一类捕食—被捕食系统的恢复率

为了研究捕食者的捕获率受到被捕食者最大容量影响条件下的一类捕食模型对应的生态系统的恢复率与被捕食者最大容量之间的关系,采用"系统的稳定均衡点处的Jacobian矩阵的主特征值的实部的绝对值"作为"恢复率",并通过理论与图像进行了分析,结果表明:此系统的预警长度较短,模型有较好的实际意义。     

Effect of acoustic clutter on prey detection by bats.

Bats that capture animal prey from substrates often emit characteristic echolocation calls that are short-duration, frequency-modulated (FM) and broadband. Such calls seem to be suited to locating prey in uncluttered habitats, including flying prey, but may be less effective for finding prey among cluttered backgrounds because echoes reflecting from the substrate mask the acoustic signature of prey. Perhaps these call designs serve primarily for spatial orientation. Furthermore, it has been unclear whether the acoustic image conveyed by FM echoes enables fine texture discrimination, or whether gleaning bats that forage in echo-cluttering environments must locate prey by using other cues, such as prey-generated sounds. Here we show that two species of insectivorous gleaning bats perform badly when compelled to detect silent and immobile prey in clutter, but are very efficient at capturing noisy prey items among highly cluttered backgrounds, and both dead or live prey in uncluttered habitats. These findings suggest that the short, broadband FM echolocation calls associated with gleaning bats are not adapted to detecting prey in clutter.     

Insect behaviour: arboreal ants build traps to capture prey

To meet their need for nitrogen in the restricted foraging environment provided by their host plants, some arboreal ants deploy group ambush tactics in order to capture flying and jumping prey that might otherwise escape. Here we show that the ant Allomerus decemarticulatus uses hair from the host plant's stem, which it cuts and binds together with a purpose-grown fungal mycelium, to build a spongy 'galleried' platform for trapping much larger insects. Ants beneath the platform reach through the holes and immobilize the prey, which is then stretched, transported and carved up by a swarm of nestmates. To our knowledge, the collective creation of a trap as a predatory strategy has not been described before in ants.     

Raptorial jaws in the throat help moray eels swallow large prey

Most bony fishes rely on suction mechanisms to capture and transport prey. Once captured, prey are carried by water movement inside the oral cavity to a second set of jaws in the throat, the pharyngeal jaws, which manipulate the prey and assist in swallowing. Moray eels display much less effective suction-feeding abilities. Given this reduction in a feeding mechanism that is widespread and highly conserved in aquatic vertebrates, it is not known how moray eels swallow large fish and cephalopods. Here we show that the moray eel (Muraena retifera) overcomes reduced suction capacity by launching raptorial pharyngeal jaws out of its throat and into its oral cavity, where the jaws grasp the struggling prey animal and transport it back to the throat and into the oesophagus. This is the first described case of a vertebrate using a second set of jaws to both restrain and transport prey, and is the only alternative to the hydraulic prey transport reported in teleost fishes. The extreme mobility of the moray pharyngeal jaws is made possible by elongation of the muscles that control the jaws, coupled with reduction of adjacent gill-arch structures. The discovery that pharyngeal jaws can reach up from behind the skull to grasp prey in the oral jaws reveals a major innovation that may have contributed to the success of moray eels as apex predators hunting within the complex matrix of coral reefs. This alternative prey transport mode is mechanically similar to the ratcheting mechanisms used in snakes--a group of terrestrial vertebrates that share striking morphological, behavioural and ecological convergence with moray eels.     

Snake circumvents constraints on prey size

For animals who are unable to take bites out of their food, the size of the food item that can be consumed is constrained by the maximal size of the mouth opening (gape)--snakes are an example of gape-limited predators and they usually swallow their prey whole. Here we describe unique feeding behaviours in two closely related species of snake, which circumvent their gape limitation by removing and consuming pieces from newly moulted crabs that are too large to be swallowed intact. This evolutionary innovation is surprising, as the needle-like teeth and highly mobile bones that facilitate the capture and engulfment of large, whole prey by snakes are ill-suited both to cutting and to generating large bite forces.     

Evolution: a catfish that can strike its prey on land

An important step towards understanding the evolution of terrestriality in vertebrates is to identify how the aquatic ancestors of tetrapods were able to access ground-based prey. We have discovered that the 'eel catfish' Channallabes apus, an inhabitant of the muddy swamps of tropical Africa, has a remarkable ability to forage and capture prey on land. The animal's capacity to bend its head down towards the ground while feeding seems to be an essential feature that may have enabled fish to make the transition from an aquatic to a terrestrial mode.     

