掺稀土光子玻璃近中红外发光与激光

掺稀土光子玻璃在光纤通信、激光雷达、远程遥感、红外探测以及生物医疗等领域有着重要的应用前景.目前,所广泛采用的石英基光子玻璃存在稀土掺杂量低、发光带宽窄、声子能量大和增益系数低等本征因素,制约着相关材料和元器件的发展.因此,研究和发展新型光子玻璃和光纤以适应新波段尤其是近中红外材料与器件的需求非常必要.本文概述了掺稀土光子玻璃在光纤放大器和光纤激光器中的重要应用,归纳了实现近中红外发光与激光对稀土离子和基质材料的基本要求,重点阐述了发射波长在1.0,1.5,2.0和3.0?m波段掺稀土光子玻璃及光纤与元器件的最新研究进展,指出了掺稀土光子玻璃近中红外发光与激光所面临的挑战,对其未来的应用和发展方向做出了展望.     

我国稀土材料领域研发态势分析与发展建议

稀土材料(也称为稀土新材料)是将稀土元素融合进其它材料以提高原有材料性能或获得新功能的材料统称,包括稀土永磁材料、稀土发光材料等,是高科技领域广泛使用的战略性材料,也是我国高度重视发展的新兴战略材料之一。为了揭示我国稀土材料研发的全球竞争力,研判我国稀土材料研发的国际地位,本文利用文献计量与专家咨询等方法,从论文产出、合作关系、研究布局、研究亮点等方面出发,选取该领域的国内顶级研究单元与国际领先科研单元进行文献计量学对比,挖掘我国在学科布局、论文质量、科技合作等方面的优势与不足。分析发现,我国稀土论文发表与引用已经处于世界前列,但在学科布局、科技合作等方面仍然存在一些问题,阻碍着我国稀土研究快速发展。针对这些不足,论文从学科布局、战略协同、国际合作、产业转化、团队培养、技术攻关等方面提出发展建议。     

稀土闪烁晶体研究进展

稀土闪烁晶体能够将高能射线/粒子转换为紫外或可见荧光脉冲,是核辐射探测的关键材料.从元素组成出发,将稀土闪烁晶体分为卤化物和氧化物两大类,总结了典型稀土闪烁晶体的基本闪烁性能及结晶学结构特征.稀土离子独特的4f电子结构使其具有优异的发光性能.一方面,具有完全自旋宇称允许的5d→4f跃迁的稀土离子Ce~(3+),Pr~(3+),Eu~(2+)可作为闪烁晶体的发光中心,能够有效提高闪烁响应能力.稀土离子4f轨道被外部5s25p6轨道屏蔽,受外界环境影响较小,而5d轨道裸露在外,与周围环境相互作用较强,稀土闪烁晶体的组成和结构特性决定了其闪烁性能.另一方面,Y~(3+),La~(3+)(4f~0),Lu~(3+)(4f~(14))属于光学惰性稀土离子,是基质材料的理想化学组成.结合稀土卤化物、稀土铝酸盐、稀土硅酸盐等典型稀土闪烁晶体的组成设计和大块晶体生长进展,以及针对我国闪烁晶体专利保护特点和发展中存在的问题,展望了稀土闪烁晶体的未来发展方向.     

光致发光稀土有机配合物在生物分析上的应用

稀土有机配合物因镧系元素独特的电子结构而成为一类具有重要理论和应用价值的发光材料.本文综述了稀土有机配合物的类型及其光致发光的基本原理,阐述了稀土有机配合物光致发光在生物分析方面的应用,并在荧光免疫分析及活细胞成像方面提出了良好的展望.     

无机固体发光材料的合成及其相关理论研究

无机固体发光材料是功能材料的一个重要分支,在工农业生产、军事、消防和人们生活的许多方面得到广泛应用.本文主要结合本课题组近年来在三维等离子平板显示用真空紫外发光材料、长余辉发光材料及白光LED用发光材料等方向的研究工作,从发光材料的设计、制备、结构表征、性能分析以及发光机理等方面,对其研究进展进行综述,并对今后的发展进行展望.     

