AISI316L奥氏体不锈钢在摸拟人体组织液中腐蚀疲劳裂纹萌生的初步研究

AISI316L奥氏体不锈钢是较常用的金属植入材料之一.但在临床应用中,由它制成的植入物特别是全髋关节,常因腐蚀疲劳破断而失效.本文对316L不锈钢在Hank’s溶液中的腐蚀疲劳裂纹萌生机理进行了初步研究.结果发现,在Hank’s溶液中,自然钝化的316L不锈钢在稳定钝化态下,裂纹的萌生是由交变应力引起的微观塑性变形和Hank’s溶液交互作用的结果;在有点蚀产生的非钝化态下,裂纹的萌生是点蚀和腐蚀疲劳相叠加的结果.316L不锈钢经离子氮化表面处理后,提高了在Hank’s溶液中的抗点蚀能力,但在外加腐蚀电位的苛刻条件下,困氮化层发生晶间腐蚀和脱落而加速了裂纹的萌生     

SO2-4对含Cl-溶液中316 L奥氏体不锈钢钝化行为及点蚀行为的影响

利用动电位极化、电化学阻抗、恒电位极化以及恒电流极化等电化学测试手段,并结合扫描电镜进行点蚀形态观察,探究了含Cl-溶液中SO2-4浓度对316L奥氏体不锈钢的钝化行为及点蚀行为的影响.结果表明,含Cl-溶液中SO2-4的加入能够使316L不锈钢钝化区变宽,使点蚀电位变正,维钝电流密度降低,进而提高316L的耐点蚀能力.但是在点蚀发生后,随着SO2-4浓度的升高,点蚀内部和边缘形态表现出更为复杂的趋势,蚀坑的周长面积比明显增大.     

两次动电位极化中316L不锈钢孔蚀参数的变化

以0.01 mol/L NaCl溶液中的316 L不锈钢为研究对象,采用慢速动电位扫描法研究了第一次极化只发生亚稳态孔蚀、同时发生亚稳态和稳态孔蚀两种条件对再次极化时小孔形核与生长的影响。结果表明,两种极化条件对不锈钢再次极化时的孔蚀行为的影响并不明显;两种极化条件下的第一次极化均导致材料表面活性点显著减少,从而再次极化后亚稳孔形核数目明显减少,同时亚稳态孔蚀电位和稳定孔蚀电位都有所升高;两种极化条件下的第二次极化过程中产生的亚稳态小孔的峰值电流和平均生长速度与初次极化相比有所增大,其原因主要是第二次极化的电位范围更高。     

两次动电位极化中316L不锈钢孔蚀参数的变化

以0.01mol/L NaCl溶液中的316L不锈钢为研究对象,采用慢速动电位扫描法研究了第一次极化只发生亚稳态孔蚀、同时发生亚稳态和稳态孔蚀两种条件对再次极化时小孔形核与生长的影响。结果表明,两种极化条件对不锈钢再次极化时的孔蚀行为的影响并不明显;两种极化条件下的第一次极化均导致材料表面活性点显著减少,从而再次极化后亚稳孔形核数目明显减少,同时亚稳态孔蚀电位和稳定孔蚀电位都有所升高;两种极化条件下的第二次极化过程中产生的亚稳态小孔的峰值电流和平均生长速度与初次极化相比有所增大,其原因主要是第二次极化的电位范围更高。     

钝化预处理对316L不锈钢在漂液中电化学腐蚀性能的影响

采用电化学测试、SEM分析等方法,研究了316 L不锈钢在质量分数为30%的浓硝酸溶液及98%硫酸+20 g/L硝酸钾混合液两种钝化剂预处理后的特性,以及在ClO2漂液中的电化学抗腐蚀性能。结果表明,316 L不锈钢在25℃、30%硝酸介质中处理30 min时抗点蚀能力ΔE可达到773 mV,钝化效果较好。EIS图谱表明:316 L不锈钢在ClO2漂液中具有双容抗弧特征,钝化处理容抗弧半径较未钝化的增大,处理后的316 L不锈钢在60℃出现了Warburg阻抗;钝化膜的外层电阻和内层电阻均比未钝化的大。经钝化处理后的316 L不锈钢在ClO2漂液中的受腐蚀速率较未钝化的降低近一半,与钛材相比耐蚀性较差,但能在一定条件下起到减缓腐蚀的作用。     