基于深度强化学习与流固耦合技术的鱼类自主游动行为模拟

鱼类自主游动的模拟问题一直是仿生学、鱼类行为学以及生态水力学等诸多学科共同关注的重要难题。建立一种基于流固耦合数值模拟技术与深度强化学习算法的智慧鱼体自主行为决策平台,可以实现鱼体在不同周围环境条件下以最优决策方案完成游泳任务。该平台采用深度强化学习算法实现鱼脑功能,模拟其不断学习和最终决策;通过浸没边界-Lattice Boltzmann方法对流场及鱼体运动进行实时模拟,可为鱼体提供丰富的训练样本并执行鱼脑决策。基于该平台对鱼类典型捕食运动以及卡门游动进行训练并分析其训练效果。仿真结果表明：在捕食游动问题中,具有不同初始位置偏角的鱼体均能以最优轨迹到达目标点;在卡门游动问题中,鱼体能自主调节尾拍频率,使之接近涡街脱落频率,进而从卡门涡场中吸收能量,以稳定步态在涡街中运动。在鱼类自主游动问题的研究方面,该决策平台较传统物理实验具有更强大的复杂流场适应性,并可为水利工程、生态环境工程等领域的数字孪生提供技术支持。     

Biomechanics (Communication arising): prey attack by a large theropod dinosaur

Prey-capture strategies in carnivorous dinosaurs have been inferred from the biomechanical features of their tooth structure, the estimated bite force produced, and their diet. Rayfield et al. have used finite-element analysis (FEA) to investigate such structure-function relationships in Allosaurus fragilis, and have found that the skull was designed to bear more stress than could be generated by simple biting. They conclude that this large theropod dinosaur delivered a chop-and-slash 'hatchet' blow to its prey, which it approached with its mouth wide open before driving its upper tooth row downwards. We argue that this mode of predation is unlikely, and that the FEA results, which relate to an 'overengineered' skull, are better explained by the biomechanical demands of prey capture. Understanding the mechanics of predation is important to our knowledge of the feeding habits of carnivorous dinosaurs and for accurate reconstruction their lifestyles.     

改进收获项的具有食饵避难的Les1ie-Gower捕食系统

改进了一般的收获项函数为更合理的形式，建立具有食饵避难的Leslie—Gower捕食与被捕食系统．利用微分方程的定性以及稳定性理论证明了正平衡点的局部渐近稳定性和全局渐近稳定性．并运用Pontryagin最大值原理得到了达到最优税收量的最优平衡解．这些结果将为有效开发和管理可再生种群资源提供一定的理论依据．     

食虫有袋类食性选择与猎物质量的相互关系

食虫有袋类是捕食多种昆虫的泛食性动物．同域的不同食虫有袋类同样选择鞘翅目、蜚蠊目、直翅目和膜翅目昆虫作为主要猎物但对同种昆虫猎物的捕食频率明显不同．食虫有袋类的食性具有季节转变现象．不同猎物昆虫质量之间的差异大多不显著但猎物昆虫的质量具有季节变化．食虫有袋类的食性选择与猎物质量、食性季节转变与猎物质量季节变化之间不存在显著相关关系．根据该结果以及最佳摄食理论,食性选择有可能受猎物可获得量或猎物体形大小的影响,值得今后进一步加以研究．     

Palaeontology: spider-web silk from the Early Cretaceous

The use of viscid silk in aerial webs as a means to capture prey was a key innovation of araneoid spiders and has contributed largely to their ecological success. Here I describe a single silk thread from a spider's web that bears glue droplets and has been preserved in Lebanese amber from the Early Cretaceous period for about 130 million years. This specimen not only demonstrates the antiquity of viscid silk and of the spider superfamily Araneoidea, but is also some 90 million years older than the oldest viscid spider thread previously reported in Baltic amber from the Eocene epoch.     

Biomaterials: silk-like secretion from tarantula feet

An unsuspected attachment mechanism may help these huge spiders to avoid catastrophic falls. Spiders spin silk from specialized structures known as abdominal spinnerets--a defining feature of the creatures--and this is deployed to capture prey, protect themselves, reproduce and disperse. Here we show that zebra tarantulas (Aphonopelma seemanni) from Costa Rica also secrete silk from their feet to provide adhesion during locomotion, enabling these spiders to cling to smooth vertical surfaces. Our discovery that silk is produced by the feet provides a new perspective on the origin and diversification of spider silk.     