中国、日本、美国稀土磁性材料专利技术比较研究

稀土磁性材料,特别是稀土永磁材料一直是稀土最主要的应用领域。我国稀土产业正面临着转型升级机遇,如何由稀土材料生产大国转变为生产研发强国已成我国政府的重要议题之一。本文以稀土磁性材料为研究对象,对比分析了中国、日本和美国稀土磁性材料专利的发展趋势、研发机构和研发布局等。研究发现:中国、日本和美国在稀土磁性材料研发布局上差异较大。具有先发优势的日本主要布局在了稀土磁粉制备及稀土磁性材料应用领域上;中国则将重点放在了中游稀土磁材的制备和下游稀土磁材应用领域上,但下游应用领域主要集中在了稀土永磁材料及相关应用上,布局相对较窄;美国主要集中在了稀土磁性材料的应用上,其应用领域相对中国和日本更加广泛。     

电致发光二极管研究进展

本文介绍了电致发光二板管的发展历史、基本结构、发光机理和无机化合物、有机小分子与高分子聚合物三种材料做电致发光二极管的国内外研究进展。同时介绍了磷光掺杂对提高发光效率的基本原理,比较了三种材料制作电致发光二极管时的优缺点,对电致发光二极管存在的问题和发展趋势进行了讨论。     

一种新型有机光源

随着节约能源受到各国政府的高度重视，寻找经济光源的工作便成为一个热门研究领域。最近一期《自然》杂志报告的一项进展可能是这一领域所迈出的重要一步。该研究工作为制造颜色稳定的有机发光装置确定了一个新的架构，这类装置能够产生适用于固体发光的白光。该技术的新颖之处是使用了荧光和磷光掺杂材料，它们可以优化电荷的俘获，内部量子效率有可能达到100％。这种类型的技术有可能使有机发光装置（OLED）的发光效率远远高于白炽发光装置。即便现在还处在发展过程的早期，这种新光源在类似亮度下的发光效率也要比今天的白炽光源高出近75％。     

稀土Ho3＋/Yb3＋共掺SrBi4Ti4O15高温铁电陶瓷的上转换发光及其温度传感特性

Sr Bi4Ti4O15是一种具有高居里温度（Tc）、高机械品质因数和大电阻率的铋层状结构铁电、压电多功能材料,通过掺入稀土离子的手段,可使其具有上转换发光的特性,并且可以在一定程度上改善其电学性能.在本文中,同时将Ho3＋和Yb3＋对A位的Bi进行取代,其中Ho3＋的取代量为0.06 mol-1,Yb3＋的取代范围为0≤x≤0.3,采用传统的固相烧结法制备了Sr Bi3.94-xHo0.06YbxTi4O15陶瓷.主要通过控制Ho3＋离子的量不变,调节Yb3＋离子的浓度来研究不同稀土离子掺杂量对Sr Bi4Ti4O15陶瓷的形貌、上转换发光特性、以及介电性能的影响.在使用980 nm的红外激光器对Sr Bi3.94-xHo0.06YbxTi4O15陶瓷进行激发下,从上转换发光图谱中可以观察到三个峰,分别为峰位在547 nm附近较强的绿色发光、659附近以及759 nm处的较弱的红色发光.同时可以看到,随着Yb3＋浓度的增加,绿色上转换发光的强度表现出先增强,后减弱的规律,且当Yb3＋取代量为x=0.15时,绿色上转换发光强度达到最大值.通过研究上转换发光强度与激发光功率的关系得到,绿色和红色上转换发光均为双光子吸收过程.在研究Sr Bi3.79Ho0.06Yb0.15Ti4O15样品上转换发光与温度的关系时,可以观测到随着温度的增加,547 nm处的绿色上转换发光和659 nm处的红色上转换发光的强度均随之减弱,且I659 nm与I547 nm的荧光强度比与温度存在线性关系,利用这种温度与上转换发光强度的关系,可将Sr Bi3.94-xHo0.06YbxTi4O15陶瓷应用于光学温度传感器.     

