江淮流域夏季降水异常及与全球中低纬海温异常关系的诊断研究

对1951－1999年中国夏季江淮流域降水异常与海温异常关系的分析表明,前期及同期各季节三大洋海表温度异常（SSTA）与长江流域降水异常的关系是非常显著的,而对淮河流域降水异常总体上的影响较小,前期冬季SSTA的影响显著区主要有：热带印度洋、黑潮、热带中东太平洋和大西洋,各关键区海温异常对亚洲夏季风的影响特征为：当前期冬季赤道印度洋、黑潮、赤道大西洋和热带东太平洋海表温度异常升高（降低）,当年夏季印度西南季风和东亚热带辐合带减弱（加强）,副热带高压位置偏南（北）,副热带辐合带加强（减弱）,长江流域易发生洪涝（干旱）,相关显著性分析表明,前冬赤道印度洋和黑潮区的海温异常对中国夏季降水的影响更为显著。     

南海夏季风对热带海洋海温异常强迫响应的GEFA估算

利用1948至2007年美国国家环境预报中心/美国国家大气研究中心(NCEP/NCAR)的再分析资料和扩展重建Reynolds的1948～2007年逐月海表温距平资料第三版(ERSSTv3)海温距平资料,运用广义平衡反馈分析法的截断EOF方法,通过估算南海海区纬向风对毗邻的热带海洋各海盆海温异常的响应,量化了南海夏季风对各海盆海温异常型的响应程度。发现:在夏季样南海地区纬向风对热带太平洋第一模态(TP1)、热带太平洋第二模态(TP2)、南太平洋第一模态(SP1)、热带印度洋第一模态(TI1)、南印度洋第一模态(SI1)有着显著的响应,其中,TP1响应最强,TP2的响应与TP1的响应反相,但受限于起海温强迫常小于TP1,以至于其响应振幅在常年远小于TP1。     

热带太平洋和热带印度洋次表层海温异常信号的传播与联系

利用太平洋和印度洋表层与次表层月海温距平信号沿不同纬向-时间剖面的传播分析,发现赤道东太平洋海温异常的El Ni(n)o事件和赤道印度洋海温异常的Dipole事件分别与沿赤道太平洋东传的次表层海温异常信号和沿赤道外印度洋西传的次表层海温异常信号同期到达东太平洋和西印度洋有着内在的联系.在赤道和赤道外16°N之间的热带北太平洋,次表层海洋中存在着海温异常信号传播的一条回路,El Ni(n)o事件就发生在暖信号到达赤道东太平洋的时候.次表层海温异常沿赤道太平洋的东传和沿赤道外印度洋的西传分别是El Ni(n)o事件和Dipole事件发生的海洋学早期信号.     

热带太平洋和印度洋海温对东南亚降水的影响

 应用谱分析的方法,讨论了东南亚降水分别与热带印度洋和太平洋海温的关系.得出热带印度洋和太平洋海温变化对东南亚降水影响的最佳落后时间长度.同时找出了上述2片海域对东南亚降水影响的几个关键区,它可以作为东南亚旱涝预报的强信号因子.     

南海夏季风爆发迟早的影响因子分析

本通过统计分析、合成分析和相关分析，探讨了影响南海夏季风爆发迟早的因子。研究发现，这些因子包括海温的变化，热带地区对流的活动以及大气环流的形势等，它们在南海夏季风爆发早晚年间存在着很大的差异。     

热带太平洋和印度洋海温对中国雨带类型的影响

 根据1950~1999年的海温距平和中国夏季(6~8月)雨带分布类型资料,分析了各雨型与前期及同期热带太平洋和印度洋(21°S~21°N,29°E~81°W)海温异常的相关关系.分析表明,不同雨带类型和所对应同期及前期太平洋和印度洋海温有很好的相关关系.     