脉冲存放食饵连续捕获捕食者阶段结构数学模型

研究了一个连续收获捕食者与脉冲存放食饵的阶段结构时滞捕食-食饵模型,根据生物资源管理的实际,改进了原有捕食者-食饵模型,得到了捕食者灭绝周期解全局吸引和系统持久的充分条件,结论说明了脉冲存放食饵对系统的持久起到了重要的作用,并且为生物资源管理中捕食-食饵系统的开发提供了策略基础。     

The evolution of müllerian mimicry in multispecies communities

Prey species that are unprofitable to attack often share conspicuous colours and patterns with other coexisting defended species. This phenomenon, termed müllerian mimicry, has long been explained as a consequence of selection on defended prey to adopt a common way of advertising their unprofitability. However, studies using two unpalatable prey types have not always supported this theory. Here we show, using a system of humans hunting for computer-generated prey, that predators do not always generate strong selection for mimicry when there are two unprofitable prey types. By contrast, we demonstrate that when predators are faced with a range of different prey species, selection on unprofitable prey to resemble one another can be intense. Here the primary selective force is not one in which predators evaluate the profitabilities of distinct prey types independently, but one in which predators learn better to avoid unprofitable phenotypes that share traits distinguishing them from profitable prey. This need to simplify decision making readily facilitates the spread of imperfect mimetic forms from rarity, and suggests that müllerian mimicry is more likely to arise in multispecies communities.     

具有避难所的非自治差分修正Leslie-Gower捕食-食饵系统的动力学行为研究

研究一类具有避难所的非自治差分修正Leslie-Gower捕食-食饵系统,通过对系统动力学行为的详细分析,得到保证系统持久和全局渐近稳定的充分性条件,发现只要避难所足够大就可以保证食饵种群持久生存.借助差分不等式获得一组保证食饵种群绝灭而捕食者种群持久的充分性条件,发现当避难所较小时,食饵种群会由于捕食者的捕食而最终绝灭,但此时捕食者由于拥有其他的食物来源仍可持久生存.     

一类带有阶段结构的比率依赖捕食系统周期解

考虑一类在周期环境中的比率依赖捕食系统．食饵种群分为幼年和成年两个阶段．该系统中捕食者的增长函数是成年食饵与捕食者的比率函数．幼年食饵按照一定比例转化成年食饵．通过运用拓扑度方法．获得了该系统至少存在一组易验证的严格正周期解的充分条件。     

饲养密度与饵料密度对花尾胡椒鳃仔稚鱼生长和存活的影响

2001年5月至6月间,在集美大学水产学院水产试验场,就饲养密度和饵料(卤虫无节幼体)密度对花尾胡椒鲷仔稚鱼生长及存活的影响进行了实验,并对各组间的差异性进行了方差分析。实验结果表明,在同等饵料密度条件下,饲养密度小,仔稚鱼生长快,个体大,但成活率较低;饲养密度大,仔稚鱼成活率较高,但生长慢,个体小。在相同饲养密度条件下,饵料密度大,仔稚鱼生长快,个体大,但成活率较低;饵料密度小,成活率较高,但生长慢,个体小。饵料密度为0.5～1个/mL和1～2个/mL,成活率较高。饵料密度为2～4个 /mL,仔稚鱼个体长得快又大,但成活率较低。综合生长和成活率两项指标,花尾胡椒鲷仔稚鱼的饲养密度和卤虫无节幼体的密度分别以10尾/L和1～2个/mL较为适宜。     

具有食饵补充且捕食者具有阶段结构的捕食系统的持久性与周期解

研究具有食饵补充且捕食者具有阶段结构的捕食系统，得到了系统持续生存和周期解存在及全局吸引的充分条件。     

针对逃逸目标的多机协同围捕策略研究

针对多无人机对入侵飞行器的协同追踪围捕控制问题,将自然界中生物群落在捕捉猎物时展现的逃逸-围捕策略引入到多无人机协同作战研究中,设计了一种多无人机协同围捕逃逸目标策略。该策略由2个阶段组成,第1阶段使用基于动态反馈线性化的控制方法准确跟踪逃逸目标,第2阶段使用李雅普诺夫矢量场方法。该方法可以保障多无人机在围捕飞行中躲避敌方防空力量、雷达探测等危险区域。仿真结果验证了所设计的策略在多无人机围捕和阻止目标逃逸场景中的可行性与有效性。     

依赖比率的捕食被捕食系统的全局分析:捕食与被捕食者均有密度制约的情况

近年来依赖比率的捕食与被捕食模型已引起了生态学者和生物数学研究者的密切注意，这是因为它们比传统的模型更加接近实际情形．本文研究了依赖比率的捕食与被捕食系统的全局定性性态，这里捕食与被捕食者均为密度制约的．