing aggressiveness experimentally for a short period in autumn reduced recruitment and subsequent breeding density by 50%, and changed population trajectories from increasing to declining. Intrinsic processes can therefore have fundamental effects on population dynamics.     

Why fishing magnifies fluctuations in fish abundance

It is now clear that fished populations can fluctuate more than unharvested stocks. However, it is not clear why. Here we distinguish among three major competing mechanisms for this phenomenon, by using the 50-year California Cooperative Oceanic Fisheries Investigations (CalCOFI) larval fish record. First, variable fishing pressure directly increases variability in exploited populations. Second, commercial fishing can decrease the average body size and age of a stock, causing the truncated population to track environmental fluctuations directly. Third, age-truncated or juvenescent populations have increasingly unstable population dynamics because of changing demographic parameters such as intrinsic growth rates. We find no evidence for the first hypothesis, limited evidence for the second and strong evidence for the third. Therefore, in California Current fisheries, increased temporal variability in the population does not arise from variable exploitation, nor does it reflect direct environmental tracking. More fundamentally, it arises from increased instability in dynamics. This finding has implications for resource management as an empirical example of how selective harvesting can alter the basic dynamics of exploited populations, and lead to unstable booms and busts that can precede systematic declines in stock levels.     

微机染色控制系统设计

1 系统硬件结构 a.计算机部分（图1）。控制系统由加强型CMOS八位微处理器HD64180,两个28脚存储器插座,一个RS422串行口,一个RS423-A/RS232-C串行口和一个传感器及控制电路组成。     

Deep sub-seafloor prokaryotes stimulated at interfaces over geological time

The sub-seafloor biosphere is the largest prokaryotic habitat on Earth but also a habitat with the lowest metabolic rates. Modelled activity rates are very low, indicating that most prokaryotes may be inactive or have extraordinarily slow metabolism. Here we present results from two Pacific Ocean sites, margin and open ocean, both of which have deep, subsurface stimulation of prokaryotic processes associated with geochemical and/or sedimentary interfaces. At 90 m depth in the margin site, stimulation was such that prokaryote numbers were higher (about 13-fold) and activity rates higher than or similar to near-surface values. Analysis of high-molecular-mass DNA confirmed the presence of viable prokaryotes and showed changes in biodiversity with depth that were coupled to geochemistry, including a marked community change at the 90-m interface. At the open ocean site, increases in numbers of prokaryotes at depth were more restricted but also corresponded to increased activity; however, this time they were associated with repeating layers of diatom-rich sediments (about 9 Myr old). These results show that deep sedimentary prokaryotes can have high activity, have changing diversity associated with interfaces and are active over geological timescales.     

微气泡减阻的数值模拟方法及尺寸效应

分别采用混合物模型、欧拉双流体模型和相群平衡模型对底部通气的二维平板微气泡减阻效果进行了模拟分析,探讨了气泡直径、喷气速度对微气泡减阻率的影响,并对其尺度效应进行研究.结果表明:减小气泡直径可以增加微气泡减阻率;在一定的范围内,减阻率随着喷气速度的增加而增大,但喷气速度过小或过大都将影响减阻效果;相群平衡模型比其他2种模型的数值模拟结果更接近于试验结果;由于物体尺寸增加所致的雷诺数增大在一定程度上会降低微气泡减阻率.     

Ramet population ecology of Panicum virgatum in the field - Competitively random growth of ramets and foraging behavior of ramet populations

The authors investigated the heterogeneous size patterns and dynamic growth of the ramet population of Panicum virgatum, a clonal caespitose plant, limited to the space occupied by a ramet bunch and the time of the ramet yearly life cycle, to understand the ecology of clonal caespitose plants in the field, where the ramet bunch generally consisted of more than one genet. Dynamic life tables for ramet populations were established by the replacement of living ramets at the present time with "dead" ones in past time. These tables revealed stable coexisting patterns of isometric and allometric growing processes of ramets in mass and height respectively, which approximately followed the historic trajectory of a density-independent population. The ecology of clonal caespitose plants is further discussed based on the competitively random growth of ramet individuals, including the scale of foraging behavior. In the field, the ramet population ecol-ogy of switchgrass may be a statistical result of competitively random growth of ramet individuals. The foraging behavior of a ramet population could then be presented as a process in which ramet individuals competed with each other for light and grew randomly, whileat the same time a relatively stable dynamic growth pattern was apparent at the level of the ramet population, and the functional leaves were placed properly in time and space.     

用于水声目标识别的自适应免疫特征选择算法

针对水声目标小样本识别中样本数目有限而特征数目不断增加,导致分类系统分类性能下降的问题,提出了一种新的自适应免疫特征选择算法(AIFSA).该算法先利用先验知识生成初始种群,接着利用交叉、变异和新的自适应免疫算子指导种群进化,每代中对分类贡献大且选择特征数目少的个体适应度值高.AIFSA具有可以利用先验知识、收敛速度快以及优化特征子集维数小的优点.提取了实测4类水声目标的多域特征,进行特征选择和分类识别仿真实验,结果表明:AIFSA可以选择有效特征子集,在特征维数下降60%的情况下,支持向量机分类器的平均正确分类率下降很小;AIFSA与标准遗传算法相比,收敛快、稳定,所得优化特征子集具有更高的正确分类率和更好的范化性能.     