热带印度洋和太平洋海气相互作用事件间的联系

在次表层海温距平极值面上海温距平的分布和变化表明,热带西、东印度洋的海温距平呈偶极子模态,即当西印度洋海温距平为正(负)时,东印度洋海温距平为负(正),偶极子模态的海温距平分布在热带太平洋同样存在,两大洋海温距平的偶极子模态间有密切的联系,在分析它们和850 hPa纬向风距平后指出,不仅这种海温距平偶极子模态的形成、发展是和这两大洋热带上空Walker环流相互作用的结果,同时正是Walker环流异常把两大洋的海温距平变化联系起来.     

西南印度洋海温异常影响亚洲夏季风爆发的数值试验

利用中国科学院大气物理研究所的9层大气环流模式(IAP9—AGCMⅡ)作了西南印度洋海温月异常对亚洲夏季风爆发影响的数值试验。试验结果表明，当该海域1—3月份的海温出现异常增暖时，印度夏季风和东亚夏季风的爆发均较平常晚，反之，二者的建立均较平常早；该海域1—3月份的海温异常对亚洲季风区的降水也有明显的影响。     

热带海洋海表温度和西太平洋副高西伸脊点的关系研究

 应用谱分析的方法,讨论了热带太平洋、印度洋和大西洋海温对西太平洋副高西伸脊点的影响,得出热带太平洋、印度洋、大西洋海温变化对西伸脊点有影响的最佳落后时间长度.分别找出三大洋在上述落后时间长度下对西伸脊点东退和西伸有影响的关键区域.它可以作为西伸脊点东退或西伸的强信号因子,并对上述区域进行比较分析.西太平洋副高西伸脊点可以作为衡量东亚季风的一个指数,而东亚季风对处于低纬高原的云南的天气和气候有很大的影响.     

热带印度洋海温变化对东亚地区臭氧层分布的影响

利用英国Hadley中心的海温和NASA的臭氧混合比的月平均再分析资料,计算表征热带印度洋海温变化的主模态(IOB、IOD)的IOBI指数和IODI指数,分析了1980—2015年间热带印度洋海温异常与东亚地区平流层臭氧混合比之间的相关关系,探讨了热带印度洋海温变化对东亚臭氧层分布的影响.结果表明:(1)热带印度洋海温变化对东亚地区平流层臭氧分布有明显的影响,并且与IOB、IOD的时间变化规律相一致;(2)IOBI、IODI与东亚平流层臭氧变化具有一定的相关关系,特别是在春、秋季节时,平流层低层(70 h Pa)和中层(40h Pa)高度处两者间的相关性尤为显著.     

伴随南海季风爆发热带环流演变的合成分析

为了研究伴随南海夏季风爆发的热带环流的演变,利用40 a的NCEP逐日再分析资料,采用合成分析的方法对季风爆发前后的环流形势变化进行了讨论。合成结果中重点分析了随南海季风的爆发在对流层和平流层低层的流场都有显著变化的南亚、东南亚地区。结果表明,在对流层中印度洋赤道地区,在季风爆发前有东风扰动发展成为一对南北对称的低涡,随后北边的低涡演变成孟加拉湾低槽,低槽前的西南气流不断东扩,使西太副高东撤,南海季风爆发。低涡的演变和发展是影响南海季风爆发的重要因子之一。而高层的环流形势与低层不同,伴随季风爆发高层环流的演变则更多地体现出了全球尺度的特征。     

The relationship between sea surface temperature anomaly and wind energy input in the Pacific Ocean

The relationship between sea surface temperature anomaly (SSTA) and wind energy input in the Pacific Ocean over the period of 1949–2003 is studied by using daily-mean NOAA/NCEP wind stress and monthly mean Reynolds SST data. The results indicate the strong negative correlation between SSTA and local wind energy input to surface waves in most of the domain at low and middle latitudes. The SST is low (high) during the years with more (less) wind energy input. The correlation coefficients are high in the central and eastern tropical Pacific and the central midlatitude North Pacific at the decadal scale, and in the central tropical Pacific at the interannual scale. Vertical mixing processes in the upper ocean are closely associated with wind energy input, indicating that wind energy input may play an important role in interannual and decadal variability in the Pacific Ocean via regulating vertical mixing.     