溶液pH值对不锈钢亚稳态孔蚀行为的影响

用测试动电位的电流-时间曲线法研究了不锈钢在不同pH值的NaCl溶液中的亚稳态孔蚀行为.结果表明,随溶液pH值升高,316L不锈钢在NaCl溶液中的亚稳孔形核电位Em和孔蚀电位Eb均正移;不同NaCl浓度下,Em和Eb随溶液pH值的变化趋势基本一致.溶液pH值对亚稳孔形核数有明显影响,随pH值升高形核数降低.但pH值对亚稳态孔蚀过程的动力学参数,包括亚稳孔生长速度、峰值电流和平均寿命,均影响不大.     

316L不锈钢在含氯高温醋酸溶液中的自钝化行为

研究了316L不锈钢在85 ℃,含0.2% KCl的60%醋酸溶液中的自钝化行为. 通过测试试样的恒电流阴极极化曲线,以及恒电流阴极极化后开路电位随时间的变化曲线,提出了316L不锈钢钝化膜的结构模型. 该模型认为316L不锈钢钝化膜由三层构成:最外层主要是由Fe的氧化物以及少量Cr的氧化物组成;第二层主要是Cr的氧化物,含有少量Fe,Mo和Ni的氧化物;最底层主要是Mo,Ni的氧化物和少量的Fe原子. 研究发现: 316L不锈钢在实验醋酸溶液中,经10 mA阴极电流极化15 min后钝化膜生长参数γ最大,而经0.45 mA阴极电流极化30 min后钝化膜生长参数γ最小;316L不锈钢在实验醋酸溶液中,经10 mA阴极电流极化30 min后,自钝化电位最小,而经1 mA阴极电流极化15 min后,自钝化电位最大. 钝化膜结构模型能很好地解释316L不锈钢在实验醋酸溶液中的上述电化学行为.     

316L和316LN不锈钢在高温高盐溶液中钝化膜的性能研究

利用电化学及扫描电子显微镜（SEM）对316L与316LN两种不锈钢在高温高盐环境中的耐蚀性能进行了对比研究,利用Mott-Schottky曲线研究了两种材料的钝化膜半导体特征,借助X射线光电子能谱（XPS）研究了316LN不锈钢的钝化膜结构以及N元素在钝化膜中的分布状态。结果表明：在高温高盐环境中,两种材料形成的钝化膜都为n型半导体;316LN不锈钢形成的钝化膜耐点蚀性能更好,其钝化膜内缺陷浓度更低,N元素会在钝化膜中富集。最后利用点缺陷原理对316LN钝化膜的耐蚀机理进行了研究。     

氮含量和环境温度对316L不锈钢耐腐蚀性的影响

研究低温条件下腐蚀溶液温度以及钢中氮含量对316L奥氏体不锈钢耐腐蚀性能的影响,在1 mol/L H2SO4+0.5 mol/L NaCl的腐蚀液中,对氮含量为0.009 5%～0.557 5%的316L奥氏体不锈钢进行阳极极化曲线及电化学阻抗测量.结果表明,提高氮含量,316L奥氏体不锈钢耐蚀性增强;腐蚀液温度升高,316L奥氏体不锈钢耐蚀性减弱.     

不同充气条件下2205双相不锈钢在NaCl溶液中的腐蚀行为

采用动电位极化、电化学阻抗、循环伏安法和扫描电子显微镜,研究了不同充气条件对2205双相不锈钢在NaCl溶液中腐蚀行为的影响。结果表明:充气对2205双相不锈钢在NaCl溶液中的腐蚀行为产生了明显的影响,其中充N_2和O_2降低了2205双相不锈钢在NaCl溶液中的腐蚀电流密度,充CO_2使腐蚀电流密度增大,三种气体都对2205双相不锈钢在NaCl溶液中的点蚀具有抑制作用;随温度升高和NaCl溶液浓度的增加,2205双相不锈钢在NaCl溶液中的腐蚀加剧,点蚀电位降低;2205双相不锈钢在NaCl溶液中的临界点蚀温度在40℃~45℃之间。     