充分利用四川丰产稀土资源,促进稀土工业持续发展

本文回顾了四川稀土产业的发展情况，提出了四川稀土产业持续发展的思路，重点强调了四川应该大力发展有优势的稀土产品及产业链，并提出了一批应重点研发的稀土新材料项目。     

草地与农牧交错带退化生态系统重建及防治途径

草地不仅是草地畜牧业的基地，而且在生态环境保护与建设方面的作用尤为重要。草原与农牧交错带，即不同于西部牧区，也不同于东部农区。根据它在地理、气候、农林牧产业结构、生态、经济、文化、社会等方面具有自己独特地位的实际情况，因地制宜提出了相应之对策，为国家在西部大开发和草地与农牧交错带生态环境的恢复提供科学依据。     

Telomeres and meiosis in health and disease

Telomeres are important segments of chromosomes that protect chromosome ends from nucleolytic degradation and fusion. At meiosis telomeres display an unprecedented behavior which involves their attachment and motility along the nuclear envelope. The movements become restricted to a limited nuclear sector during the so-called bouquet stage, which is widely conserved among species. Recent observations suggest that telomere clustering involves actin and/or microtubules, and is altered in the presence of impaired recombinogenic and chromosome related functions. This review aims to provide an overview of what is currently known about meiotic telomere attachment, dynamics and regulation in synaptic meiosis.     

Telomeres and meiosis in health and disease

Telomeres are important segments of chromosomes that protect chromosome ends from nucleolytic degradation and fusion. At meiosis telomeres display an unprecedented behavior which involves their attachment and motility along the nuclear envelope. The movements become restricted to a limited nuclear sector during the so-called bouquet stage, which is widely conserved among species. Recent observations suggest that telomere clustering involves actin and/or microtubules, and is altered in the presence of impaired recombinogenic and chromosome related functions. This review aims to provide an overview of what is currently known about meiotic telomere attachment, dynamics and regulation in synaptic meiosis.     

The metabolism and function of sphingolipids and glycosphingolipids

Sphingolipids and glycosphingolipids are emerging as major players in many facets of cell physiology and pathophysiology. We now present an overview of sphingolipid biochemistry and physiology, followed by a brief presentation of recent advances in translational research related to sphingolipids. In discussing sphingolipid biochemistry, we focus on the structure of sphingolipids, and their biosynthetic pathways – the recent identification of most of the enzymes in this pathway has led to significant advances and better characterization of a number of the biosynthetic steps, and the relationship between them. We then discuss some roles of sphingolipids in cell physiology, particularly those of ceramide and sphingosine-1-phosphate, and mention current views about how these lipids act in signal transduction pathways. We end with a discussion of sphingolipids and glycosphingolipids in the etiology and pathology of a number of diseases, such as cancer, immunity, cystic fibrosis, emphysema, diabetes, and sepsis, areas in which sphingolipids are beginning to take a central position, even though many of the details remain to be elucidated. Received 13 February 2007; received after revision 19 April 2007; accepted 26 April 2007     

Structure and function of desmosomal proteins and their role in development and disease

Desmosomes represent major intercellular adhesive junctions at basolateral membranes of epithelial cells and in other tissues. They mediate direct cell-cell contacts and provide anchorage sites for intermediate filaments important for the maintenance of tissue architecture. There is increasing evidence now that desmosomes in addition to a simple structural function have new roles in tissue morphogenesis and differentiation. Transmembrane glycoproteins of the cadherin superfamily of Ca²⁺-dependent cell-cell adhesion molecules which mediate direct intercellular interactions in desmosomes appear to be of central importance in this respect. The complex network of proteins forming the desmosomal plaque associated with the cytoplasmic domain of the desmosomal cadherins, however, is also involved in junction assembly and regulation of adhesive strength. This re-view summarizes the structural features of these desmosomal proteins, their function during desmosome assembly and maintenance, and their role in development and disease.Received 5 February 2003; received after revision 14 March 2003; accepted 1 April 2003     

Linear and threshold forecasts of output and inflation using stock and housing prices