燕麦表型可塑性与繁殖分配的研究

在不同的种植密度（种子数／m^2.D1,75;D2,300;D3,525;D4,750;D5,975)下，燕麦（Avena sativa L.）表现出较高的表型可塑性，其单株分蘖数、穗数、小穗数、不孕小穗数、种子数、植物体大小、繁殖体大小、营养体大小、穗粒数、穗粒重和单分蘖重等性状值均随密度的增加而减少，表现出明显的密度依赖性。无效分蘖数及其占分蘖总数的比例、种子单粒重及株高在密度处理间无显著差异，这些性状是非密度依赖的，植物体几何形状的变化模式属异速生长型，繁殖分配比例为一恒定值，对性状间回归分析的结果表明，处子数量和种子大小间不存在负的表型相关，植物单株与单分蘖大小依赖的繁殖输出以及繁殖体与营养体大小间显著的正相关关系都是线笥的，由于单位面积上的繁殖输出随种群密度的增加而增加，因此植物个体繁殖输出的变化不足以补偿因密度变化而造成的差异。     

Ramet population ecology of Panicum virgatum in the field —Competitively random growth of ramets and foraging behavior of ramet populations

The authors investigated the heterogeneous size patterns and dynamic growth of the ramet population of Panicum virgatum, a clonal caespitose plant, limited to the space occupied by a ramet bunch and the time of the ramet yearly life cycle, to understand the ecology of clonal caespitose plants in the field, where the ramet bunch generally consisted of more than one genet. Dynamic life tables for ramet populations were established by the replacement of living ramets at the present time with ＂dead＂ ones in past time. These tables revealed stable coexisting patterns of isometric and allometric growing processes of ramets in mass and height respectively, which approximately followed the historic trajectory of a density-independent population. The ecology of clonal caespitose plants is further discussed based on the competitively random growth of ramet individuals, including the scale of foraging behavior. In the field, the ramet population ecology of switchgrass may be a statistical result of competitively random growth of ramet individuals. The foraging behavior of a ramet population could then be presented as a process in which ramet individuals competed with each other for light and grew randomly, while at the same time a relatively stable dynamic growth pattern was apparent at the level of the ramet population, and the functional leaves were placed properly in time and space.     

分子沉积膜驱剂对油藏矿物润湿性的影响

分子沉积膜驱油 (简称MD膜驱油 )是一种新的提高原油采收率技术 .为考察MD膜驱剂吸附对不同性质的矿物表面润湿性的影响 ,利用Washburn法分别研究了水和正庚烷在这些矿物上的润湿性变化 .结果表明 ,具有强亲水活性中心的表面吸附MD膜驱剂后 ,亲水性会减弱 ;亲水性较弱的表面吸附MD膜驱剂后 ,水润湿性变化不大 ;中间润湿性的表面吸附MD膜驱剂后 ,水润湿性增强 .MD膜驱剂处理前后不同矿物表面亲水性和亲油性的变化幅度不尽一致 ,说明研究油藏矿物表面MD膜润湿性时需同时考察亲水性和亲油性 .     

Mutual mate choice in the Asiatic toad, Bufo gargarizans, exerts stabilizing selection on body size

Sexual selection is critical to both reproduction and evolution.The effects of male–male competition and female choice regarding body size have been examined in a large number of taxa,including toad species.Males and females have different optimal reproductive strategies,achieving breeding advantages in discrepant ways.Further,the relative contributions of intra-and inter-sexual size selection vary among species.Thus,to understand the mechanisms affecting mating success,it is important to consider both male–male and male–female interactions simultaneously and elucidate their interrelationship.In this study,we measured body sizes of all mated and unmated individuals in a population of Asiatic toad(Bufo gargarizans)and counted fertilized eggs of several clutches.Based on correlation and regression techniques,we tested for female choice and intra-sexual competition among males relative to body size gradients,and we compared the relative importance of these two processes for mating success.Our results reveal that male–male competition and female choice simultaneously contribute to sexual selection in toads.Furthermore,both interactions are most intense among smaller toads.The synergistic trends of male–male competition and female choice support the mutual mate choice hypothesis and works to stabilize body size in B.gargarizans.Normal distributions of breeding success relative to body size were detected for both sexes,suggesting that medium-sized individuals enjoy a reproductive advantage in the population studied.     

Generation time and temporal scaling of bird population dynamics

Theoretical studies have shown that variation in density regulation strongly influences population dynamics, yet our understanding of factors influencing the strength of density dependence in natural populations still is limited. Consequently, few general hypotheses have been advanced to explain the large differences between species in the magnitude of population fluctuations. One reason for this is that the detection of density regulation in population time series is complicated by time lags induced by the life history of species that make it difficult to separate the relative contributions of intrinsic and extrinsic factors to the population dynamics. Here we use population time series for 23 bird species to estimate parameters of a stochastic density-dependent age-structured model. We show that both the strength of total density dependence in the life history and the magnitude of environmental stochasticity, including transient fluctuations in age structure, increase with generation time. These results indicate that the relationships between demographic and life-history traits in birds translate into distinct population dynamical patterns that are apparent only on a scale of generations.     

球面对锥面特殊螺纹气密封性能影响因素分析

针对油套管特殊螺纹球面对锥面密封结构,基于Hertz接触力学理论和密封接触能机理,建立了考虑密封面作用扭矩的特殊螺纹气密封压力计算理论模型,研究了球面半径、锥面锥度和密封面作用扭矩对螺纹气密封性能的影响规律,结果表明：随着球面半径增大,螺纹气密封压力呈幂指数规律降低;随锥面锥度增大,螺纹气密封压力逐渐降低,但降幅较小;随密封面附加上扣扭矩增加,螺纹气密封压力呈抛物线型增大。总体来看,球面半径和密封面附加上扣扭矩对特殊螺纹气密封性能影响显著。建议一方面优化球面半径,另一方面合理控制密封面作用扭矩,使得密封接触应力分布既能满足足够的气密封能力,又能保证密封面不发生屈服。