Mo,Ti离子注入不锈钢耐水溶液腐蚀改性研究

用电化学测试和俄歇电子能谱分析研究了离子注入不同剂量的Ｍｏ、Ｔｉ对３０４Ｌ奥氏体不锈钢在Ｈ２ＳＯ４、ＮａＣｌ水溶液中的腐蚀行为。结果表明：注入Ｍｏ、Ｔｉ可使不锈钢的耐水溶液腐蚀性能提高，并改善材料的钝性和耐小孔腐蚀能力；在腐蚀过程中，注入元素在膜中富集，膜中Ｃｒ／Ｆｅ比值提高，从而达到耐蚀性能改善之目的；在适当的注入剂量下，可获得最佳的耐蚀改性效果。     

Study on pitting process of 316L stainless steel by means of staircase potential electrochemical impedance spectroscopy

Pitting corrosion of 316L stainless steel in NaCl solution was investigated by means of staircase potential electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (SPEIS). The investigation focused on the transition of stainless steel from the passive state to pitting corrosion. Based on the evolution of electrical parameters of the equivalent electrical circuit, it is suggested that the most probable mechanism of pit creation is the film breaking model. The result demonstrates that staircase potential electrochemical impedance spectroscopy is an effective method for the investigation of pitting corrosion.     

Martensite transformation induced by deformation and its phase electrochemical behavior for stainless steels AISI 304 and 316L

The martensite transformation induced by tensile elongation and its effect on the behavior of phase electrochemistry of AISI 304 and 316L in 3.5% NaCl solution were studied. The results show that the content of α'-martensite in stainless steel 304 increases with the true strain. As α'-martensite content increased, free corrosion potential and pitting potential of stainless steel 304 in 3.5% NaCl solution appeared the change trend of a minimum. It was also found that pitting nucleated preferentially at the phase interfaces between martensite and austenite. There existed apparent difference between electrochemical properties of austenite and of martensite for stainless steel 304 and 316L in 3.5% NaCl solution.     

Damage mechanism at different transpassive potentials of solution-annealed316 and 3161 stainless steels

Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy(EIS),anodic polarization and scanning electron microscopy techniques were used to investigate the damage mechanism in the transpassive potential region of AISI 316 and AISI 316 L solution-annealed stainless steels(SS)with different degrees of sensitization.Depending on the DC potential applied during EIS tests,the AC responses in the transpassive region included three different regions:the first one associated with anodic dissolution of the passive layer,the second one contributed to the dissolution at the area near grain boundaries,and the last one attributed to pitting corrosion.In addition,the fitting results to experimental data showed that as the DC bias during the EIS test increases the charge transfer resistance(R_(ct)) decreases.Moreover,the R_(ct) values decreased as the sensitization temperature increases but the AISI 316 L SS samples exhibited a higher resistance to intergranular corrosion than 316 SS samples.     

高温渗氮工艺对无镍不锈钢模拟体液环境下耐蚀性的影响

文章采用高温渗氮工艺得到高氮无镍不锈钢,以提高医用不锈钢的安全性和耐蚀性。实验结果表明:渗氮层氮质量分数可达1.0%,与原材料相比氮质量分数增加了2倍;在0.9%NaCl生理盐水和模拟血浆溶液中具有优异的耐蚀性,在加热温度1 200℃、氮气压力0.3MPa、保温时间24h条件下得到的高氮奥氏体不锈钢在0.9%NaCl生理盐水中的点蚀电位约1 200mV,大大高于渗氮前(约320mV)的水平。     

Damage mechanism at different transpassive potentials of solution-annealed 316 and 316l stainless steels

Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), anodic polarization and scanning electron microscopy techniques were used to investigate the damage mechanism in the transpassive potential region of AISI 316 and AISI 316L solution-annealed stainless steels (SS) with different degrees of sensitization. Depending on the DC potential applied during EIS tests, the AC responses in the transpassive region included three different regions:the first one associated with anodic dissolution of the passive layer, the second one contributed to the dissolution at the area near grain boundaries, and the last one attributed to pitting corrosion. In addition, the fitting results to experimental data showed that as the DC bias during the EIS test increases the charge transfer resistance (R_ct) decreases. Moreover, the R_ct values decreased as the sensitization temperature increases but the AISI 316L SS samples exhibited a higher resistance to intergranular corrosion than 316 SS samples.     