This study examines whether simple measures of Canadian equity and housing price misalignments contain leading information about output growth and inflation. Previous authors have generally found that the information content of asset prices in general, and equity and housing prices in particular, are unreliable in that they do not systematically predict future economic activity or inflation. However, earlier studies relied on simple linear relationships that would fail to pick up the potential nonlinear effects of asset price misalignments. Our results suggest that housing prices are useful for predicting GDP growth, even within a linear context. Meanwhile, both stock and housing prices can improve inflation forecasts, especially when using a threshold specification. These improvements in forecast performance are relative to the information contained in Phillips‐curve type indicators for inflation and IS‐curve type indicators for GDP growth. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Geopsychology and geopsychopathology: Mental processes and disorders associated with geochemical and geophysical factors

Summary Temporal and regional variations in psychological processes have been associated with three geological factors. They are geochemical profiles, geomagnetic variations, and tectonic stresses. In the geochemical domain, copper, aluminum, zinc, and lithium may influence the incidence of thought disorders such as schizophrenia and senile dementia. These common elements are found in many soils and ground water. Geomagnetic variations have been correlated with enhanced anxiety, sleep disturbances, altered moods, and greater incidences of psychiatric admissions. The effects are usually brief but pervasive. Transient and very local epidemics of bizarre and unusual behaviors are sociological phenomena that sometimes precede increases in earthquake activity within a region; they have been hypothesized to be associated with tectonic strain. Many of the contemporary correlations between geological factors and human behavior are also apparent within historical data. The effects of geophysical and geochemical factors upon human behavior are not artifactual, but they are complex and often not detected by the limited scope of most studies.     

Endothelium-derived nitric oxide and vascular physiology and pathology

In 1980, Furchgott and Zawadzki demonstrated that the relaxation of vascular smooth muscle cells in response to acetylcholine is dependent on the anatomical integrity of the endothelium. Endothelium-derived relaxing factor was identified 7 years later as the free radical gas nitric oxide (NO). In endothelium, the amino acid L-arginine is converted to L-citrulline and NO by one of the three NO synthases, the endothelial isoform (eNOS). Shear stress and cell proliferation appear to be, quantitatively, the two major regulatory factors of eNOS gene expression. However, eNOS seems to be mainly regulated by modulation of its activity. Stimulation of specific receptors to various agonists (e.g., bradykinin, serotonin, adenosine, ADP/ATP, histamine, thrombin) increases eNOS enzymatic activity at least in part through an increase in intracellular free Ca²⁺. However, the mechanical stimulus shear stress appears again to be the major stimulus of eNOS activity, although the precise mechanisms activating the enzyme remain to be elucidated. Phosphorylation and subcellular translocation (from plasmalemmal caveolae to the cytoskeleton or cytosol) are probably involved in these regulations. Although eNOS plays a major vasodilatory role in the control of vasomotion, it has not so far been demonstrated that a defect in endothelial NO production could be responsible for high blood pressure in humans. In contrast, a defect in endothelium-dependent vasodilation is known to be promoted by several risk factors (e.g., smoking, diabetes, hypercholesterolemia) and is also the consequence of atheroma (fatty streak infiltration of the neointima). Several mechanisms probably contribute to this decrease in NO bioavailability. Finally, a defect in NO generation contributes to the pathophysiology of pulmonary hypertension. Elucidation of the mechanisms of eNOS enzyme activity and NO bioavailability will contribute to our understanding the physiology of vasomotion and the pathophysiology of endothelial dysfunction, and could provide insights for new therapies, particularly in hypertension and atherosclerosis.     

Histone methylation and ubiquitination with their cross-talk and roles in gene expression and stability

Methylation of lysine residues of histones is associated with functionally distinct regions of chromatin, and, therefore, is an important epigenetic mark. Over the past few years, several enzymes that catalyze this covalent modification on different lysine residues of histones have been discovered. Intriguingly, histone lysine methylation has also been shown to be cross-regulated by histone ubiquitination or the enzymes that catalyze this modification. These covalent modifications and their cross-talks play important roles in regulation of gene expression, heterochromatin formation, genome stability, and cancer. Thus, there has been a very rapid progress within past several years towards elucidating the molecular basis of histone lysine methylation and ubiquitination, and their aberrations in human diseases. Here, we discuss these covalent modifications with their cross-regulation and roles in controlling gene expression and stability. Received 24 September 2008; received after revision 21 November 2008; accepted 28 November 2008