Relationship between the tropical cyclone genesis over the Northwest Pacific and the sea surface temperature anomalies

Using the tropical cyclone (TC) data derived from the Joint Typhoon Warning Center (JTWC) and the sea surface temperature data derived from the Joint Environmental Data Analysis Center (JEDAC) at the Scripps Institute of Oceanography from January 1955 to December 2000, we analyzed the relationship between the TC genesis over the Northwest Pacific (NWP) and the sea surface temperature anomalies (SSTA) over the Pacific basin. A long-term trend indicated that the highest frequency of monthly TC genesis appeared earlier and the annual genesis sum increased gradually during the last half century with some oscillations. No significant synchronous correlation was found between the NWP TC events and the SSTA over the Pacific basin, while the annual sum of TC genesis was closely related with the SSTA averaged from the first three months (January, February and March) of the year in the equatorial western and eastern Pacific and over mid-high latitudes of the North Pacific. The results implied that there are an interannual El Nio SSTA mode in the equatorial western and eastern Pacific and an interdecadal SSTA mode in the northern Pacific, which affected the TC genesis. A regression analysis between the first three-month SSTA and the annual TC sum based on two time scales was conducted. The correlation coefficient between simulated and observed TC sums reached a high value of 0.77.     

Different types of La Niña events and different responses of the tropical atmosphere

Historical La Nia events since 1950 are divided into Eastern Pacific(EP) type and Central Pacific(CP) type,and the SSTA developing features as well as the different responses of the tropical atmosphere are further analyzed by using multiple datasets.Classification of different types La Nia is based on the normalized Ni o3 and Ni o4 indices and the SSTA distribution pattern during the mature phase.The minimum negative SSTA for CP La Nia is located over the equatorial central Pacific near the dateline,more westward than that of EP La Nia.It has stronger intensity and larger east-west zonal difference of SSTA over the equatorial Pacific than EP La Nia.Influenced by the different SSTA distribution pattern,CP La Nia induces more westward location of the anomalous sinking motion and the anomalous low-level divergent and high-level convergent winds over the equatorial eastern Pacific.The different response of the tropical atmospheric circulation between EP and CP La Nia is more significant in the upper troposphere than in the lower troposphere.However,the tropical precipitation patterns during the mature phase of EP and CP La Nia are much similar,except the less(more) precipitation over the equatorial central Pacific(eastern Indian Ocean-western Pacific) during CP La Nia than during EP La Nia.     

The relationship between low frequency atmospheric oscillation and SST in equatorial Pacific

Based on analyzing the tropical Pacific SST and ECMWF data in the 1980s, the inverse characteristics between low frequency atmospheric oscillation (LFO), including intraseasonal oscillation and half-year oscillation and the SST anomalies in the tropical Pacific (SSTA) have been found. The positive SSTA corresponds to the weak LFO, the negative SSTA to the strong LFO. The correlation field further demonstrates this kind of negative correlation and points out that the anomalous LFO in Indonesia plays an important role in the variation of SSTA in the tropical centre-eastem Pacific.     

Anomalous activity of East Asian winter monsoon and the tropical Pacific SSTA

The relationship between the anomalous East Asian winter monsoon (EAWM) activity and the tropical Pacific SST anomalies has been identified using the results of 40-year integration of the IAP CGCM1 model and 10-year observational data. In the strong EAWM year, the western and central Pacific are dominated by positive SST anomalies while the eastern Pacific is negative ones. In the weak EAWM year, the SSTA pattern is quite different and shows El Nino-like SST anomalies. The strong EAWM activity tends to create extra easterly flow to the east and extra westerly flow to the west of the warm SSTA region over the equatorial western and central Pacific, thus leading to the enhancement of convergence and convection of the flow in this region and favorable to the maintenance and development of such an SSTA pattern. On the other hand, the warm SST anomaly over the western and central Pacific, as a forcing, may lead to a specific pattern of the northern extratropical atmosphere, which is favorable to the strong EAWM activity. The tropical Pacific SSTA pattern related closely to the strong EAWM activity differs significantly from that of the La Nina year.