Passivation method of 317L stainless steel used in medicine

The electrochemical performance of 317L stainless steel used in medicine under different conditions of passivation (different contents of HNO₃ solution, different passivation time and different passivation temperatures) was studied. The results show that the pitting potential of 317L stainless steel used in medicine can reach about 1.0 V (SCE) when electrochemically tested in 0.9% NaCl solution after the steel was passivated in 30% HNO₃ solution at 35℃ for 6 h, which indicates that the passivation film has a relatively strong resistance to corrosion. The results also show that the corrosion resistance of the passivation film on the surface of 317SS can be increased after suitable amount of K₂Cr₂O₇ is added into HNO₃ passivation solution.     

合金元素对316 LN 不锈钢的力学性能和点蚀性能的影响

研究了N、Cr、Mo和Ni四种合金元素含量的变化对核电主管道用固溶态316LN不锈钢的晶粒尺寸以及常规力学性能和点蚀性能的影响.随着N含量的升高,316LN的晶粒明显细化,其在固溶处理过程中晶粒长大趋势也减小. N含量的升高可改善316LN的力学性能和耐点蚀性能,但是当N质量分数达到0.20%时,其耐点蚀性能又开始变差.晶粒细化对316LN强度的影响远小于N含量对316LN强度的影响. Cr及Ni含量对316LN的晶粒尺寸及抗拉强度、屈服强度等力学性能影响不大;Cr含量增加可轻微改善316LN的抗点蚀能力,Ni元素对316LN的耐点蚀性能影响不大,但可增大钝态的腐蚀速度从而不利于钝化膜的稳定.随Mo含量增加,316LN的晶粒尺寸略有减小,强度增大,延伸率显著降低,耐点蚀能力改善.     

σ相对S32760超级双相不锈钢组织和性能的影响

通过对含W的S32760超级双相不锈钢不同温度时效热处理研究σ相的析出行为.用扫描电镜和透射电镜分析σ相的形貌和化学组成,并研究σ相对力学性能和耐腐蚀性能的影响.在850~1000℃之间,实验钢析出大量由Fe-Cr-Mo-W组成的具有正方结构的σ相,钢板强度和硬度高,塑性差,延伸率低于4%;1050℃时仍存在少量析出,虽然延伸率大幅度提高至31.1%,但冲击韧性离散度高,冲击功偏低;直至1080℃,σ相才能完全溶解至基体中,抗拉强度为640 MPa,延伸率为35.5%,纵、横向冲击功平均值分别达到217 J和110 J.随时效热处理温度升高,点蚀电位提高,点蚀失重率不断下降,1080℃热处理的试样点蚀电位高达1246 mV.该试样在50℃的3.5% NaCl溶液中腐蚀失重率也仅为0.005~0.007 g·m-2·h-1.     

醋酸介质中T-403塔不锈钢填料腐蚀机理研究

某化工厂PTA装置氧化单元系统中铁离子含量增高，已影响到氧化反应效果，严重威胁稳定生产，分析认为铁离子主要来自T-403溶剂回收塔316L不锈钢填料的腐蚀．利用扫描电镜、电子探针、金相显微镜等现代物理和化学分析检测手段，观察了从T-403塔取出填料的微观形貌，测试分析了所用填料的主要化学成分及元素分布，对比了未使用和已腐蚀填料的金相显微结构、力学性能变化，研究分析了不锈钢填料的腐蚀机理．实验结果表明：不锈钢填料发生了严重的局部腐蚀，腐蚀形态为晶间腐蚀和小孔腐蚀．填料发生腐蚀后，强度和硬度明显降低．测试分析结果证明，贫铬导致晶间腐蚀，Br以及不锈钢钝化膜局部破损造成蚀孔．原填料质量存在问题，不锈钢填料的含碳量未达到超低碳316L不锈钢的标准．